Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100434
Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Andrzej Dubrowski , Wojciech Przybycień , Natalia Dysput , Julia Sypeń , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Jakub Dębski , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski
Background
In early medical traditions, the nervous system was not merely a subject of anatomical interest, but also a lens through which broader questions about life, sensation, and the soul were explored. Discussions of “nerves” addressed not only anatomical structures, but also vital, emotional, and even spiritual functions.
Aim
The aim of this concise historical sketch is to revisit how the concept of the nerve evolved throughout the history of anatomy — from its ancient roots to the point at which it entered the increasingly precise anatomical vocabulary during the Renaissance.
Conclusions
The concept of the nerve, as we understand it today, emerged gradually — grounded in ancient observations and philosophical reflections, and refined over centuries of anatomical inquiry. While successive corrections and innovations helped move anatomical knowledge toward greater precision, the early outlines of neuroanatomical thinking were already present in antiquity. Although modern terminology and classification systems were introduced much later, the foundations for understanding the structure and function of nerves were laid during the formative periods of medical science.
{"title":"A concise historical sketch on the early anatomical understanding of peripheral nerves","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Andrzej Dubrowski , Wojciech Przybycień , Natalia Dysput , Julia Sypeń , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Jakub Dębski , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In early medical traditions, the nervous system was not merely a subject of anatomical interest, but also a lens through which broader questions about life, sensation, and the soul were explored. Discussions of “nerves” addressed not only anatomical structures, but also vital, emotional, and even spiritual functions.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this concise historical sketch is to revisit how the concept of the nerve evolved throughout the history of anatomy — from its ancient roots to the point at which it entered the increasingly precise anatomical vocabulary during the Renaissance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The concept of the nerve, as we understand it today, emerged gradually — grounded in ancient observations and philosophical reflections, and refined over centuries of anatomical inquiry. While successive corrections and innovations helped move anatomical knowledge toward greater precision, the early outlines of neuroanatomical thinking were already present in antiquity. Although modern terminology and classification systems were introduced much later, the foundations for understanding the structure and function of nerves were laid during the formative periods of medical science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100448
Robert Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Nikola Haładaj , Ivan Varga
Background
Dissection of the orbit represents one of the most demanding stages of head preparation. The orbit, as a space of osseous, muscular, and fascial character, contains numerous small muscles, vessels, and cranial nerves, the proper identification of which requires both precise technique and a thorough understanding of topographical anatomy. However, publications devoted specifically to the detailed dissection of the orbit remain relatively scarce.
Aim
The purpose of the present study is to provide a concise compendium summarizing the basic techniques and approaches used during orbit dissection, as well as to present practical notes and the author's own experiences derived from work in the dissection room.
Conclusions
Familiarity with different approaches to orbit dissection may facilitate the organization and performance of advanced dissection courses within anatomical education.
{"title":"Orbit dissection: Concise technical guide","authors":"Robert Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Nikola Haładaj , Ivan Varga","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dissection of the orbit represents one of the most demanding stages of head preparation. The orbit, as a space of osseous, muscular, and fascial character, contains numerous small muscles, vessels, and cranial nerves, the proper identification of which requires both precise technique and a thorough understanding of topographical anatomy. However, publications devoted specifically to the detailed dissection of the orbit remain relatively scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The purpose of the present study is to provide a concise compendium summarizing the basic techniques and approaches used during orbit dissection, as well as to present practical notes and the author's own experiences derived from work in the dissection room.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Familiarity with different approaches to orbit dissection may facilitate the organization and performance of advanced dissection courses within anatomical education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the most prevalent conditions in women that has a significant adverse effect on the quality of life. There is a wide variety of surgical treatment approaches for female SUI. Although many surgical procedures are available, all are associated with procedure-related complications. Urethral bulking agents (UBA's) have been perceived as the safest alternatives in this regard due to their tissue compatibility. This prompted us to explore a potential bulking agent composed of hyaluronic acid named “Zhoabex G”.
Methods
5-months-old female New Zealand white female rabbits (n = 27) weighing 2 kg ± 2.2 kg were used and divided into three equal groups: Group A (control group, n = 9) received no agent, Group B (sham group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of 10 % NaCl, and Group C (study group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid). At the end of experiment, after 5 months, all rabbits were sacrificed under anesthesia. The urethrae were dissected from all the groups for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies to evaluate the effect of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) on the collagen content, urethral lumen diameter, epithelial thickness, extent of inflammation and vascularity in the urethral wall.
Results
Masson's trichrome stained sections revealed a mild increase in the collagen content of the submucosal layer of the urethra of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group with a significant reduction in diameter of the urethral lumen and the epithelial thickness. Furthermore, immunostaining studies revealed a significant increase in the expression of CD31 antibodies (vascular endothelial cell markers) in Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group when compared to the control and sham groups, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the extent of inflammation in studied groups.
Conclusions
Results of this study suggest that the Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) causes a significant cooptation of the urethral lumen in female rabbits.
{"title":"Microarchitectural changes in the urethral wall after injecting hyaluronic acid based bulking agent (Zhoabex G): an experimental study in New Zealand white female rabbits","authors":"Bhagath Kumar Potu , Diaa Rizk , Wael Amin Nasr El-Din , Aisha Rashid , Ammar Muhsen Marwani , Stefano Salvatore","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the most prevalent conditions in women that has a significant adverse effect on the quality of life. There is a wide variety of surgical treatment approaches for female SUI. Although many surgical procedures are available, all are associated with procedure-related complications. Urethral bulking agents (UBA's) have been perceived as the safest alternatives in this regard due to their tissue compatibility. This prompted us to explore a potential bulking agent composed of hyaluronic acid named “Zhoabex G”.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>5-months-old female New Zealand white female rabbits (n = 27) weighing 2 kg ± 2.2 kg were used and divided into three equal groups: Group A (control group, n = 9) received no agent, Group B (sham group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of 10 % NaCl, and Group C (study group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid). At the end of experiment, after 5 months, all rabbits were sacrificed under anesthesia. The urethrae were dissected from all the groups for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies to evaluate the effect of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) on the collagen content, urethral lumen diameter, epithelial thickness, extent of inflammation and vascularity in the urethral wall.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Masson's trichrome stained sections revealed a mild increase in the collagen content of the submucosal layer of the urethra of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group with a significant reduction in diameter of the urethral lumen and the epithelial thickness. Furthermore, immunostaining studies revealed a significant increase in the expression of CD31 antibodies (vascular endothelial cell markers) in Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group when compared to the control and sham groups, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the extent of inflammation in studied groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Results of this study suggest that the Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) causes a significant cooptation of the urethral lumen in female rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100436
K. Anniesmitha , Edlin Glane Mathias , Nikita N. Bandekar , K.G. Mohandas Rao , P. Ashwini Aithal , Bincy M. George
Background
Neuroanatomy requires learners to interpret and mentally manipulate complex three-dimensional (3D) structures, making visuospatial ability (VSA) a critical factor for success. In recent years, educational technologies have emerged as promising tools to support spatial learning. However, the extent to which these technologies can enhance or compensate for learners' spatial skills remains unclear.
Objective
This scoping review aimed to explore how various educational technologies impact the development or support of visuospatial ability in neuroanatomy education and to identify the assessment tools used to measure spatial ability across different studies.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and Embase databases to identify studies that investigated the relationship between educational technology, spatial ability, and neuroanatomy learning. Included studies were analyzed for participant demographics, technology used, spatial ability assessment tools, and reported effects on VSA and learning outcomes.
Results
Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, employing diverse technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), interactive 3D modules, and volumetric imaging tools. Most studies used standardized psychometric tools like the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), Purdue Spatial Visualization Test (PSVT: R), or Santa Barbara Solids Test (SBST) to measure VSA. Evidence suggests that immersive technologies, particularly VR and MR, offer significant support to students with initially low spatial ability, narrowing the performance gap and, in some cases, enhancing spatial skills through repeated exposure and interactive visualization. While not all studies assessed VSA pre- and post-intervention, several studies reported improved spatial task performance and user engagement linked to technology use. Studies using 2D or non-immersive platforms showed limited benefit for low-VSA learners.
Conclusion
Emerging educational technologies, especially 3D, VR, and MR tools, have shown potential not only to support but also to enhance visuospatial ability in the context of neuroanatomy education. Integrating these tools strategically could improve spatial reasoning and reduce disparities among learners with varying cognitive profiles. Future research should focus on longitudinal evaluations, standardized spatial assessments, and adaptive technologies that respond to learners’ spatial needs.
{"title":"Visuospatial ability and neuroanatomy learning in health profession education – A scoping review","authors":"K. Anniesmitha , Edlin Glane Mathias , Nikita N. Bandekar , K.G. Mohandas Rao , P. Ashwini Aithal , Bincy M. George","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuroanatomy requires learners to interpret and mentally manipulate complex three-dimensional (3D) structures, making visuospatial ability (VSA) a critical factor for success. In recent years, educational technologies have emerged as promising tools to support spatial learning. However, the extent to which these technologies can enhance or compensate for learners' spatial skills remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This scoping review aimed to explore how various educational technologies impact the development or support of visuospatial ability in neuroanatomy education and to identify the assessment tools used to measure spatial ability across different studies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and Embase databases to identify studies that investigated the relationship between educational technology, spatial ability, and neuroanatomy learning. Included studies were analyzed for participant demographics, technology used, spatial ability assessment tools, and reported effects on VSA and learning outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, employing diverse technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), interactive 3D modules, and volumetric imaging tools. Most studies used standardized psychometric tools like the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), Purdue Spatial Visualization Test (PSVT: R), or Santa Barbara Solids Test (SBST) to measure VSA. Evidence suggests that immersive technologies, particularly VR and MR, offer significant support to students with initially low spatial ability, narrowing the performance gap and, in some cases, enhancing spatial skills through repeated exposure and interactive visualization. While not all studies assessed VSA pre- and post-intervention, several studies reported improved spatial task performance and user engagement linked to technology use. Studies using 2D or non-immersive platforms showed limited benefit for low-VSA learners.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Emerging educational technologies, especially 3D, VR, and MR tools, have shown potential not only to support but also to enhance visuospatial ability in the context of neuroanatomy education. Integrating these tools strategically could improve spatial reasoning and reduce disparities among learners with varying cognitive profiles. Future research should focus on longitudinal evaluations, standardized spatial assessments, and adaptive technologies that respond to learners’ spatial needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100433
Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Andrzej Dubrowski , Natalia Dysput , Julia Sypeń , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Jakub Dębski , Piotr Wysocki , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Magdalena Grzonkowska , Sara Kierońska-Siwak , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski
Background
The Renaissance was an era in which art, science, and philosophy converged in the pursuit of truth about human nature. Leonardo da Vinci combined the talent of an artist with the intellectual curiosity of a scholar and moved beyond the limitations of the epoch, producing anatomical studies that were exceptional and innovative. His observations—unpublished and therefore inaccessible to a wider audience for centuries—were remarkably ahead of their time, both in methodological approach and anatomical accuracy.
Aim
This paper offers reflections on selected anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts developed by Leonardo, placing them within the broader intellectual context of his epoch. The analysis aims primarily to reflect the intellectual climate that emerged with the rise of the Renaissance.
Conclusions
Leonardo da Vinci's methodological approach was groundbreaking and unprecedented for his time. It can be assumed that, had his anatomical works been published during his lifetime, they would have significantly influenced contemporary understanding of human anatomy and physiology. His research methods, including dissection techniques, were revolutionary and surpassed the limitations of the knowledge and technology of his era.
{"title":"Leonardo da Vinci: In search of the seat of the soul – Reflections on the anatomical and neuroanatomical explorations of a great master","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Andrzej Dubrowski , Natalia Dysput , Julia Sypeń , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Jakub Dębski , Piotr Wysocki , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Magdalena Grzonkowska , Sara Kierońska-Siwak , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Renaissance was an era in which art, science, and philosophy converged in the pursuit of truth about human nature. Leonardo da Vinci combined the talent of an artist with the intellectual curiosity of a scholar and moved beyond the limitations of the epoch, producing anatomical studies that were exceptional and innovative. His observations—unpublished and therefore inaccessible to a wider audience for centuries—were remarkably ahead of their time, both in methodological approach and anatomical accuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This paper offers reflections on selected anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts developed by Leonardo, placing them within the broader intellectual context of his epoch. The analysis aims primarily to reflect the intellectual climate that emerged with the rise of the Renaissance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Leonardo da Vinci's methodological approach was groundbreaking and unprecedented for his time. It can be assumed that, had his anatomical works been published during his lifetime, they would have significantly influenced contemporary understanding of human anatomy and physiology. His research methods, including dissection techniques, were revolutionary and surpassed the limitations of the knowledge and technology of his era.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100440
Andrzej Żytkowski , Krzysztof Balawender , Stanisław Orkisz
Background
Claudius Galen was one of the most influential medical authors of antiquity. His anatomical and neuroanatomical doctrines, derived primarily from animal dissection, shaped medical thought from the Roman era through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period.
Aim
The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview of the life and anatomical concepts of Galen, with a focus on his influence on the development of neuroanatomy and humoral theory. Particular attention is given to the sources of his knowledge, the historical context of his writings, and their reception in subsequent centuries.
Conclusions
Although many of Galen's anatomical beliefs were later proven inaccurate, they reflected the intellectual context and methodological constraints of his time. His work synthesized earlier knowledge with original observations and had a lasting impact on the development of medical theory. Galen's legacy illustrates the importance of critically evaluating historical sources within their cultural and scientific framework.
{"title":"The anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts of Galen","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Krzysztof Balawender , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Claudius Galen was one of the most influential medical authors of antiquity. His anatomical and neuroanatomical doctrines, derived primarily from animal dissection, shaped medical thought from the Roman era through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview of the life and anatomical concepts of Galen, with a focus on his influence on the development of neuroanatomy and humoral theory. Particular attention is given to the sources of his knowledge, the historical context of his writings, and their reception in subsequent centuries.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although many of Galen's anatomical beliefs were later proven inaccurate, they reflected the intellectual context and methodological constraints of his time. His work synthesized earlier knowledge with original observations and had a lasting impact on the development of medical theory. Galen's legacy illustrates the importance of critically evaluating historical sources within their cultural and scientific framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex estimation from skeletal remains represents a fundamental step in forensic identification, with femoral measurements offering reliable alternatives when traditional pelvic and cranial elements are unavailable. Population-specific variation significantly affects accuracy, yet no external validation has examined cross-regional applicability of Thai femoral sex estimation equations. This study evaluated the performance of established Thai regional equations when applied to independent samples.
Materials and methods
External validation was conducted using 200 femoral specimens (100 male, 100 female) from northeastern Thailand, representing an independent collection not used in previous equation development. Five femoral parameters were measured following standardized protocols. Performance of sex estimation equations from northeastern, central, and northern Thai populations, plus one Chinese equation, was assessed through comprehensive validation metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's kappa, and area under the curve (AUC) from ROC analysis.
Results
The northeastern Thai equation demonstrated optimal performance with 93.0 % accuracy, κ = 0.86, and AUC = 0.975 when applied to the same population. Cross-regional Thai equations showed moderate accuracy reductions: central Thai achieved 91.5 % and northern Thai achieved 90.5 %. The Chinese equation exhibited the greatest decline at 87.0 %, representing a 6.5 % reduction from optimal performance. Male classification consistently outperformed female classification across all equations with sensitivity ranging from 92.0 to 95.0 % versus specificity ranging from 82.0 to 91.0 %. Performance decline correlated with increasing population genetic distance.
Conclusion
External validation confirms the importance of population-specific standards in forensic anthropological practice. While Thai regional equations maintain acceptable cross-regional performance, optimal accuracy requires population-appropriate equation selection. The substantial performance decline with ethnically distant equations emphasizes careful equation selection for reliable forensic identification.
{"title":"External validation of femoral sex estimation equations: Evidence supporting population-specific standards in forensic anthropology","authors":"Chanasorn Poodendaen , Narawadee Choompoo , Poonikha Namvongsakool , Supapit Linlad , Jetniphat Chalermrerm , Suthat Duangchit , Worrawit Boonthai , Sitthichai Iamsaard , Phatthiraporn Aorachon , Phongpitak Putiwat","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex estimation from skeletal remains represents a fundamental step in forensic identification, with femoral measurements offering reliable alternatives when traditional pelvic and cranial elements are unavailable. Population-specific variation significantly affects accuracy, yet no external validation has examined cross-regional applicability of Thai femoral sex estimation equations. This study evaluated the performance of established Thai regional equations when applied to independent samples.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>External validation was conducted using 200 femoral specimens (100 male, 100 female) from northeastern Thailand, representing an independent collection not used in previous equation development. Five femoral parameters were measured following standardized protocols. Performance of sex estimation equations from northeastern, central, and northern Thai populations, plus one Chinese equation, was assessed through comprehensive validation metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's kappa, and area under the curve (AUC) from ROC analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The northeastern Thai equation demonstrated optimal performance with 93.0 % accuracy, κ = 0.86, and AUC = 0.975 when applied to the same population. Cross-regional Thai equations showed moderate accuracy reductions: central Thai achieved 91.5 % and northern Thai achieved 90.5 %. The Chinese equation exhibited the greatest decline at 87.0 %, representing a 6.5 % reduction from optimal performance. Male classification consistently outperformed female classification across all equations with sensitivity ranging from 92.0 to 95.0 % versus specificity ranging from 82.0 to 91.0 %. Performance decline correlated with increasing population genetic distance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>External validation confirms the importance of population-specific standards in forensic anthropological practice. While Thai regional equations maintain acceptable cross-regional performance, optimal accuracy requires population-appropriate equation selection. The substantial performance decline with ethnically distant equations emphasizes careful equation selection for reliable forensic identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443
Aamna Kausar , Shalini S. Nayak , Sapna , Deepak Nayak M , Veeresh , Mamatha Hosapatna
Background
The cerebellum plays crucial roles in motor coordination, cognition, and balance. During embryogenesis, its development is regulated by several genetic factors. Aberrant genetic expression leads to cerebellar anomalies, including inferior vermian hypoplasia (IVH) and cerebellar hypoplasia (CH). This study aimed to analyze the histo-morphological changes in abnormal human fetal cerebellar (HFC) tissues compared with their normal counterparts.
Methods
A prospective observational study was conducted over one year with institutional ethical clearance. Twenty HFC tissues (10 normal and 10 abnormal) from 20 to 23 gestational weeks (GWs) were obtained postautopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for histological analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed, and the samples were examined under a microscope for morphological differences.
Results
Significant histo-morphological differences were noted between normal and abnormal HFC tissues:
•
Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.
•
In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.
•
CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.
•
Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.
•
In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.
•
CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.
Conclusion
Histological comparison highlights developmental arrest and structural disorganization in IVH and CH cases. Understanding these differences is essential for increasing the knowledge of abnormal development and planning potential precautions prior to pregnancy in the future. Moreover, this study underscores the need for further research into fetal cerebellar anomalies to improve prenatal diagnostic techniques and potential therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of histogenesis and morphological histopathology in normal and abnormal human fetal cerebellum (20–23 gestational weeks)","authors":"Aamna Kausar , Shalini S. Nayak , Sapna , Deepak Nayak M , Veeresh , Mamatha Hosapatna","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The cerebellum plays crucial roles in motor coordination, cognition, and balance. During embryogenesis, its development is regulated by several genetic factors. Aberrant genetic expression leads to cerebellar anomalies, including inferior vermian hypoplasia (IVH) and cerebellar hypoplasia (CH). This study aimed to analyze the histo-morphological changes in abnormal human fetal cerebellar (HFC) tissues compared with their normal counterparts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective observational study was conducted over one year with institutional ethical clearance. Twenty HFC tissues (10 normal and 10 abnormal) from 20 to 23 gestational weeks (GWs) were obtained postautopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for histological analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed, and the samples were examined under a microscope for morphological differences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant histo-morphological differences were noted between normal and abnormal HFC tissues:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.</div></span></li></ul></div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.</div></span></li></ul></div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Histological comparison highlights developmental arrest and structural disorganization in IVH and CH cases. Understanding these differences is essential for increasing the knowledge of abnormal development and planning potential precautions prior to pregnancy in the future. Moreover, this study underscores the need for further research into fetal cerebellar anomalies to improve prenatal diagnostic techniques and potential therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100432
Connor J. Groen , Shayla S. Rundberg , Ryan Prohofsky , Shaina L. Riggs , Ethan L. Snow
Background
Variant muscles such as the flexor carpi radialis brevis (FCRB) can have significant implications in orthopedic practice and hand function. However, a thorough biomechanical analysis and systematic review of FCRB are missing from the clinical literature. The purpose of this study is to conduct a biomechanical analysis of a FCRB and discuss its clinical implications in the context of a systematic review.
Methods
A FCRB was discovered during routine dissection of a human cadaver. Gross parameters of the muscle were collected, and the muscle was photographed. A tissue sample was collected and processed for histological analysis. Mean postmortem fixed sarcomere lengths were measured via digital light microscopy to calculate a normalized maximal isometric force (Fmax). The PRISMA 2020 framework was employed in conducting a systematic review of the literature.
Results
The 2.81 g unilateral right FCRB was unipennate in form. It originated along the anterolateral distal third of the radius and inserted onto the tubercle of the trapezium. The FCRB presented in a semi-contracted state. Normalization of the FCRB fascicle lengths yielded a Fmax of 13.38 N. Systematic review of 43 relevant articles suggests a mean FCRB prevalence of 3.12%.
Conclusions
A biomechanical analysis of a FCRB muscle, systematic review of FCRB articles, and a meta-analysis of FCRB pooled prevalence adds new and important information to the literature, providing improved context for discussing FCRB cases. Results from this study may serve as a useful reference for orthopedic physicians, radiologists, physical and occupational therapists, clinical anatomists, and medical educators.
{"title":"Flexor carpi radialis brevis: A systematic review with cadaveric case analysis","authors":"Connor J. Groen , Shayla S. Rundberg , Ryan Prohofsky , Shaina L. Riggs , Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Variant muscles such as the flexor carpi radialis brevis (FCRB) can have significant implications in orthopedic practice and hand function. However, a thorough biomechanical analysis and systematic review of FCRB are missing from the clinical literature. The purpose of this study is to conduct a biomechanical analysis of a FCRB and discuss its clinical implications in the context of a systematic review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A FCRB was discovered during routine dissection of a human cadaver. Gross parameters of the muscle were collected, and the muscle was photographed. A tissue sample was collected and processed for histological analysis. Mean postmortem fixed sarcomere lengths were measured via digital light microscopy to calculate a normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub>). The PRISMA 2020 framework was employed in conducting a systematic review of the literature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 2.81 g unilateral right FCRB was unipennate in form. It originated along the anterolateral distal third of the radius and inserted onto the tubercle of the trapezium. The FCRB presented in a semi-contracted state. Normalization of the FCRB fascicle lengths yielded a <em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> of 13.38 N. Systematic review of 43 relevant articles suggests a mean FCRB prevalence of 3.12%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A biomechanical analysis of a FCRB muscle, systematic review of FCRB articles, and a meta-analysis of FCRB pooled prevalence adds new and important information to the literature, providing improved context for discussing FCRB cases. Results from this study may serve as a useful reference for orthopedic physicians, radiologists, physical and occupational therapists, clinical anatomists, and medical educators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号