Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review","authors":"Joseph X. Anders ,&nbsp;William Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Maggie M. Minett ,&nbsp;Susan P. Bare ,&nbsp;Mohammed P. Akhter ,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Eagle syndrome is a rare disease that causes elongation (&gt;30 mm) of the temporal styloid process (SP) through osteogenesis (Type I) or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament (SHL) (Type II). Eagle syndrome implicates the styloid apparatus and can cause difficulty with swallowing, pain with neck movement, dissection of the internal carotid artery, and stroke. Reports investigating the Eagle syndrome gross anatomy and SP microstructure are scarce. This study seeks to investigate a case of Eagle syndrome SPs in a human cadaver with gross and micro-CT analysis and discuss its clinical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The case was discovered during routine academic dissection of an adult male human cadaver. The styloid apparatus was examined bilaterally for any non-typical morphologies. The SPs were stripped of extraneous tissue and photographed. Linear and angular dimensions of the SPs were measured, and micro-CT analysis was performed on a section of the right SP. A comprehensive review of Eagle syndrome etiology, epidemiology, symptomology, diagnostic parameters, subtype descriptions, and treatment was compiled from current literature as a basis for clinical discussion.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The long axes of the right and left SPs measured 41.4 mm and 33.0 mm, respectively, and the proximal, middle, and distal SP diameters averaged 4.2 mm, 3.5 mm, and 1.7 mm, respectively. Both SPs exhibited a mid-shaft tubercle, after which they decreased diameter by over 25% within 2 mm distance, increased angle of descent by more than 20.0° in the sagittal plane and exhibited noticeably different surface characteristics. Micro-CT analysis revealed relatively consistent trabeculae and cortical structure throughout the SP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Clinical understanding of SP hyperplasia vs. SHL metaplasia as it applies to Eagle syndrome etiology and subsequent implications to the styloid apparatus is important for Eagle syndrome diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes. As Eagle syndrome can present with broad symptomology, this report may benefit primary care physicians, dentists, neurologists, radiologists, otorhinolaryngologists, and other medical professionals with information that can be used to improve diagnostic testing and treatment approaches in patients with Eagle syndrome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of online educational modules on learning musculoskeletal anatomy for health professionals. A systematic review","authors":"Nikita Bandekar,&nbsp;Mohandas Rao K.G.,&nbsp;Ashwini Aithal P.,&nbsp;Anniesmitha K.,&nbsp;Bincy M. George","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Musculoskeletal (MSK) anatomy is fundamental to clinical practice in various healthcare disciplines, including medicine, physiotherapy, and orthopedics. Advancements in technology have led to an increased focus on online learning tools, providing alternatives to traditional teaching methods.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review assesses the impact of online learning (e-learning) modules on musculoskeletal anatomy education among health professionals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The eligibility criteria included studies involving health professionals and students in anatomy education using online learning interventions such as video lectures, 3D models, and virtual labs. The risk of bias of the studies was evaluated via the JBI Checklist.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 947 records, 18 studies were included in this review. This review included 8 quasi experimental, 7 cross-sectional, 1 case‒control, and 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A total of 78 % of the studies incorporated multiple online interventions, such as video tutorials, interactive 3D models, and virtual laboratories. Additionally, 67 % of the studies indicated that learners preferred hybrid models that combined online and in-person teaching, as they significantly enhanced the learning experience compared with traditional methods in improving anatomical knowledge and musculoskeletal competency. Modules that incorporated practical elements significantly increased learners’ confidence in handling musculoskeletal cases. The pandemic accelerated the adoption of online anatomy education, with many studies demonstrating that digital platforms successfully replaced traditional methods while achieving comparable educational outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Online educational modules offer a beneficial alternative to traditional anatomy teaching methods, particularly when interactive and hybrid models are in use. They enhance MSK knowledge retention, clinical skills, and learner satisfaction. Future studies should aim to optimize these technologies to integrate theoretical knowledge with clinical practices and patient education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cadaveric investigation of the radial artery origin and its anatomical variations","authors":"Aleisha J. Singh ,&nbsp;Rohen Harrichandparsad ,&nbsp;Lelika Lazarus","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>According to standard anatomical description, the radial artery typically originates as one of two terminal branches of the brachial artery within the cubital fossa. Despite the common embryological process of the upper limb arteries, there are anatomical variations in the origin of the radial artery such as the radial artery originating from the axillary artery or from the brachial artery in the arm. The present study aimed to investigate the origin of the radial artery within a select adult cadaveric South African sample.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of thirty adult cadaveric specimens (n = 60 upper limbs) were dissected at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (BREC/00006978/2024).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The radial artery originated from the brachial artery in the cubital fossa as per standard anatomical description in 90 % of the upper limb specimens. In 10 % of the sample, the aberrant radial artery originated from the axillary artery (four unilaterally, and one bilaterally in an 80-year-old male cadaver). The aberrant radial arteries originated an average 172 ± 20.81 mm above the inter-epicondylar line of the humerus, with external and internal diameters of 5.45 ± 1.71 mm, and 3.10 ± 0.70 mm respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study reports an incidence of 10 % of the sample in which the radial artery originated from the axillary artery. Knowledge of the variations in the origin of the radial artery within this select South African population may assist the clinician during coronary and neuro-interventional procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadaveric case analysis of primary empty sella with clinical literature review of empty sella syndrome","authors":"Jessica L. Hensley,&nbsp;Ryan Prohofsky,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>An empty sella anatomical finding is characterized by the pituitary gland (hypophysis) being flattened against the wall of the sella turcica (hypophyseal fossa). Many neurologic and endocrinologic symptoms can ensue from pituitary gland deformity, resulting in empty sella syndrome (ESS) which is often diagnosed via computed tomography that showing the apparent “empty sella.” Gross cadaveric imaging and histological analysis of empty sella findings are scarcely reported in the literature but may help understand the condition. The objective of this study is to investigate a cadaveric case of complete primary empty sella (PES) with gross imaging, histological analysis, and a comprehensive clinical review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An empty sella finding was discovered during routine dissection of the basicranium in an elderly male human cadaver obtained from an ethically approved body donor program. The case was photographed in situ from multiple viewpoints. The head was sectioned in the midsagittal plane and photographed with scale to show the morphology of the remnant pituitary gland. Consistent dissections, photographs, and measurements were performed on another cadaver with typical pituitary anatomy for side-by-side comparison. Histological analysis was performed on the compressed pituitary gland and examined via light microscopy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Gross examination of this empty sella case revealed a characteristic complete PES due to herniation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through a collapsed diaphragma sellae. Despite the significant compression and reduction of pituitary gland volume, its tissue organization and cell characteristics remained proportionally consistent with typical pituitary tissue. The cadaver's age (90+ years) and sex (male) made for unique and valuable clinical discussion.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The present case offers a thorough analysis of an empty sella case, uniquely including gross anatomy photos, histological examination, and a thorough review of clinical implications regarding the rarity of a complete PES in an advanced-aged male individual. This report serves to provide important clinical insights to anatomists, neurologists, endocrinologists, and medical educators about empty sella clinical implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microanatomy of the enteric neurons and glia; expression patterns of the PGP9.5, S100b proteins, RET and SOX10 genes in the human fetal gut wall","authors":"Chacchu Bhattarai ,&nbsp;Phanindra Prasad Poudel ,&nbsp;Arnab Ghosh ,&nbsp;Saman Man Pradhan ,&nbsp;Nirmal Panthi ,&nbsp;Dela Singh Joshi ,&nbsp;Shanti Khadka ,&nbsp;Sandhya Kumari ,&nbsp;Guruprasad Kalthur ,&nbsp;Vani Lakshmi R ,&nbsp;Sujan Gautam ,&nbsp;Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Enteric nervous system comprises enteric neurons and glia, derived from neural crest cells, and regulates the gastrointestinal function. Previous animal studies have highlighted the essential roles of <em>RET</em> and <em>SOX10</em> genes, along with PGP9.5 and S100b proteins, in the development of neurons and glia. This study investigates the expression of these genes and proteins in the human fetal gut wall.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Tissue samples of the human fetal gut wall were stained using haematoxylin and eosin, phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin, Beilschowsky silver, and Masson's trichrome to examine the histomorphology of neurons and glia. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were used to analyse the expression of PGP9.5, S100b proteins, <em>RET</em> and <em>SOX10</em> genes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Human fetal stomach and small intestine showed diverse neuronal and ganglionic morphologies. Neuronal migration occurred from the serosa through the muscle layers to the submucosa throughout all trimesters. As fetal age advanced, the number of neurons and glia decreased in the serosa and increased in the muscle layers and submucosa. PGP9.5 showed strong expression in the serosa and moderate expression in the deeper layers of the colon during the first trimester. Its expression diminished in the serosa and intensified in the inner layers with advancing gestation. S100b followed a similar pattern but was absent in epithelium. Expression of <em>RET</em> and <em>SOX10</em> genes increased during the second and third trimesters.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The expression patterns of <em>RET</em> and <em>SOX10</em> genes, and PGP9.5 and S100b proteins support their roles in the development of enteric neurons and glia in the human fetal gut wall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroregenerative effects of Clitoria ternatea in sciatic nerve crush injury: Morphological, morphometric, and functional analysis in rat model","authors":"Nur Zulaikha Azwan ,&nbsp;Blaire Okunsai ,&nbsp;Zaw Myo Hein ,&nbsp;Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Danial Che Ramli","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sciatic nerve injury, characterised by radiating pain from the lumbosacral region and associated motor-sensory deficits, remains a challenging condition with limited regenerative therapies. <em>Clitoria ternatea</em> (CT), a medicinal plant known for its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown promise in promoting nerve regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of CT extract in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A total of 54 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: normal, toxicity control, negative control (injury without treatment), positive control (methylcobalamin), and three CT treatment groups (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Hepatic and renal histology confirmed no toxicity in CT-treated groups. Functional recovery was assessed on days 14 and 28 using walking track analysis, rotarod, toe-spreading reflex, and hot plate tests, all showing significant improvement in CT-treated and positive control groups. Muscle histology (gastrocnemius, soleus, and extensor digitorum longus) and weight analysis revealed reduced atrophy and enhanced regeneration, particularly in the high-dose CT and positive groups. Morphometric evaluation using toluidine blue and cresyl violet staining indicated accelerated remyelination and increased neuronal cell body preservation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further demonstrated increased myelin sheath thickness in treated groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings suggest that CT promotes axonal regrowth and functional recovery without detectable toxicity. This study provides novel preclinical evidence supporting the neuro regenerative and protective potential of <em>Clitoria ternatea</em> in peripheral nerve injuries, highlighting its promise as a plant-based therapeutic candidate for future translational applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical implants in animal models for male and female infertility: A translational approach","authors":"S. Bharath ,&nbsp;A.S. Vickram ,&nbsp;B. Bhavani Sowndharya ,&nbsp;C. Prasanth ,&nbsp;D. Jenila Rani ,&nbsp;G. Gulothungan ,&nbsp;Hitesh Chopra ,&nbsp;Tabarak Malik","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Infertility remains a significant challenge in reproductive medicine, affecting both men and women. Recent advances in animal-based simulations of implant surgery have provided translational platforms for developing innovative reproductive therapies.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To review the role and progress of animal-based surgical implant models in enhancing gametogenesis, hormone production, and reproductive organ integrity, and to discuss their translational potential for treating infertility in men and women.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this review, animal model studies simulating implant surgeries for reproductive organs were analyzed to assess their potential in treating infertility. The investigation included a comprehensive review of advancements in microsurgical techniques, biological implants, and robotic-assisted procedures that enhance the precision and effectiveness of implant placement. Ethical guidelines governing preclinical development were also considered to ensure the suitability and safety of these approaches for future human application. Additionally, histopathological and genetic evaluations were examined as critical tools for optimizing implant design and function.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicate that a broad spectrum of implants has been developed, ranging from autologous testicular and ovarian tissue grafts to artificial reproductive tissue scaffolds. In male infertility, testicular implants and prostheses designed for vasectomy reversal have demonstrated efficacy in restoring sperm production and addressing azoospermia. For female infertility, ovarian implants have been shown to support follicular growth, while fallopian tube and uterine prostheses facilitate embryo transfer and implantation. Technological advancements, including microsurgical and robotic assistance, have significantly improved the accuracy and success rates of these interventions. Preclinical studies have emphasized strict adherence to ethical standards and have utilized histopathological and genetic analyses to guide the refinement and optimization of these implants for clinical use.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Surgical implants, when combined with assisted reproductive technologies, offer promising avenues for restoring fertility. However, clinical translation faces challenges related to biological compatibility and long-term function. Future research will focus on bioengineered constructs that integrate stem cells and smart biomaterials to further enhance therapeutic outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel psoas muscle variant coexisting with femoral nerve bifurcation by psoas quartus: A case report","authors":"Bryan Ashley,&nbsp;Laurieanne Hemric,&nbsp;Keith Lustig","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Anatomical variations of the iliopsoas complex can have clinical relevance, particularly those involving the femoral nerve. This report describes a previously undocumented psoas muscle variant and two additional muscular anomalies which may have implications for nerve entrapment and hip dysfunction, though further research is required to establish clinical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall was performed in 2024 on an adult female cadaver as part of an anatomy course at Liberty University. The dissection was carried out by a graduate teaching assistant (medical student) under the supervision of faculty anatomists. Detailed anatomical observations were recorded and compared to existing literature on iliopsoas variants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A bilateral muscle was identified originating from the medial aspect of the iliolumbar ligament and inserting into the posterior fibers of psoas major. It received distinct innervation from the femoral nerve. A review of literature revealed no prior documentation of this variant. Two additional variants were observed: prominent medial loops of the iliacus muscle and bilateral psoas quartus muscles dividing the femoral nerve.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These variants may contribute to femoral nerve compression or snapping hip syndrome, especially in patients with idiopathic or recurrent symptoms. Recognition of such anatomical variations can aid in diagnosing unexplained groin pain or failed regional anesthesia and supports the need for more comprehensive documentation of iliopsoas morphology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the frontier of lung alveolar regeneration: Cellular dynamics, aging effects, and emerging therapeutics","authors":"Rashid A. Aldahhan,&nbsp;Amal Ahmed El-Sheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Alveolar regeneration is essential for maintaining lung function and enabling recovery following lung injury. Impairment of this process contributes to the progression of various respiratory diseases. A detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving alveolar repair is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar focusing on the history of alveolar regeneration and the cells involved in this process, the effects of aging, and associated therapeutic implications. The keywords used in the search included “alveolar regeneration,” “aging,” “cell senescence,” “stem cells,” “growth factors,” and “therapeutic potential.”</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review explores the key cellular players involved in alveolar repair, focusing particularly on alveolar type 2 cells and other progenitor populations that contribute to alveolar epithelial renewal. This review also highlights how aging affects regenerative capacity, as age-related cellular dysfunction may impair lung repair and exacerbate chronic pulmonary conditions. Furthermore, novel insights into alveolar regeneration are reviewed, including recent advancements in <em>in vivo</em> and in vitro models as well as single-cell technologies that provide a deeper understanding of the regenerative process. Emerging therapeutic strategies, such as stem cell–based therapies, gene editing, and pharmacological interventions, are also discussed in the context of enhancing alveolar regeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>By integrating recent discoveries and identifying key knowledge gaps, this review provides a comprehensive overview of alveolar regeneration and emphasizes potential therapeutic approaches for promoting lung repair and restoring respiratory function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of using CBCT scans to derive the parameters of the facial canal","authors":"Shavana Govender ,&nbsp;Tania Hanekom ,&nbsp;René Human-Baron","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Studies have analysed the facial canal (FC) parameters using dissection or imaging technologies. To date, no studies have analysed the differences between these methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of deriving the parameters from the FC on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans by comparing it to FC morphometric analyses of dissected heads.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ten embalmed heads (n = 20) were CBCT scanned and analysed using ImageJ. Next, each FC segment was dissected. Measurements for both methods included the proximal and distal diameters and lengths for each segment, and angles of the first and second genua.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The paired <em>t</em>-test indicated significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) between the CBCT and dissected measurements for most FC segments measured. The respective dissection measurements were consistently higher than the CBCT measurements. However, the Bland-Altman plots showed agreement between the two modalities in measuring FC segments. Interobserver error values were 0.963 and 0.950 for the CBCT and dissection groups, respectively, indicating a high repeatability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although the current study showed differences between the parameters of the FC derived from CBCT scans and dissected measurements, CBCT scans remain a valuable tool for non-invasive assessments. However, the differences have implications for modelling in that CBCT measurements underestimate the true size for the various segments of the FC. It is worth noting that a potential difference in segment sizes may exist between populations but will have no effect on using CBCT scans as a pre-operative assessment of the FC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}