Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Comparative analysis of histogenesis and morphological histopathology in normal and abnormal human fetal cerebellum (20–23 gestational weeks)","authors":"Aamna Kausar ,&nbsp;Shalini S. Nayak ,&nbsp;Sapna ,&nbsp;Deepak Nayak M ,&nbsp;Veeresh ,&nbsp;Mamatha Hosapatna","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The cerebellum plays crucial roles in motor coordination, cognition, and balance. During embryogenesis, its development is regulated by several genetic factors. Aberrant genetic expression leads to cerebellar anomalies, including inferior vermian hypoplasia (IVH) and cerebellar hypoplasia (CH). This study aimed to analyze the histo-morphological changes in abnormal human fetal cerebellar (HFC) tissues compared with their normal counterparts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective observational study was conducted over one year with institutional ethical clearance. Twenty HFC tissues (10 normal and 10 abnormal) from 20 to 23 gestational weeks (GWs) were obtained postautopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for histological analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed, and the samples were examined under a microscope for morphological differences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant histo-morphological differences were noted between normal and abnormal HFC tissues:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.</div></span></li></ul></div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.</div></span></li></ul></div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Histological comparison highlights developmental arrest and structural disorganization in IVH and CH cases. Understanding these differences is essential for increasing the knowledge of abnormal development and planning potential precautions prior to pregnancy in the future. Moreover, this study underscores the need for further research into fetal cerebellar anomalies to improve prenatal diagnostic techniques and potential therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case analysis and clinical implications of a hemangioma located between the pronator quadratus and interosseous membrane","authors":"Arene S. Barwari ,&nbsp;Parker Murphy ,&nbsp;Anders S. Mattecheck ,&nbsp;Yorell Manon-Matos ,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hemangiomas are seldom considered as a differential diagnosis for conditions with common etiologies. Reports detailing hemangiomas in unique locations with comprehensive analyses are scarce. This study aims to investigate a hemangioma uniquely located between the pronator quadratus (PQ) and the interosseous membrane (IOM) with gross, histological, and biomechanical analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A unilateral (right) hemangioma was discovered during routine dissection of an adult human cadaver, measured, weighed, transected, and photographed. Two tissue samples were collected, processed for histology (H&amp;E), and scanned for examination via digital light microscopy. Maximal isometric force (<em>F</em>_<em>max</em>) of the overlying PQ was calculated to determine the central force vector that would compress the hemangioma upon contraction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 4.85 g multilobulated hemangioma was supplied by the anterior interosseous artery and bound by the PQ, IOM, and distal radius and ulna. The hemangioma was roughly circular (r = ∼2.65 cm) in the coronal plane and disproportionally thicker on its ulnar side (1.88 cm vs. 0.45 cm). Histological analysis revealed atrophic skeletal muscle and clusters of leukocytes. The PQ muscle exhibited a <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> of 45.47 N and the ability to compress the hemangioma with 12.56 N.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Despite its likelihood for provoking sequelae, a hemangioma presenting between the PQ and IOM may not be considered when evaluating musculoskeletal pain, distal forearm fractures, compartment syndrome, or carpal tunnel syndrome. This study may provide new and important insights to orthopedists, vascular surgeons, medical educators, clinical anatomists, and allied health professionals when analyzing, diagnosing, or treating related cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visuospatial ability and neuroanatomy learning in health profession education – A scoping review","authors":"K. Anniesmitha ,&nbsp;Edlin Glane Mathias ,&nbsp;Nikita N. Bandekar ,&nbsp;K.G. Mohandas Rao ,&nbsp;P. Ashwini Aithal ,&nbsp;Bincy M. George","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuroanatomy requires learners to interpret and mentally manipulate complex three-dimensional (3D) structures, making visuospatial ability (VSA) a critical factor for success. In recent years, educational technologies have emerged as promising tools to support spatial learning. However, the extent to which these technologies can enhance or compensate for learners' spatial skills remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This scoping review aimed to explore how various educational technologies impact the development or support of visuospatial ability in neuroanatomy education and to identify the assessment tools used to measure spatial ability across different studies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and Embase databases to identify studies that investigated the relationship between educational technology, spatial ability, and neuroanatomy learning. Included studies were analyzed for participant demographics, technology used, spatial ability assessment tools, and reported effects on VSA and learning outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, employing diverse technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), interactive 3D modules, and volumetric imaging tools. Most studies used standardized psychometric tools like the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), Purdue Spatial Visualization Test (PSVT: R), or Santa Barbara Solids Test (SBST) to measure VSA. Evidence suggests that immersive technologies, particularly VR and MR, offer significant support to students with initially low spatial ability, narrowing the performance gap and, in some cases, enhancing spatial skills through repeated exposure and interactive visualization. While not all studies assessed VSA pre- and post-intervention, several studies reported improved spatial task performance and user engagement linked to technology use. Studies using 2D or non-immersive platforms showed limited benefit for low-VSA learners.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Emerging educational technologies, especially 3D, VR, and MR tools, have shown potential not only to support but also to enhance visuospatial ability in the context of neuroanatomy education. Integrating these tools strategically could improve spatial reasoning and reduce disparities among learners with varying cognitive profiles. Future research should focus on longitudinal evaluations, standardized spatial assessments, and adaptive technologies that respond to learners’ spatial needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts of Galen","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Balawender ,&nbsp;Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Claudius Galen was one of the most influential medical authors of antiquity. His anatomical and neuroanatomical doctrines, derived primarily from animal dissection, shaped medical thought from the Roman era through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview of the life and anatomical concepts of Galen, with a focus on his influence on the development of neuroanatomy and humoral theory. Particular attention is given to the sources of his knowledge, the historical context of his writings, and their reception in subsequent centuries.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although many of Galen's anatomical beliefs were later proven inaccurate, they reflected the intellectual context and methodological constraints of his time. His work synthesized earlier knowledge with original observations and had a lasting impact on the development of medical theory. Galen's legacy illustrates the importance of critically evaluating historical sources within their cultural and scientific framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical parameters and intermuscular comparability of asymmetrical pronator quadratus muscle variations with reversed tendon aponeuroses","authors":"Fischer A. Clarke ,&nbsp;Branden C. Fox ,&nbsp;Jessica Pillatzki ,&nbsp;Joseph X. Anders ,&nbsp;Robert E. Van Demark Jr. ,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The pronator quadratus (PQ) is a quadrangular muscle deep in the anterior compartment of the forearm that executes pronation and stabilizes the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). A thin, superficial tendon aponeurosis is commonly present on its ulnar side. Reports of non-typical PQ morphologies involving biomechanical parameters and intermuscular comparability are scarce despite the important knowledge they would contribute to understanding PQ variations and their clinical implications. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the biomechanical parameters and intermuscular comparability of asymmetrical PQ variations with reversed tendon aponeuroses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A case of asymmetrical bilateral PQ variations was discovered during routine human cadaver dissection. The variations were photographed in situ with scale, and anatomical parameters of each muscle were measured. Mean postmortem fixed sarcomere states were evaluated via light microscopy to calculate a normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em>_<em>max</em>) for each muscle. Intermuscular architectural comparability indices (<em>δ</em>_2,1) were calculated between each muscle to indicate suitability as flap/autograft tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Despite differences in mass and <em>F</em>_<em>max</em>, the left distal PQ muscle (PQ_d; 3.81 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 2.22 N), left proximal PQ muscle (PQ_p; 4.13 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 2.72 N), and right PQ_d (6.97 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 4.16 N) were architecturally indifferent (0.30 &lt; <em>δ</em>_2,1 &lt; 0.80). However, each of these muscles were significantly different in structure (<em>δ</em>_2,1 ≥ 0.80), size, and functional capability compared to the right PQ_p (0.87 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 0.79 N). Notably, each ipsilateral pair of variant PQ muscles exhibited reversed location of their tendon aponeuroses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The PQ is encountered and utilized in many surgical procedures, including volar (modified Henry) or open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) approaches for surgically repairing a distal radius fracture. Chronic refractory myofascial pain in the distal forearm and DRUJ osteoarthritis may warrant differential evaluation for variations of the PQ. This report may provide new and important insights to orthopedists, clinical anatomists, and allied health professionals when diagnosing and treating patients with PQ variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microarchitectural changes in the urethral wall after injecting hyaluronic acid based bulking agent (Zhoabex G): an experimental study in New Zealand white female rabbits","authors":"Bhagath Kumar Potu ,&nbsp;Diaa Rizk ,&nbsp;Wael Amin Nasr El-Din ,&nbsp;Aisha Rashid ,&nbsp;Ammar Muhsen Marwani ,&nbsp;Stefano Salvatore","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the most prevalent conditions in women that has a significant adverse effect on the quality of life. There is a wide variety of surgical treatment approaches for female SUI. Although many surgical procedures are available, all are associated with procedure-related complications. Urethral bulking agents (UBA's) have been perceived as the safest alternatives in this regard due to their tissue compatibility. This prompted us to explore a potential bulking agent composed of hyaluronic acid named “Zhoabex G”.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>5-months-old female New Zealand white female rabbits (n = 27) weighing 2 kg ± 2.2 kg were used and divided into three equal groups: Group A (control group, n = 9) received no agent, Group B (sham group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of 10 % NaCl, and Group C (study group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid). At the end of experiment, after 5 months, all rabbits were sacrificed under anesthesia. The urethrae were dissected from all the groups for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies to evaluate the effect of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) on the collagen content, urethral lumen diameter, epithelial thickness, extent of inflammation and vascularity in the urethral wall.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Masson's trichrome stained sections revealed a mild increase in the collagen content of the submucosal layer of the urethra of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group with a significant reduction in diameter of the urethral lumen and the epithelial thickness. Furthermore, immunostaining studies revealed a significant increase in the expression of CD31 antibodies (vascular endothelial cell markers) in Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group when compared to the control and sham groups, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the extent of inflammation in studied groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Results of this study suggest that the Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) causes a significant cooptation of the urethral lumen in female rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative anatomy of the rotator cuff muscle in the human fetus based on the teres minor muscle","authors":"Maciej Biernacki ,&nbsp;Magdalena Grzonkowska ,&nbsp;Michał Kułakowski ,&nbsp;Alicja Szulc ,&nbsp;Mariusz Baumgart","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The teres minor muscle is one of the components of the rotator cuff.</div><div>Particularly in terms of anatomical variability and prenatal development it is less thoroughly.</div><div>Described in current literature.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the teres minor muscle in the human fetus, based on its linear and planar parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0), and statistical tools (Student's t-test, ANOVA, regression analysis), morphometric parameters of the teres minor muscle were measured in 36 human fetuses of both sexes (17♂, 19♀), aged 18–30 weeks of gestation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The teres minor muscle showed no significant sex- or side-related differences. Muscle length increased logarithmically with gestational age, while width, circumference, and projection surface area followed linear growth patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The normative values obtained for the teres minor muscle may serve as a developmental reference for prenatal anatomical studies and have potential clinical relevance in pediatric imaging, surgery, and neonatology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leonardo da Vinci: In search of the seat of the soul – Reflections on the anatomical and neuroanatomical explorations of a great master","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki ,&nbsp;Andrzej Dubrowski ,&nbsp;Natalia Dysput ,&nbsp;Julia Sypeń ,&nbsp;Michał Bonczar ,&nbsp;Patryk Ostrowski ,&nbsp;Jakub Dębski ,&nbsp;Piotr Wysocki ,&nbsp;Nikola Haładaj ,&nbsp;Roksana Haładaj ,&nbsp;Magdalena Grzonkowska ,&nbsp;Sara Kierońska-Siwak ,&nbsp;Stanisław Orkisz ,&nbsp;Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Renaissance was an era in which art, science, and philosophy converged in the pursuit of truth about human nature. Leonardo da Vinci combined the talent of an artist with the intellectual curiosity of a scholar and moved beyond the limitations of the epoch, producing anatomical studies that were exceptional and innovative. His observations—unpublished and therefore inaccessible to a wider audience for centuries—were remarkably ahead of their time, both in methodological approach and anatomical accuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This paper offers reflections on selected anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts developed by Leonardo, placing them within the broader intellectual context of his epoch. The analysis aims primarily to reflect the intellectual climate that emerged with the rise of the Renaissance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Leonardo da Vinci's methodological approach was groundbreaking and unprecedented for his time. It can be assumed that, had his anatomical works been published during his lifetime, they would have significantly influenced contemporary understanding of human anatomy and physiology. His research methods, including dissection techniques, were revolutionary and surpassed the limitations of the knowledge and technology of his era.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexor carpi radialis brevis: A systematic review with cadaveric case analysis","authors":"Connor J. Groen ,&nbsp;Shayla S. Rundberg ,&nbsp;Ryan Prohofsky ,&nbsp;Shaina L. Riggs ,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Variant muscles such as the flexor carpi radialis brevis (FCRB) can have significant implications in orthopedic practice and hand function. However, a thorough biomechanical analysis and systematic review of FCRB are missing from the clinical literature. The purpose of this study is to conduct a biomechanical analysis of a FCRB and discuss its clinical implications in the context of a systematic review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A FCRB was discovered during routine dissection of a human cadaver. Gross parameters of the muscle were collected, and the muscle was photographed. A tissue sample was collected and processed for histological analysis. Mean postmortem fixed sarcomere lengths were measured via digital light microscopy to calculate a normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em>_<em>max</em>). The PRISMA 2020 framework was employed in conducting a systematic review of the literature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 2.81 g unilateral right FCRB was unipennate in form. It originated along the anterolateral distal third of the radius and inserted onto the tubercle of the trapezium. The FCRB presented in a semi-contracted state. Normalization of the FCRB fascicle lengths yielded a <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> of 13.38 N. Systematic review of 43 relevant articles suggests a mean FCRB prevalence of 3.12%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A biomechanical analysis of a FCRB muscle, systematic review of FCRB articles, and a meta-analysis of FCRB pooled prevalence adds new and important information to the literature, providing improved context for discussing FCRB cases. Results from this study may serve as a useful reference for orthopedic physicians, radiologists, physical and occupational therapists, clinical anatomists, and medical educators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A concise historical sketch on the early anatomical understanding of peripheral nerves","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki ,&nbsp;Andrzej Dubrowski ,&nbsp;Wojciech Przybycień ,&nbsp;Natalia Dysput ,&nbsp;Julia Sypeń ,&nbsp;Michał Bonczar ,&nbsp;Patryk Ostrowski ,&nbsp;Jakub Dębski ,&nbsp;Nikola Haładaj ,&nbsp;Roksana Haładaj ,&nbsp;Stanisław Orkisz ,&nbsp;Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In early medical traditions, the nervous system was not merely a subject of anatomical interest, but also a lens through which broader questions about life, sensation, and the soul were explored. Discussions of “nerves” addressed not only anatomical structures, but also vital, emotional, and even spiritual functions.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this concise historical sketch is to revisit how the concept of the nerve evolved throughout the history of anatomy — from its ancient roots to the point at which it entered the increasingly precise anatomical vocabulary during the Renaissance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The concept of the nerve, as we understand it today, emerged gradually — grounded in ancient observations and philosophical reflections, and refined over centuries of anatomical inquiry. While successive corrections and innovations helped move anatomical knowledge toward greater precision, the early outlines of neuroanatomical thinking were already present in antiquity. Although modern terminology and classification systems were introduced much later, the foundations for understanding the structure and function of nerves were laid during the formative periods of medical science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}