Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献_第7页

The potential translational utility of embalmed cadaveric gastrointestinal tract specimens: a proof-of-concept study 尸体胃肠道标本防腐处理的潜在转化效用：一项概念验证研究

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100404

Marcello Trucas , Michela Vincis , Claudio Intini , Daniel Johnston , Andrea Diana , Denis Barry

Background

in recent decades, fewer autopsies are performed, often replaced by radiological imaging, resulting in abundant imaging data but few complete anatomical examinations. While most surgical specimens are limited to the disease-affected region. Examining the entire gastrointestinal system of anatomical donors and histologically analysing them could enhance research and valorise donation programs, extending medical knowledge. One factor limiting the preservation of the digestive tract in cadavers is the post-mortem interval. Embalming is one of the most widely used methods to preserve donors, but the post-mortem interval affects the gastrointestinal tract in a stable and time-dependent manner, making its histological examination a challenge.

Material and methods

this proof-of-concept study assesses the histological potential of gastrointestinal tissues from embalmed bodies used for anatomical education. Digestive tissues from four donors (two embalmed after 12 h, two after 72 h postmortem) were histologically processed. A scoring system evaluated histological preservation by assessing seven parameters.

Results

analysis showed high-quality preservation of embalmed tissues, including intestinal villi, the aorta, and liver sinusoids, highlighting both normal and pathological architecture, such as atherosclerosis, liver fibrosis, and lymphocyte infiltration. Features were identifiable with excellent histological detail in both the 12-h and 72-h post-mortem interval groups. Although this is a proof-of-concept study, only a slight difference was found between the two groups, with significant differences only in epithelium and vessel characteristics.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that donors’ digestive tissues could be suitable for detailed analyses and insights into chronic diseases and ageing, even in cadavers with a long post-mortem interval.

近几十年来，很少进行尸检，通常被放射成像所取代，导致大量的成像数据，但很少有完整的解剖检查。而大多数手术标本仅限于受疾病影响的区域。对解剖供体的整个胃肠道系统进行检查和组织学分析，可以加强研究，促进捐赠计划，扩展医学知识。限制尸体消化道保存的一个因素是死后的时间间隔。尸体防腐是最广泛使用的保存捐赠者的方法之一，但死后对胃肠道的影响是稳定的和时间依赖性的，这使得其组织学检查成为一个挑战。材料和方法本概念验证性研究评估了用于解剖学教育的防腐尸体胃肠道组织的组织学潜力。对4个供体的消化组织进行组织学处理（2个在死后12小时防腐处理，2个在死后72小时防腐处理）。评分系统通过评估七个参数来评估组织学保存。结果分析显示，高质量保存的防腐组织，包括肠绒毛、主动脉和肝窦，突出了正常和病理结构，如动脉粥样硬化、肝纤维化和淋巴细胞浸润。在死后12小时和72小时的时间间隔组中，这些特征都具有良好的组织学细节。虽然这是一项概念验证性研究，但两组之间仅发现轻微差异，仅在上皮和血管特征上存在显著差异。结论：这项研究表明，捐赠者的消化组织可以适用于对慢性疾病和衰老的详细分析和洞察，即使是在死后很长时间的尸体上。

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引用次数: 0

Microscopic analysis of a primo vessel within a lymphatic vessel in a Sprague-Dawley rat Sprague-Dawley大鼠淋巴管内第一血管的显微分析

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100402

Felix Scholkmann , Yiming Shen , Pan-Dong Ryu

Background

Numerous studies have documented the existence of an additional vascular system in mammals: the primo vascular system (PVS), consisting of primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes.

Methods

The PVS was investigated in five Sprague-Dawley rats. The dye Alcian blue was injected into the lymph node near the lumbar spine (lumbar lymph node) in one rat to stain the lymphatic tissue to determine whether the lymphatic vessels (LVs) contained PVs.

Results

A PV (diameter: ∼30–50 μm) inside a LV (diameter: ∼120–200 μm) was identified near the inferior vena cava. Microscopy images of this specimen are shown in this report and analysed. A reference is given to a detailed guide on how to find, extract and analyse the PVs within the LVs of rats.

Conclusions

The case report documents a PV inside an LV and shows that LVs can contain a secondary vessel that could be identified as a PV and part of the PVS.

大量研究已经证明哺乳动物存在一个额外的血管系统：原始血管系统（primo vascular system， PVS），由原始血管（primo vessel, pv）和原始淋巴结组成。方法对5只sd大鼠进行PVS观察。将阿利新蓝染色剂注射到一只大鼠腰椎附近的淋巴结（腰椎淋巴结），对淋巴组织进行染色，以确定淋巴管（lv）中是否含有pv。结果在下腔静脉附近发现了直径约为120 ~ 200 μm的LV内的sa PV（直径约为30 ~ 50 μm）。本报告显示了该标本的显微镜图像并进行了分析。本文给出了如何在大鼠LVs中找到、提取和分析pv的详细指南。该病例报告记录了左室内的PV，并表明左室可包含可识别为PV和PVS一部分的第二血管。

引用次数: 0

Anatomical characterization of oblique popliteal ligament and its clinical significance on knee joint stability 斜腘韧带的解剖特征及其对膝关节稳定性的临床意义

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100400

Mamatha Hosapatna , Shreya Saha , Muralimanju B V , Soumyalatha Naveen , Rohini Punja

Background

The oblique popliteal ligament (OPL) plays a crucial role in knee stability, yet its anatomical variations are not fully understood. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive morphometric and morphological analysis of the OPL in the South Indian population.

Methods

Twenty cadaveric knee specimens were dissected and examined. The length and width of the OPL were measured using digital calipers. Morphological characteristics, including shape and attachment patterns, were observed and classified.

Results

The mean length of the OPL was 28.9 ± 3.7 mm, with a width of 17.5 ± 4.3 mm at the origin and 18.3 ± 4.4 mm at the midpoint. Three main types of OPL were identified: Type 1 (45 %) with an accessory upper band, Type 2 (30 %) with a broad medial attachment, and Type 4 (25 %) with a fan-like appearance. Five shape variations were observed: band shape (30 %), trident shape (25 %), complex shape (20 %), Z-shape (15 %), and Y-shape (10 %).

Conclusion

This study reveals significant variability in OPL morphology and dimensions. These findings have important implications for understanding knee biomechanics, improving surgical techniques, and enhancing the interpretation of imaging studies of the posterior knee.

斜腘韧带（OPL）在膝关节稳定性中起着至关重要的作用，但其解剖学变异尚不完全清楚。本研究的目的是提供一个全面的形态计量学和形态分析的OPL在南印度人口。方法对20例尸体膝关节标本进行解剖检查。使用数字卡尺测量OPL的长度和宽度。形态学特征，包括形状和附着模式，被观察和分类。结果OPL平均长度为28.9±3.7 mm，起点宽度为17.5±4.3 mm，中点宽度为18.3±4.4 mm。确定了三种主要的OPL类型：1型（45%）伴有副上带，2型（30%）伴有宽内侧附着，4型（25%）伴有扇形外观。观察到五种形状变化：带状形状（30%），三叉戟形状（25%），复杂形状（20%），z形（15%）和y形（10%）。结论本研究揭示了OPL形态和尺寸的显著差异。这些发现对于理解膝关节生物力学、改进手术技术和加强对膝关节后侧影像学研究的解释具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Techniques of skull opening and brain extraction: Contemporary approaches and technical considerations 开颅和脑提取技术：当代方法和技术考虑

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100401

Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Stanisław Orkisz

Background

Skull dissection and brain removal for dissection remain key steps in neuroanatomical procedures, both in anatomical education and scientific research. A technically correct skull opening and dissection determines the ability to explore the structures of the central nervous system further. It allows for preserving skull base topography for educational or scientific purposes.

Aim

This article compares selected skull opening techniques applied in anatomical and neuroanatomical practice. The paper also highlights technical modifications and offers technical suggestions for skull dissection in teaching and research.

Conclusions

Classical skull opening techniques, such as calvarial cap removal and median bisection, remain fundamental in anatomical dissection. Their modifications allow for enhanced visualization of intracranial structures and better preservation of cranial nerves. These approaches support both educational and technical goals in neuroanatomical training.

背景无论是在解剖学教育还是科学研究中，颅骨解剖和脑切除仍然是神经解剖学过程中的关键步骤。技术上正确的颅骨打开和解剖决定了进一步探索中枢神经系统结构的能力。它允许保存颅底地形用于教育或科学目的。目的比较在解剖学和神经解剖学实践中所选择的颅骨打开技术。并对颅骨解剖在教学和研究中的技术改进提出了技术建议。结论经典的颅骨开放技术，如去颅帽和正中切分术，仍然是解剖解剖的基础。他们的修改允许增强颅内结构的可视化和更好地保存脑神经。这些方法支持神经解剖学训练的教育和技术目标。

引用次数: 0

Cervical spine pneumatocysts in cone beam CT scan volumes: Looking beyond the Jaws 锥束CT扫描体积上的颈椎气囊肿：超越颌骨

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100398

Nandita Shenoy, Aishwarya Nair, Junaid Ahmed, Nanditha Sujir

Background

Pneumatocysts are benign lesions often detected by accident during full-FOV CBCT imaging. They appear as tiny, well-circumscribed, radiolucent lesions with a sclerotic rim. Dentists are likely to view this lesion on CBCT scans because of the growing use of this imaging modality in dentistry to assess maxillofacial structures. Identifying the pathognomonic characteristics of this benign, innocuous lesion is critical to prevent pointless studies and patient alarm.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pneumatocysts in the cervical spine and correlate it with age and sex.

Methodology

Large field-of-view computed tomography (CBCT) volumes in the radiology archives (338 total scans) were screened for vertebral pneumatocysts. When observing pneumatocysts on the scan, the number of pneumatocysts and the vertebra in which they were present were noted.

Results

Among the 338 patients, eight had pneumatocysts. We found no sex correlation but a definite correlation with age; the prevalence of pneumatocysts also increased as age increased.

Conclusion

Pneumatocysts in the cervical spine are rare. In our eight cases, these intravertebral pneumatocysts were discovered as unintentional findings on CBCT scans performed for dentomaxillofacial diagnostic purposes. To our knowledge, few studies have investigated these lesions via CBCT.

背景气囊是一种良性病变，经常在全视野 CBCT 成像中意外发现。它们表现为微小、圆形、放射状的病变，边缘硬化。牙医很可能在 CBCT 扫描中发现这种病变，因为牙科越来越多地使用这种成像模式来评估颌面部结构。本研究旨在确定气囊在颈椎中的发病率，并将其与年龄和性别联系起来。方法对放射科档案中的大视场计算机断层扫描（CBCT）卷（共 338 次扫描）进行椎体气囊筛查。结果在 338 例患者中，有 8 例患有椎体气囊。结论颈椎气囊非常罕见。在我们的 8 个病例中，这些椎管内气囊是在为牙颌面诊断目的进行 CBCT 扫描时无意中发现的。据我们所知，很少有研究通过 CBCT 对这些病变进行调查。

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引用次数: 0

Morphological and morphometric analysis of the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen in black South Africans: A panoramic radiographic study 南非黑人下牙槽管和颏孔的形态学和形态计量学分析：一项全景放射学研究

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100399

Ikeoluwa A. Oluwafemi , Nicolene Jooste , Pamela Pillay , Sundika Ishwarkumar-Govender

Background and objectives

Variations in the route followed by the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and the position of the mental foramen (MF) could impact the placement of the neurovascular bundle, a vital consideration during mandibular surgeries. This study was conducted to investigate the morphology and the morphometry of the IAC and the position of the MF as seen on panoramic radiographs in a South African population.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 digital panoramic radiographs. The morphology, i.e., the anteroposterior course, the vertical and horizontal position, and the morphometric parameters of the IAC were obtained and analyzed. The mental foramen position was categorized and analyzed.

Results

Elliptic arc canals were the most frequently observed (55.00 %) anteroposterior course (APC) of the IAC. The intermediate position was the most common vertical position (48.30 %) of the IAC. The commonest horizontal relation of the IAC was type 1 (45.50 %), with a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the mandible. Many of the MF (50.00 %) were located at Position 4, with a statistically significant difference between the ages of 15–19 and 40–50. The mean measurement of the IAC decreased from the first molar to the third molar, with statistically significant differences between sexes and across age groups. The average diameter of the IAC was about 3–4 mm and was relatively constant.

Conclusion

As seen in other populations, most Black South Africans had a favorable APC of the IAC for rehabilitative purposes. Considering the vertical position, most of the canals (51.7 %) were in the high-risk zone (high and low canals), and females had a higher frequency of high canals. Clinicians should expect to find the MF symmetrically in line with the root tip of the second premolars: however, the position of the MF moves posteriorly with advancing age.

背景与目的下颌下牙槽管（IAC）路径和颏孔（MF）位置的变化可能影响神经血管束的放置，这是下颌手术中一个重要的考虑因素。本研究旨在调查南非人群在全景x线片上IAC的形态学和形态测量学以及MF的位置。方法对200张数字全景x线片进行回顾性横断面研究。获得并分析了IAC的前后走向、垂直和水平位置以及形态计量学参数。对颏孔位置进行分类分析。结果在IAC的正反道（APC）中最常见的是椭圆型弧形管（55.00%）。中间位是IAC最常见的垂直位（48.30%）。IAC最常见的水平相关性为1型（45.50%），左右两侧下颌骨间差异有统计学意义。大部分MF位于4位（50.00%），15-19岁和40-50岁之间差异有统计学意义。IAC的平均测量值从第一磨牙下降到第三磨牙，在性别和年龄组之间有统计学上的显著差异。IAC的平均直径约为3-4 mm，相对恒定。结论与其他人群一样，大多数南非黑人具有良好的IAC康复APC。从垂直位置看，大部分根管（51.7%）位于高危区（高、低根管），女性根管发生率较高。临床医生应该期望发现MF与第二前磨牙的根尖对称：然而，随着年龄的增长，MF的位置会向后移动。

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence of anterior tooth traits among a sample of the coastal population of South India and comparative review of prevalence among the Eurasian population 南印度沿海人群中前牙特征的患病率和欧亚人群中患病率的比较回顾

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100397

Parul Nagar , Jefferson Prince , Srikant N. , B.V. Murlimanju , Ritu Gupta , Shravan Shetty , Dharnappa Poojary

Background

The anterior tooth has various nonmetric traits, which vary between different populations. These traits serve as a valuable source of information for anthropologists and forensic odontologists, and some of these traits exhibit sexual dimorphism.

Methods

Dental casts of 163 patients in South Indian population, 69 males and 93 females, were scanned and digitized, and the anterior tooth traits of shoveling, double-shoveling, curvature, peg-lateral, and tuberculum dentale were observed and graded according to the scoring system by Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Palatogingival groove was noted as present or absent.

Results

The prevalence of shoveling in the mandibular central incisor was 15.9 %–18.3 % and shoveling in the maxillary central incisor was 20 %–26.9 %. Shoveling was found in 24.7 %–28.6 % in the maxillary lateral incisor. The curvature of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 24.3 %–28 %. Tuberculum dentale was seen in 38.6 %–43 %. Double shoveling of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 7.1 %–7.5 %. Peg lateral was found in 8.6 % of males and 1.1 % of females, exhibiting significant gender differences. Palatogingival groove was present in 9.7 %–11.6 %. Sexual dimorphism in relation to shoveling pattern of lateral incisor and increased prevalence of palatogingival groove on the left side was noted.

Significance

Apart from shoveling, other anterior nonmetric traits have not been studied widely in different populations. These traits, which show variations, and their prevalence have been recorded in this study.

背景：不同人群的前牙具有不同的非度量特征。这些特征为人类学家和法医牙科学家提供了宝贵的信息来源，其中一些特征表现出性别二态性。方法对163例南印度患者（男69例，女93例）的牙模进行扫描和数字化处理，观察前牙铲牙、双铲牙、弯曲牙、桩侧牙和牙结核的特征，并根据亚利桑那州立大学口腔人类学系统（ASUDAS）的评分系统进行评分。腭龈沟可见或不可见。结果下颌骨中切牙铲牙率为15.9% ~ 18.3%，上颌中切牙铲牙率为20% ~ 26.9%。上颌侧切牙铲牙率为24.7% ~ 28.6%。上颌中切牙弯曲率为24.3% - 28%。齿状结核占38.6% ~ 43%。上颌中切牙双铲的发生率为7.1% - 7.5%。在8.6%的男性和1.1%的女性中发现了Peg侧向，表现出显著的性别差异。上颌沟占9.7% ~ 11.6%。两性二态性与侧切牙的铲型和左侧腭沟的增加有关。除铲力外，其他前向非度量性状尚未在不同人群中得到广泛研究。这些表现出变化的特征及其流行程度在本研究中得到了记录。

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引用次数: 0

Size-relationship between transverse and arcuate foramina of atlas vertebrae in a modern South African skeletal population sample 现代南非骨骼种群样本中寰椎横孔和弓形孔之间的大小关系

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100396

Glen J. Paton , Keegan G. Reynolds , Shahed Nalla

Background

This exploratory quantitative study examined the relationship between the transverse foramen (TF) and the anomalous arcuate foramen (AF) in the atlas vertebrae of a South African skeletal population comprising two cohorts, namely an AF-Present (AF-P) groups (n = 60) and an AF-Absent (AF-A) control group (n = 60).

Methods

The study analyzed the size relationship between the AF, and ipsilateral and contralateral TF. Potential correlations between TF dimensions and AF presence were evaluated using metric and non-metric shape assessments.

Results

In the AF-P cohort, the mean surface area of the left AF measured 31.46 mm², and the left TF measured 31.52 mm². The mean surface area size of the right AF was 30.96 mm², while the right TF measured 30.24 mm². The TF mean surface area in the AF-P group was larger than the AF-A group, with mean areas of 2.57 mm² and 1.78 mm² larger (left: 28.95 mm² and right: 28.46 mm², respectively). Males exhibited significantly larger TFs than females on the right side for anteroposterior, transverse and surface area measurements. The surface area of the right AF correlated strongly with the width and surface area of the left TF, and only the surface area of the right TF.

Conclusion

The general trend was that when the right AF surface area increased, as did the dimensions of the TF bilaterally. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of the size-relationship of AF and TF size variations, which may affect vertebral artery dynamics with movements or cervical spine manipulation.

本探索性定量研究考察了南非骨骼人群椎弓形孔（AF）和横孔（TF）之间的关系，包括两个队列，即AF-存在组（n = 60）和AF-不存在组（n = 60）。方法分析AF与同侧、对侧TF的大小关系。使用度量和非度量形状评估评估TF维度与AF存在之间的潜在相关性。结果AF- p组患者左侧AF平均表面积为31.46 mm2，左侧TF平均表面积为31.52 mm2。右侧AF的平均表面积大小为30.96 mm2，右侧TF的平均表面积大小为30.24 mm2。AF-P组TF平均表面积大于AF-A组，分别比AF-A组大2.57 mm2和1.78 mm2（左28.95 mm2，右28.46 mm2）。男性在右侧的正位、横向和表面积测量中表现出明显大于女性的tf。右侧AF的表面积与左侧TF的宽度和表面积密切相关，且仅与右侧TF的表面积相关。结论随着右心房面积的增大，双侧心房的尺寸也随之增大。这些发现强调了AF和TF大小变化的大小关系的临床相关性，这可能会影响运动或颈椎操作时的椎动脉动力学。

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引用次数: 0

Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) cells: A promising target for neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration 神经胶质2 （NG2）细胞：神经炎症相关神经变性的一个有希望的靶点

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395

Zaw Myo Hein , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Ibrahim El-Serafi , Banthit Chetsawang

Background

Neuron-glial 2 (NG2) cells, or polydendrocytes, are dynamic glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. These cells interact with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, modulating inflammatory responses, synaptic activity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. While NG2 cells have protective roles, their aberrant activation can contribute to scarring, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration.

Methods

This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the molecular and functional properties of NG2 cells with a focus on their involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Relevant studies were identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “NG2 cells,” “neuroinflammation,” and “neurodegenerative diseases.” Articles were selected based on relevance to NG2 cell biology, their interactions with other glial cells, and their therapeutic implications. Findings were categorized into key themes, including NG2 cell activation, inflammatory signaling, and potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusion

NG2 cells are key players in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, serving both protective and pathological roles. Understanding their mechanisms of action can aid in identifying therapeutic strategies targeting NG2 cell activation, including anti-inflammatory agents, epigenetic modulators, natural compounds, and monoclonal antibodies. Future research should explore NG2 cell-targeted interventions to develop novel treatments for CNS disorders.

神经胶质2 （NG2）细胞或多树突细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）中的动态胶质细胞，与神经炎症和神经退行性疾病（如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病和多发性硬化症）有关。这些细胞与神经元、星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞相互作用，调节炎症反应、突触活性和血脑屏障完整性。虽然NG2细胞具有保护作用，但它们的异常激活可能导致疤痕、炎症和神经元变性。方法本文综述了目前关于NG2细胞的分子和功能特性的文献，重点介绍了NG2细胞在神经炎症和神经变性中的作用。相关研究通过在PubMed、Scopus和谷歌Scholar中搜索，使用诸如“NG2细胞”、“神经炎症”和“神经退行性疾病”等关键词来确定。文章的选择基于NG2细胞生物学的相关性、它们与其他胶质细胞的相互作用以及它们的治疗意义。研究结果分为关键主题，包括NG2细胞活化、炎症信号和潜在的治疗靶点。结论ng2细胞在神经炎症和神经退行性变中起关键作用，具有保护和病理双重作用。了解它们的作用机制有助于确定针对NG2细胞活化的治疗策略，包括抗炎药、表观遗传调节剂、天然化合物和单克隆抗体。未来的研究应探索以NG2细胞为靶点的干预措施，以开发治疗中枢神经系统疾病的新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomical variations of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle: Implications of sex and laterality on morphology and morphometry 踝关节外侧副韧带的解剖变异：性别和侧边性对形态学和形态计量学的影响

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394

Ndumiso Siphelele Hlengwa , Okikioluwa Stephen Aladeyelu , Seke Nzau Mafuika , Livashin Naidu , Carmen Olivia Rennie

Introduction

A detailed understanding of the anatomical dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is essential in the surgical treatment of ankle joint injuries and ligament rehabilitation. While previous studies have explored the general morphology and morphometry of the LCL, there remains a gap in understanding how these characteristics vary based on sex and laterality. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and morphometric variations of the LCL, focusing on differences between sexes and between right and left ankles.

Method

Thirty-one ankles from sixteen human cadavers were dissected to investigate the LCL of the ankle. The LCL consists of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). Each ligament of the LCL was classified into three types according to the number of bands, i.e., Type I– single band, Type II– double bands (IIa-partially separated & IIb-completely separated), and Type III– triple bands for morphological observation. The length, width, and thickness of these ligaments were measured using a calliper for morphometric analysis and compared among sex and laterality.

Result

Type I was the most observed in all three ligaments (ATFL-61.3 %; CFL-87.1 %; PTFL-96.8 %). Significant sex differences were observed, with males having more Type I, while females had more Type II and III (p < 0.05). PTFL was significantly longer (25.31 ± 3.87 mm) and wider (7.05 ± 2.07 mm) in females (p < 0.05). CFL was significantly longer on the right (37.09 ± 4.57 mm; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Morphological and morphometric variations significantly exist in the ligaments that make up the LCL in relation to sex and laterality. These identified variations could improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance surgical planning, and inform sex-specific rehabilitation strategies.

详细了解外侧副韧带（LCL）的解剖尺寸在踝关节损伤的外科治疗和韧带康复中是必不可少的。虽然以前的研究已经探索了LCL的一般形态和形态计量学，但在理解这些特征如何基于性别和侧边而变化方面仍然存在差距。本研究旨在探讨LCL的形态学和形态学变化，重点是性别差异和左右脚踝之间的差异。方法对16具人体尸体的31个踝关节进行解剖，探讨踝关节的LCL。LCL由距腓骨前韧带（ATFL）、跟腓骨韧带（CFL）和距腓骨后韧带（PTFL）组成。LCL各韧带按束数分为三种类型，即I型-单束，II型-双束(iia -部分分离；iib -完全分离)，III型-形态学观察的三重带。使用卡尺测量这些韧带的长度、宽度和厚度，进行形态计量学分析，并比较性别和侧边性。结果三种韧带均以I型多见(atfl - 61.3%；节能灯- 87.1 %;ptfl - 96.8 %)。性别差异显著，男性较多出现I型，女性较多出现II型和III型(p <；0.05)。女性PTFL较长（25.31±3.87 mm），较宽（7.05±2.07 mm） (p <；0.05)。CFL右侧较长（37.09±4.57 mm）；p & lt;0.05)。结论构成LCL的韧带在形态和计量学上存在明显的性别和侧位差异。这些识别的变异可以提高诊断的准确性，加强手术计划，并为性别特异性康复策略提供信息。

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引用次数: 0