Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100303
Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ivan Varga , Ilona Klejbor , Krzysztof Balawender , Sanjib Kumar Ghosh , Edward Clarke , Małgorzata Mazur , Wojciech Przybycień , Andrzej Dubrowski , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Justyna Rdzanek , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski
Background
Since the appearance of Vesalius's treatises, anatomical illustration has eluded unified conventions and strictly defined timeframes, resulting from the individual struggles of scholars and collaborating artists. Until the 19th century, diverse styles characterized anatomical illustrations, and the conventions in which they were created depended on both by cultural conditions and the state of knowledge about the structure of the human body.
Aim
This paper presents selected illustrated anatomical sources published in the early 19th century.
Conclusions
In early 19th-century anatomical iconography, there was a trend of deepening the importance of scientific illustration as a carrier of information and knowledge. Illustrations from this period are still characterized by various styles, degrees of scientific precision, and the scope of detail presented. However, during this period, attempts were made to faithfully reflect the reality of the dissecting room and the anatomical specimen.
{"title":"19th-century anatomical illustration: Part one – A portfolio of selected early 19th-century anatomical works","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ivan Varga , Ilona Klejbor , Krzysztof Balawender , Sanjib Kumar Ghosh , Edward Clarke , Małgorzata Mazur , Wojciech Przybycień , Andrzej Dubrowski , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Justyna Rdzanek , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Since the appearance of Vesalius's treatises, anatomical illustration has eluded unified conventions and strictly defined timeframes, resulting from the individual struggles of scholars and collaborating artists. Until the 19th century, diverse styles characterized anatomical illustrations, and the conventions in which they were created depended on both by cultural conditions and the state of knowledge about the structure of the human body.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This paper presents selected illustrated anatomical sources published in the early 19th century.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In early 19th-century anatomical iconography, there was a trend of deepening the importance of scientific illustration as a carrier of information and knowledge. Illustrations from this period are still characterized by various styles, degrees of scientific precision, and the scope of detail presented. However, during this period, attempts were made to faithfully reflect the reality of the dissecting room and the anatomical specimen.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000244/pdfft?md5=206ed4d89d3b5fd861693d29bb7e64ea&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000244-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140843227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) has fascinated researchers since its first detailed description by Landsmeer in 1949. Integral to the sophisticated mechanics of finger movements, its anatomical presence and function have sparked extensive debate. Despite initial doubts about its existence, it is now recognized as a crucial structure within the hand's biomechanical system.
Materials and methods
A review was conducted to collate primary studies on the ORL, focusing on cadaveric anatomy and biomechanical analyses. Modern dissection techniques and equipment have facilitated the identification of the ORL in virtually all examined samples, moving past earlier challenges of isolating such minute structures.
Results
Research elucidates the ORL's dynamic role in coordinating movements between the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, contradicting earlier theories that deemed it a mere static stabilizer. Recent findings, especially those by Balakrishnan et al., highlight a complex cross structure that allows the ORL to maintain its functional relevance across various joint positions. This challenges previous notions and underscores its significance in finger extension mechanisms.
Conclusion
The journey to understand the ORL underscores its pivotal role in hand biomechanics, transforming from a structure of ambiguous existence to a key element in finger movement coordination. This shift in understanding opens new possibilities for therapeutic approaches to hand deformities, emphasizing the ORL's critical function in both anatomical and clinical contexts. As research progresses, it continues to reveal the ORL's complex contributions to hand dynamics, offering insights that promise to enhance outcomes in hand surgery and rehabilitation.
{"title":"“Unraveling the mysteries of the oblique retinacular ligament: A review of its anatomy and biomechanical characteristics”","authors":"Mattia Bulli , Paolo Boccolari , Danilo Donati , Roberto Tedeschi","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) has fascinated researchers since its first detailed description by Landsmeer in 1949. Integral to the sophisticated mechanics of finger movements, its anatomical presence and function have sparked extensive debate. Despite initial doubts about its existence, it is now recognized as a crucial structure within the hand's biomechanical system.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>A review was conducted to collate primary studies on the ORL, focusing on cadaveric anatomy and biomechanical analyses. Modern dissection techniques and equipment have facilitated the identification of the ORL in virtually all examined samples, moving past earlier challenges of isolating such minute structures.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Research elucidates the ORL's dynamic role in coordinating movements between the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, contradicting earlier theories that deemed it a mere static stabilizer. Recent findings, especially those by Balakrishnan et al., highlight a complex cross structure that allows the ORL to maintain its functional relevance across various joint positions. This challenges previous notions and underscores its significance in finger extension mechanisms.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The journey to understand the ORL underscores its pivotal role in hand biomechanics, transforming from a structure of ambiguous existence to a key element in finger movement coordination. This shift in understanding opens new possibilities for therapeutic approaches to hand deformities, emphasizing the ORL's critical function in both anatomical and clinical contexts. As research progresses, it continues to reveal the ORL's complex contributions to hand dynamics, offering insights that promise to enhance outcomes in hand surgery and rehabilitation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000219/pdfft?md5=29036e3f8668842e56f7de8615e8094a&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000219-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140815239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-20DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100302
{"title":"Corrigendum regarding missing statements in previously published articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100302","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000232/pdfft?md5=afa810595fba2ad37ac22b4f8f869dc5&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000232-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140776889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100300
Krzysztof Balawender , Iwona Kucharska-Miąsik , Maksymilian Kłosowicz , Wiktoria Florek , Edward Clarke , Artur Derlatka , Magdalena Szatny-Kiedrzyńska , Andrzej Żytkowski
Background
Meckel's diverticulum is one of the most common congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. About three-fourths of Meckel's diverticulum are located in the distance ranging from 40 cm to 100 cm from the ileocecal valve. Most cases are lined with heterotopic mucosa (e.g., gastric, pancreatic, jejunal). Many cases are asymptomatic.
Aim
This case report aims to present an ultrasound image for intussusception caused by the anatomical anomaly, namely Meckel's diverticulum. The article was written to integrate fundamental knowledge of anatomical variations or anomalies with clinical context.
Case description
A 5-year-old girl previously diagnosed with obesity came to the hospital with severe abdominal pain. The abdomen, on palpation examination, was tender and painful. Diagnosis of intussusception was initially based on the history, clinical symptoms, and ultrasound imaging. The girl was finally qualified for surgery. During the procedure, the bowel invagination was performed, and Meckel's diverticulum was removed. The intestine was double-layered and intraoperatively confirmed intussusception with Meckel's diverticulum.
Conclusions
Knowledge of anatomical anomalies is significant for practitioners. Meckel's diverticulum may be the cause of invagination intestines. CT or MRI is the test of choice when intussusception is suspected during a proliferative disease.
{"title":"Meckel's diverticulum with intussusception in a 5-year-old patient: Ultrasound as the key to diagnosis. A case report","authors":"Krzysztof Balawender , Iwona Kucharska-Miąsik , Maksymilian Kłosowicz , Wiktoria Florek , Edward Clarke , Artur Derlatka , Magdalena Szatny-Kiedrzyńska , Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Meckel's diverticulum is one of the most common congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. About three-fourths of Meckel's diverticulum are located in the distance ranging from 40 cm to 100 cm from the ileocecal valve. Most cases are lined with heterotopic mucosa (e.g., gastric, pancreatic, jejunal). Many cases are asymptomatic.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This case report aims to present an ultrasound image for intussusception caused by the anatomical anomaly, namely Meckel's diverticulum. The article was written to integrate fundamental knowledge of anatomical variations or anomalies with clinical context.</p></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><p>A 5-year-old girl previously diagnosed with obesity came to the hospital with severe abdominal pain. The abdomen, on palpation examination, was tender and painful. Diagnosis of intussusception was initially based on the history, clinical symptoms, and ultrasound imaging. The girl was finally qualified for surgery. During the procedure, the bowel invagination was performed, and Meckel's diverticulum was removed. The intestine was double-layered and intraoperatively confirmed intussusception with Meckel's diverticulum.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Knowledge of anatomical anomalies is significant for practitioners. Meckel's diverticulum may be the cause of invagination intestines. CT or MRI is the test of choice when intussusception is suspected during a proliferative disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000207/pdfft?md5=c7ff22f9538af7671ec7fe7db9e23782&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000207-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140549672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anterior orthopaedic approaches, much like the Modified Stoppa approach, target fractures of the anterior column of the pelvis and acetabulum. The approach is described as a minimally invasive technique that may lead to iatrogenic haemorrhage and fatality in patients. Such mortality is due to the inadvertent severing of the corona mortis vessels, a clinical term referring to the anastomosis between the obturator vessels and the external iliac vessels typically via an accessory obturator vessel that courses over the pelvic brim. Knowledge regarding the prevalence and clinical significance of the corona mortis, especially within the South African population is lacking, and therefore further investigation of this anomaly is necessary.
Materials and methods
This study investigated the incidence and variations of the corona mortis vessels in a South African sample using 63 adult cadavers obtained from the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria. After careful dissection of the blood supply to the pelvis, the prevalence of corona mortis was investigated. Variations regarding the composition of the corona mortis and the incidence of aberrant obturator vessels were documented.
Results
The incidence of corona mortis was observed in 67.5% of the study sample, with 91.6% being venous and 8.4% being arterial in composition. An incidence of 26.0% of aberrant obturator arteries and 8.1% of aberrant obturator veins were observed originating or draining directly into the external iliac system, respectively. A single rare instance of corona mortis was observed and involved an anastomosis with the superior vesical vein rather than the typical obturator vein. While variations amongst anomalous accessory vessels were observed which resulted in as many as 3 aberrant vessels coursing over the pelvic brim. No significant difference was concluded for the incidence of corona mortis between the left and right sides or between males and females.
Conclusion
Mapping out the parameters of the corona mortis and examining the variation linked with the anomaly will aid orthopaedic surgeons in implementing anterior approaches with reduced vascular damage and iatrogenic deficit. Further understanding of its incidence in the South African population will in turn assist in interpreting its clinical significance.
{"title":"An anatomical study on the variations and clinical significance of the corona mortis within a South African sample","authors":"Jade Naicker , Zithulele Nkosinathi Tshabalala , Andries Masenge , Obakeng Modisane , Steven Matshidza , Nkhensani Mogale","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Anterior orthopaedic approaches, much like the Modified Stoppa approach, target fractures of the anterior column of the pelvis and acetabulum. The approach is described as a minimally invasive technique that may lead to iatrogenic haemorrhage and fatality in patients. Such mortality is due to the inadvertent severing of the corona mortis vessels, a clinical term referring to the anastomosis between the obturator vessels and the external iliac vessels typically via an accessory obturator vessel that courses over the pelvic brim. Knowledge regarding the prevalence and clinical significance of the corona mortis, especially within the South African population is lacking, and therefore further investigation of this anomaly is necessary.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>This study investigated the incidence and variations of the corona mortis vessels in a South African sample using 63 adult cadavers obtained from the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria. After careful dissection of the blood supply to the pelvis, the prevalence of corona mortis was investigated. Variations regarding the composition of the corona mortis and the incidence of aberrant obturator vessels were documented.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The incidence of corona mortis was observed in 67.5% of the study sample, with 91.6% being venous and 8.4% being arterial in composition. An incidence of 26.0% of aberrant obturator arteries and 8.1% of aberrant obturator veins were observed originating or draining directly into the external iliac system, respectively. A single rare instance of corona mortis was observed and involved an anastomosis with the superior vesical vein rather than the typical obturator vein. While variations amongst anomalous accessory vessels were observed which resulted in as many as 3 aberrant vessels coursing over the pelvic brim. No significant difference was concluded for the incidence of corona mortis between the left and right sides or between males and females.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Mapping out the parameters of the corona mortis and examining the variation linked with the anomaly will aid orthopaedic surgeons in implementing anterior approaches with reduced vascular damage and iatrogenic deficit. Further understanding of its incidence in the South African population will in turn assist in interpreting its clinical significance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000177/pdfft?md5=fc38ab67b50de6aa5776de633a5bf6f2&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000177-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140533889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100299
Sethabile Nkabinde , Brenda Zola De Gama , Sundika Ishwarkumar-Govender , Pamela Pillay
Background
The lingula of the mandible is a small tongue-shaped bony prominence that partially overlaps the mandibular foramen. It has variable shapes among different populations which impacts its significance as a bony landmark in maxillofacial and oral surgeries. This study aimed to explore the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the mandibular lingula in dry mandibles of a South African population, to provide more knowledge on its structural variations, and location for surgeons involved with maxillofacial and oral surgeries.
Methodology
The study utilized 45 (n = 90 sides) dry human mandibles. The shapes were classified into five types, as per the classification scheme proposed by Tuli et al. (2000) and Varma and Sameer (2013). Three morphometric parameters were utilized to determine the location of the lingula. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The most common type of the lingula was the truncated type 36/90 (40%), followed by the triangular type 23/90 (25.56%) and, nodular type 22/90 (24.44%). The mean height (mean ± SD) of the lingula was 7.57 ± 1.56 mm. The mean distance from the lingula to the anterior border of the mandibular ramus was 20.05 ± 3.25 mm while the mean distance from the lingula tip to the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible was 16.58 ± 2.26 mm. The mean distance was 15.81 ± 2.15 mm from the lingula to the mandibular notch.
Conclusion
The present study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the structural variation of the lingula which is important for precise location of the mandibular foramen and related structures, especially when performing any maxillofacial surgical procedures within a South African population group.
{"title":"Exploring the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the mandibular lingula in dry mandibles of South African population","authors":"Sethabile Nkabinde , Brenda Zola De Gama , Sundika Ishwarkumar-Govender , Pamela Pillay","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The lingula of the mandible is a small tongue-shaped bony prominence that partially overlaps the mandibular foramen. It has variable shapes among different populations which impacts its significance as a bony landmark in maxillofacial and oral surgeries. This study aimed to explore the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the mandibular lingula in dry mandibles of a South African population, to provide more knowledge on its structural variations, and location for surgeons involved with maxillofacial and oral surgeries.</p></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><p>The study utilized 45 (n = 90 sides) dry human mandibles. The shapes were classified into five types, as per the classification scheme proposed by Tuli et al. (2000) and Varma and Sameer (2013). Three morphometric parameters were utilized to determine the location of the lingula. A <em>p</em>-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The most common type of the lingula was the truncated type <sup>36</sup>/<sub>90</sub> (40%), followed by the triangular type <sup>23</sup>/<sub>90</sub> (25.56%) and, nodular type <sup>22</sup>/<sub>90</sub> (24.44%). The mean height (mean ± SD) of the lingula was 7.57 ± 1.56 mm. The mean distance from the lingula to the anterior border of the mandibular ramus was 20.05 ± 3.25 mm while the mean distance from the lingula tip to the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible was 16.58 ± 2.26 mm. The mean distance was 15.81 ± 2.15 mm from the lingula to the mandibular notch.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the structural variation of the lingula which is important for precise location of the mandibular foramen and related structures, especially when performing any maxillofacial surgical procedures within a South African population group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000190/pdfft?md5=e7a6a7f1b0356cd594c2d858211218a3&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000190-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140533888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100298
Amal S. Sewelam , Mohammed A.S. Amin , Shaimaa R. Abdelmohsen , Osama A. Mohammed , Abdullah A. Hashish , Jaber Alfaifi , Adel M. Aboregela
Background
tempol is a free radical scavenger that passes through the blood-brain barrier. This study aimed to assess its ameliorative role in the cerebellar cortex after cisplatin injection.
Methods
the examined forty-eight adult male wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. The saline group received 0.5 ml of normal saline, the tempol group was injected with 0.5 ml of tempol (100 mg/kg/day), the cisplatin group was injected with cisplatin single dose (7 mg/kg) on the 8th day, and cisplatin + tempol group received combined treatment. All groups were dosed through intraperitoneal injections.
Results
histological examination revealed meningeal congestion and thickening with excess collagen, discrete vacuolated cortical cells, with pyknotic nuclei, and tissue loss after cisplatin. Immunohistochemical expression of NF-kβ and GFAP were enhanced, while LC3-II and synaptophysin expression decreased with cisplatin. Cisplatin treatment reduced mRNA expression of NGF, GLP-1, BDNF, PGC1-α, and PPAR-α while it boosted Caspase-3 expression. Moreover, it tripled the level of MDA and lowered levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in cerebellar tissue homogenate. Tempol supplementation restored the meningeal and the normal histological structure of the cerebellar cortex. The immunohistochemical as well as mRNA expressions of different genes were highly normalized but still showed variable significant differences when compared to the control except for NGF, PGC1-α, and Caspase-3 genes. Great restoration of biochemical markers was evident with tempol, especially for CAT that showed no significant difference in comparison with the saline group.
Conclusion
tempol cisplatin combination can enhance neuronal survival, promote autophagy, decrease astrogliosis, and preserve synapses.
{"title":"Tempol maintained the cellular integrity of the cerebellar cortex by preserving neuron survival, autophagy, glial cells, and synapses after cisplatin exposure","authors":"Amal S. Sewelam , Mohammed A.S. Amin , Shaimaa R. Abdelmohsen , Osama A. Mohammed , Abdullah A. Hashish , Jaber Alfaifi , Adel M. Aboregela","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>tempol is a free radical scavenger that passes through the blood-brain barrier. This study aimed to assess its ameliorative role in the cerebellar cortex after cisplatin injection.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>the examined forty-eight adult male wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. The saline group received 0.5 ml of normal saline, the tempol group was injected with 0.5 ml of tempol (100 mg/kg/day), the cisplatin group was injected with cisplatin single dose (7 mg/kg) on the 8th day, and cisplatin + tempol group received combined treatment. All groups were dosed through intraperitoneal injections.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>histological examination revealed meningeal congestion and thickening with excess collagen, discrete vacuolated cortical cells, with pyknotic nuclei, and tissue loss after cisplatin. Immunohistochemical expression of NF-kβ and GFAP were enhanced, while LC3-II and synaptophysin expression decreased with cisplatin. Cisplatin treatment reduced mRNA expression of NGF, GLP-1, BDNF, PGC1-α, and PPAR-α while it boosted Caspase-3 expression. Moreover, it tripled the level of MDA and lowered levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in cerebellar tissue homogenate. Tempol supplementation restored the meningeal and the normal histological structure of the cerebellar cortex. The immunohistochemical as well as mRNA expressions of different genes were highly normalized but still showed variable significant differences when compared to the control except for NGF, PGC1-α, and Caspase-3 genes. Great restoration of biochemical markers was evident with tempol, especially for CAT that showed no significant difference in comparison with the saline group.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>tempol cisplatin combination can enhance neuronal survival, promote autophagy, decrease astrogliosis, and preserve synapses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000189/pdfft?md5=20f38da8e7f15defa676e45416992caf&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000189-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140341661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100296
Robert Hage , Kevlian Andrew
Purpose
The existence of valves in the azygos vein are not discussed in depth in the current body of literature. Although the clinical relevance of the valves in these veins are not well understood, these valves may have implications in diagnostic imaging where their appearance on imaging studies can impact interpretation. This study aims to use cadaveric dissections to determine the anatomic prevalence and morphology of valves in the arch of the azygos vein in comparison to current data reported from clinical imaging studies and anatomy textbooks.
Methods
Approval of this research study on human cadaveric specimen was sought from the St. George's University Institutional Review Board (IRB) and was deemed exempt from full review (IRB – 16015). This research project involved 47 azygos veins dissected from human cadaveric donor specimen. Azygos veins were harvested from the level of the diaphragm to the inflow into the superior vena cava for gross inspection of valve presence and morphology. The data collected was recorded and sorted by sex, valve presence, number and morphology and valve location. Chi square analysis was performed to assess possible relationships in valve findings based on sex. A brief search of the literature using the keywords “azygos vein” and “valves” was conducted to see the current understanding of azygos valve prevalence.
Results
Of the donor specimen, 53.2% (25 of 47) were male and 46.8% (22 of 47) were female. Of the 47 cadavers that were dissected, 89.3% (42 of 47) were found to have valves in the azygos vein, while 10.6% (5 of 47) were found to have none. The azygos vein contained mostly one valve along its length, mainly located in the arch. The valves were unicuspid (8.5%; 4 of 47), bicuspid (70.2%; 33 of 47) or tricuspid (10.64%; 5 of 47). Dividing the arch of the azygos into quartiles, valves were found most commonly in the third quartile of the distance from the opening of the right superior intercostal vein into the azygos vein to the superior vena cava. Four cadavers had multiple valves, each with varying valve morphology. The length of the cusp of the bicuspid valve ranged from 10 mm to 12 mm.
Conclusion
This study shows that the azygos vein contains valves, predominantly within the arch at a prevalence of 89.3%. The presence and variability in morphology of valves in the azygos vein and its potential implications for contrast appearance on imaging studies is clinically important. Radiologists should have a working knowledge of the different appearances of azygos arch valves to minimize the risks of confusing normal variations with thoracic pathology. Though not commonly described in anatomy texts, the findings of this research not only add more detail to the historical cadaveric study information on azygos vein valves, but also shows that the prevalence of azygos arch valves surpasses the numbers reported in clinical stud
{"title":"Venous valves of the azygos arch: A cadaveric study","authors":"Robert Hage , Kevlian Andrew","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The existence of valves in the azygos vein are not discussed in depth in the current body of literature. Although the clinical relevance of the valves in these veins are not well understood, these valves may have implications in diagnostic imaging where their appearance on imaging studies can impact interpretation. This study aims to use cadaveric dissections to determine the anatomic prevalence and morphology of valves in the arch of the azygos vein in comparison to current data reported from clinical imaging studies and anatomy textbooks.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Approval of this research study on human cadaveric specimen was sought from the St. George's University Institutional Review Board (IRB) and was deemed exempt from full review (IRB – 16015). This research project involved 47 azygos veins dissected from human cadaveric donor specimen. Azygos veins were harvested from the level of the diaphragm to the inflow into the superior vena cava for gross inspection of valve presence and morphology. The data collected was recorded and sorted by sex, valve presence, number and morphology and valve location. Chi square analysis was performed to assess possible relationships in valve findings based on sex. A brief search of the literature using the keywords “azygos vein” and “valves” was conducted to see the current understanding of azygos valve prevalence.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Of the donor specimen, 53.2% (25 of 47) were male and 46.8% (22 of 47) were female. Of the 47 cadavers that were dissected, 89.3% (42 of 47) were found to have valves in the azygos vein, while 10.6% (5 of 47) were found to have none. The azygos vein contained mostly one valve along its length, mainly located in the arch. The valves were unicuspid (8.5%; 4 of 47), bicuspid (70.2%; 33 of 47) or tricuspid (10.64%; 5 of 47). Dividing the arch of the azygos into quartiles, valves were found most commonly in the third quartile of the distance from the opening of the right superior intercostal vein into the azygos vein to the superior vena cava. Four cadavers had multiple valves, each with varying valve morphology. The length of the cusp of the bicuspid valve ranged from 10 mm to 12 mm.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study shows that the azygos vein contains valves, predominantly within the arch at a prevalence of 89.3%. The presence and variability in morphology of valves in the azygos vein and its potential implications for contrast appearance on imaging studies is clinically important. Radiologists should have a working knowledge of the different appearances of azygos arch valves to minimize the risks of confusing normal variations with thoracic pathology. Though not commonly described in anatomy texts, the findings of this research not only add more detail to the historical cadaveric study information on azygos vein valves, but also shows that the prevalence of azygos arch valves surpasses the numbers reported in clinical stud","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000165/pdfft?md5=12daf2181debf3014ec6415adf02c847&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000165-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100295
Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ivan Varga , Ilona Klejbor , Krzysztof Balawender , Sanjib Kumar Ghosh , Edward Clarke , Małgorzata Mazur , Andrzej Dubrowski , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski
Background
Anatomy is one of the oldest fields of medicine. Knowledge of the structure and function of the human body has been acquired gradually, even laboriously, over the centuries, and its origins can be traced back to the simplest, often casual observations performed on human and animal organisms.
Aim
Exploring the secrets of the structure and function of human and other organisms' bodies has a long-lasting tradition. The aim of this paper is presentation of the original, most ancient sources of anatomical knowledge.
Summary
The circumstances in which the ancients had the opportunity to learn about the structure of the body of animals and humans included: hunting and killing animals for food; magical and divination rituals, during which the internal organs of animals were used; religious ceremonies in which animal sacrifices were made to deities; the process of embalming corpses, which, according to beliefs held in some civilizations, made possible an afterlife in the underworld (abode of the dead); and battles fought with wild animals or enemies, during which extensive open wounds were sustained, allowing limited insight into the body's interior and composition.
Conclusions
Exploring human and other organisms' body structure and function has a long-lasting tradition. The origins of exploring anatomical knowledge date back to ancient times.
{"title":"The most ancient sources of anatomic knowledge","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ivan Varga , Ilona Klejbor , Krzysztof Balawender , Sanjib Kumar Ghosh , Edward Clarke , Małgorzata Mazur , Andrzej Dubrowski , Michał Bonczar , Patryk Ostrowski , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Anatomy is one of the oldest fields of medicine. Knowledge of the structure and function of the human body has been acquired gradually, even laboriously, over the centuries, and its origins can be traced back to the simplest, often casual observations performed on human and animal organisms.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>Exploring the secrets of the structure and function of human and other organisms' bodies has a long-lasting tradition. The aim of this paper is presentation of the original, most ancient sources of anatomical knowledge.</p></div><div><h3>Summary</h3><p>The circumstances in which the ancients had the opportunity to learn about the structure of the body of animals and humans included: hunting and killing animals for food; magical and divination rituals, during which the internal organs of animals were used; religious ceremonies in which animal sacrifices were made to deities; the process of embalming corpses, which, according to beliefs held in some civilizations, made possible an afterlife in the underworld (abode of the dead); and battles fought with wild animals or enemies, during which extensive open wounds were sustained, allowing limited insight into the body's interior and composition.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Exploring human and other organisms' body structure and function has a long-lasting tradition. The origins of exploring anatomical knowledge date back to ancient times.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000153/pdfft?md5=b3189b6a978d0a310a6ebf2893d1ae36&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000153-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140188194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100294
Michał Golberg , Józef Kobos , Edward Clarke , Armand Bajaka , Anna Smędra , Krzysztof Balawender , Agata Wawrzyniak , Michał Seneczko , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski
Background
In anatomical research, there is often a need to present complex topographical relationships in more detail, under magnification, beyond the scope of gross anatomy. However, more than magnification is often needed to better understand the arrangement of small anatomical structures. Special stains allow for the differentiation of connective tissue stroma and mutual relations between small structures such as blood vessels and nerves.
Aim
This review presents selected histochemical methods that can be applied in anatomical research. Such a concise outline can be both a compendium of knowledge for beginning researchers and an inspiration for anatomists and clinicians exploring the human body's details.
Conclusions
The advantage of histochemical staining is its relatively low cost and the large amount of information that can be obtained with their use.
{"title":"Application of histochemical stains in anatomical research: A brief overview of the methods","authors":"Michał Golberg , Józef Kobos , Edward Clarke , Armand Bajaka , Anna Smędra , Krzysztof Balawender , Agata Wawrzyniak , Michał Seneczko , Stanisław Orkisz , Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In anatomical research, there is often a need to present complex topographical relationships in more detail, under magnification, beyond the scope of gross anatomy. However, more than magnification is often needed to better understand the arrangement of small anatomical structures. Special stains allow for the differentiation of connective tissue stroma and mutual relations between small structures such as blood vessels and nerves.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This review presents selected histochemical methods that can be applied in anatomical research. Such a concise outline can be both a compendium of knowledge for beginning researchers and an inspiration for anatomists and clinicians exploring the human body's details.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The advantage of histochemical staining is its relatively low cost and the large amount of information that can be obtained with their use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000141/pdfft?md5=900e1aee655bec6ea4b1c454c58085f9&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000141-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140113741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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