Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2026.100469
Andrzej Żytkowski , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Ivan Varga , Robert Haładaj
Background
The intracavernous branches of the internal carotid artery include two relatively small vessels—the inferolateral trunk and the meningohypophyseal trunk—that hold considerable anatomical and clinical importance.
Aim
The aim of this concise review is to present the key anatomical features of the inferolateral trunk of the internal carotid artery, with particular attention to its clinical significance.
Conclusions
The inferolateral trunk has fundamental importance as a potential and often underestimated collateral pathway between the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery, and its role becomes particularly evident in pathological conditions as well as in the context of neurosurgical and endovascular procedures.
{"title":"The inferolateral trunk: Encyclopedic review","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Ivan Varga , Robert Haładaj","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The intracavernous branches of the internal carotid artery include two relatively small vessels—the inferolateral trunk and the meningohypophyseal trunk—that hold considerable anatomical and clinical importance.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this concise review is to present the key anatomical features of the inferolateral trunk of the internal carotid artery, with particular attention to its clinical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The inferolateral trunk has fundamental importance as a potential and often underestimated collateral pathway between the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery, and its role becomes particularly evident in pathological conditions as well as in the context of neurosurgical and endovascular procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2026.100461
Binita Gupta, Kapil Kumar Malviya
Background
The renal hilum serves as the entry and exit point of the kidney, transmitting the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The classical anatomical arrangement from anterior to posterior is the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. However, variations in this configuration are common and carry significant clinical implications for surgical and radiological procedures.
Objective
To examine and categorize variations in the arrangement of renal hilar structures through cadaveric dissection and to assess their clinical significance.
Materials and methods
A total of 112 kidneys (54 left and 58 right) obtained from cadaveric dissections were studied. The arrangement of the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis at the hilum was carefully observed and documented. Variations from the classical pattern were noted, categorised, and analysed for frequency and laterality.
Results
Out of 112 kidneys examined, only 18 (16 %) exhibited the classical anterior-to-posterior arrangement of renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The remaining 94 kidneys (84 %) displayed eight distinct variation patterns. Variations were more frequent in the left kidneys, possibly reflecting their more complex embryological development. The most common deviations involved the prehilar branching of the renal artery and the presence of additional venous tributaries, which altered the usual hilar configuration.
Conclusion
Renal hilar variations are highly prevalent and must be carefully considered during surgical and radiological procedures. Awareness of these anatomical variations is crucial for preventing intraoperative complications such as haemorrhage or ischemia and for ensuring accurate interpretation of renal imaging. The paper highlights the importance of a detailed preoperative assessment and supports the need for a standardized classification of renal hilar anatomy.
{"title":"Morphological variability of renal hilar structures in humans: Insights from cadaveric observation","authors":"Binita Gupta, Kapil Kumar Malviya","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The renal hilum serves as the entry and exit point of the kidney, transmitting the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The classical anatomical arrangement from anterior to posterior is the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. However, variations in this configuration are common and carry significant clinical implications for surgical and radiological procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine and categorize variations in the arrangement of renal hilar structures through cadaveric dissection and to assess their clinical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A total of 112 kidneys (54 left and 58 right) obtained from cadaveric dissections were studied. The arrangement of the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis at the hilum was carefully observed and documented. Variations from the classical pattern were noted, categorised, and analysed for frequency and laterality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 112 kidneys examined, only 18 (16 %) exhibited the classical anterior-to-posterior arrangement of renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The remaining 94 kidneys (84 %) displayed eight distinct variation patterns. Variations were more frequent in the left kidneys, possibly reflecting their more complex embryological development. The most common deviations involved the prehilar branching of the renal artery and the presence of additional venous tributaries, which altered the usual hilar configuration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Renal hilar variations are highly prevalent and must be carefully considered during surgical and radiological procedures. Awareness of these anatomical variations is crucial for preventing intraoperative complications such as haemorrhage or ischemia and for ensuring accurate interpretation of renal imaging. The paper highlights the importance of a detailed preoperative assessment and supports the need for a standardized classification of renal hilar anatomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460
Lucy E. Greenhagen , Joseph X. Anders , Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ethan L. Snow
Introduction
The brachial plexus courses above the first rib and between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Morphological variations of the scalene muscles can be clinically significant, but biomechanical analyses of such variations are scarcely reported. The objective of this study is to perform an anatomical and biomechanical investigation of a unique interscalene muscle variation involving the brachial plexus.
Methods
A unilateral (left) interscalene muscle slip was discovered during routine dissection of an elderly male human cadaver. The anatomy was cleanly dissected and photographed in situ with scale. Mass, fascicle length, and mean fixed sarcomere length were measured for the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles, and the normalized maximal isometric force (Fmax) for each muscle was calculated.
Results
The 5.20 cm interscalene muscle slip was bicipital; its medial and lateral heads originated from the proximal aspect of the middle scalene muscle posterior to the C5 ventral ramus, converged to a common belly between the C6 and C7 ventral rami, and inserted on the distal aspect of the anterior scalene muscle anterior to the C7 ventral ramus. The Fmax of the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles were 13.58 N, 0.46 N, and 13.82 N, respectively.
Conclusion
The interscalene muscle variation may jeopardize the C5 and C6 ventral rami and complicate medical procedures involving the scalene triangle (e.g., interscalene nerve block). Rarity of the variation may cause its oversight as a differential diagnosis and misinform the treatment and therapeutic progress for other conditions. This report may benefit clinicians, anatomists, and medical students as they deliberate complicated differential diagnoses and medical procedures involving the scalene triangle region.
{"title":"Biomechanical analysis and clinical implications of an interscalene muscle slip involving the brachial plexus","authors":"Lucy E. Greenhagen , Joseph X. Anders , Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The brachial plexus courses above the first rib and between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Morphological variations of the scalene muscles can be clinically significant, but biomechanical analyses of such variations are scarcely reported. The objective of this study is to perform an anatomical and biomechanical investigation of a unique interscalene muscle variation involving the brachial plexus.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A unilateral (left) interscalene muscle slip was discovered during routine dissection of an elderly male human cadaver. The anatomy was cleanly dissected and photographed in situ with scale. Mass, fascicle length, and mean fixed sarcomere length were measured for the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles, and the normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub>) for each muscle was calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 5.20 cm interscalene muscle slip was bicipital; its medial and lateral heads originated from the proximal aspect of the middle scalene muscle posterior to the C5 ventral ramus, converged to a common belly between the C6 and C7 ventral rami, and inserted on the distal aspect of the anterior scalene muscle anterior to the C7 ventral ramus. The <em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> of the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles were 13.58 N, 0.46 N, and 13.82 N, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The interscalene muscle variation may jeopardize the C5 and C6 ventral rami and complicate medical procedures involving the scalene triangle (e.g., interscalene nerve block). Rarity of the variation may cause its oversight as a differential diagnosis and misinform the treatment and therapeutic progress for other conditions. This report may benefit clinicians, anatomists, and medical students as they deliberate complicated differential diagnoses and medical procedures involving the scalene triangle region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100456
Juan Pablo Martinez-Cano , Sebastian Forero , Juan Francisco Londoño , Jacobo Triviño-Arias , Alfredo Martinez-Rondanelli
Background
The medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments are described as key stabilizers on the medial aspect of the patella. However, most anatomical studies have relied on specimens preserved in formalin or frozen for extended periods, potentially altering native tissue characteristics. The aim is to describe the anatomical characteristics of the medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments using fresh cadaveric specimens.
Materials and methods
This prospective descriptive case series analyzed 15 fresh cadaveric knees obtained from the National institute of legal medicine and forensic sciences in XXXX. The ligaments were dissected and described, in terms of size and insertions.
Results
The three ligaments were identified in all the specimens. The medial patellofemoral ligament has a mean length of 61.9 mm, the origin has a mean width of 24.9 mm (patella and vastus medialis oblique (VMO)) and it inserts between the adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle with a mean width of 9.3 mm. The medial patellomeniscal and patellotibial ligaments origin more distal in the medial patella with a mean width of 11.7 mm and a mean length of 40.1 mm and 42.2 mm, and a mean angle with the patellar tendon of 36.1° and 16.7°, respectively.
Conclusion
The medial patellofemoral ligament is a flat structure which has dual origin in the patella and VMO, and inserts between the medial epicondyle and adductor tubercle. The medial patellomeniscal and medial patellotibial ligaments share a common insertion in the mid-distal patella. These three anatomical structures were consistently found in all the cadaveric specimens. The description of these structures can help to develop more anatomical techniques to reconstruct the medial stabilizers of the knee.
{"title":"Anatomy of the medial stabilizers ligaments of the patella: anatomical study in fresh cadavers","authors":"Juan Pablo Martinez-Cano , Sebastian Forero , Juan Francisco Londoño , Jacobo Triviño-Arias , Alfredo Martinez-Rondanelli","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments are described as key stabilizers on the medial aspect of the patella. However, most anatomical studies have relied on specimens preserved in formalin or frozen for extended periods, potentially altering native tissue characteristics. The aim is to describe the anatomical characteristics of the medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments using fresh cadaveric specimens.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This prospective descriptive case series analyzed 15 fresh cadaveric knees obtained from the National institute of legal medicine and forensic sciences in XXXX. The ligaments were dissected and described, in terms of size and insertions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The three ligaments were identified in all the specimens. The medial patellofemoral ligament has a mean length of 61.9 mm, the origin has a mean width of 24.9 mm (patella and vastus medialis oblique (VMO)) and it inserts between the adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle with a mean width of 9.3 mm. The medial patellomeniscal and patellotibial ligaments origin more distal in the medial patella with a mean width of 11.7 mm and a mean length of 40.1 mm and 42.2 mm, and a mean angle with the patellar tendon of 36.1° and 16.7°, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The medial patellofemoral ligament is a flat structure which has dual origin in the patella and VMO, and inserts between the medial epicondyle and adductor tubercle. The medial patellomeniscal and medial patellotibial ligaments share a common insertion in the mid-distal patella. These three anatomical structures were consistently found in all the cadaveric specimens. The description of these structures can help to develop more anatomical techniques to reconstruct the medial stabilizers of the knee.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458
Jency Thomas , Richard G.D. Fernandez , Narbada Saini , Joanne Marcucci , Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy
Background
This study evaluated student learning outcomes and perceptions in the third-year anatomy subject PAM3HAN at La Trobe University across three instructional models: fully in-person (2019), fully online (2020–2021), and blended (2022–2023). The aim was to determine how these delivery modes influenced academic performance, engagement, and the achievement of learning objectives.
Methods
A mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data, including mean subject scores, pass rates, and assessment component results, were compared across instructional periods. Qualitative data from Student Feedback on Subject (SFS) surveys were analysed thematically to explore perceptions of learning quality, practical engagement, instructional coherence, and assessment alignment.
Results
Student performance differed significantly across years (p < 0.05). Mean marks increased during fully online delivery, reflecting the influence of non-invigilated assessment conditions. However, students reported reduced engagement and difficulty visualising anatomical structures without hands-on experiences. The blended model restored cadaveric practicals while retaining online flexibility, leading to higher satisfaction and improved alignment between theoretical and practical learning.
Conclusion
While online delivery supports accessibility, it cannot replace the depth of learning provided by practical experiences. The blended model offered the most balanced approach, emphasising the importance of coherent curriculum design, integrated resources, and sustained opportunities for hands-on anatomical learning.
{"title":"Adapting anatomy education: A comparative analysis of learning and academic outcomes across in-person, online, and blended instruction in a third-year anatomy subject (2019–2023)","authors":"Jency Thomas , Richard G.D. Fernandez , Narbada Saini , Joanne Marcucci , Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study evaluated student learning outcomes and perceptions in the third-year anatomy subject PAM3HAN at La Trobe University across three instructional models: fully in-person (2019), fully online (2020–2021), and blended (2022–2023). The aim was to determine how these delivery modes influenced academic performance, engagement, and the achievement of learning objectives.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data, including mean subject scores, pass rates, and assessment component results, were compared across instructional periods. Qualitative data from Student Feedback on Subject (SFS) surveys were analysed thematically to explore perceptions of learning quality, practical engagement, instructional coherence, and assessment alignment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Student performance differed significantly across years (p < 0.05). Mean marks increased during fully online delivery, reflecting the influence of non-invigilated assessment conditions. However, students reported reduced engagement and difficulty visualising anatomical structures without hands-on experiences. The blended model restored cadaveric practicals while retaining online flexibility, leading to higher satisfaction and improved alignment between theoretical and practical learning.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While online delivery supports accessibility, it cannot replace the depth of learning provided by practical experiences. The blended model offered the most balanced approach, emphasising the importance of coherent curriculum design, integrated resources, and sustained opportunities for hands-on anatomical learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The human fetal cerebral wall undergoes key laminar organisation during mid-gestation, forming the basis for cortical development. The precentral gyrus is a critical motor region where early disturbances may affect neurodevelopment. This study examined the transient cortical layers of the fetal precentral cerebral wall during the second trimester. After ethics approval, ten normal fetal brains between 18 and 25 gestational weeks were analysed. Precentral cerebral wall tissue was sectioned at 5 μm and stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Luxol Fast Blue/Periodic Acid–Schiff. Six transient layers—marginal zone (MZ), cortical plate (CP), subcortical plate (SCP), intermediate zone (IZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and ventricular zone (VZ)—were identified and measured using CellSens software, and correlations with gestational age were assessed. Mean cerebral wall thickness was 5.5 ± 2.1 mm, with SCP and IZ consistently the thickest layers and VZ the thinnest. Significant positive correlations were observed between gestational age and both CP and SCP, as well as between MZ and CP, MZ and VZ, and SCP and IZ. Occasional specimens showed oedema in the SVZ and spongy IZ. These findings demonstrate that the second-trimester precentral cerebral wall exhibits six distinct transient layers with coordinated growth, particularly within the subplate and cortical plate, providing region-specific normative data that enhance anatomical understanding of cortical development during a critical developmental window.
{"title":"Microscopic anatomy of human fetal precentral cerebral wall in the fetuses of the second trimester","authors":"Veeresh , Shalini S. Nayak , Deepak Nayak , Aamna Kausar , Mamatha Hosapatna","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human fetal cerebral wall undergoes key laminar organisation during mid-gestation, forming the basis for cortical development. The precentral gyrus is a critical motor region where early disturbances may affect neurodevelopment. This study examined the transient cortical layers of the fetal precentral cerebral wall during the second trimester. After ethics approval, ten normal fetal brains between 18 and 25 gestational weeks were analysed. Precentral cerebral wall tissue was sectioned at 5 μm and stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Luxol Fast Blue/Periodic Acid–Schiff. Six transient layers—marginal zone (MZ), cortical plate (CP), subcortical plate (SCP), intermediate zone (IZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and ventricular zone (VZ)—were identified and measured using CellSens software, and correlations with gestational age were assessed. Mean cerebral wall thickness was 5.5 ± 2.1 mm, with SCP and IZ consistently the thickest layers and VZ the thinnest. Significant positive correlations were observed between gestational age and both CP and SCP, as well as between MZ and CP, MZ and VZ, and SCP and IZ. Occasional specimens showed oedema in the SVZ and spongy IZ. These findings demonstrate that the second-trimester precentral cerebral wall exhibits six distinct transient layers with coordinated growth, particularly within the subplate and cortical plate, providing region-specific normative data that enhance anatomical understanding of cortical development during a critical developmental window.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100452
G. Tanthuma , J.L. Kruger , B. Segwagwe , P. Mazengenya
Introduction
The clivus and foramen magnum are important landmarks in skull base surgeries. Incidental clival anatomical variations such as the fossa navicularis magna and canalis basilaris medianus, can mimic pathological lesions or fractures while the foramen magnum can be congenitally narrowed in conditions like achondroplasia and atlantooccipital fusion. This study investigated the morphology and morphometric dimensions of the clivus and foramen magnum in the adult population of Botswana using Computed Tomography (CT).
Materials and methods
This retrospective study analyzed 86 CT images of adult patients obtained from Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital, Gaborone. Measurements of the clivus and foramen magnum were acquired from reconstructed sagittal and axial CT planes. The clivus was evaluated for anatomical variations. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and independent t-tests to determine differences by sex and age group. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d.
Results
A single case of fossa navicularis magna was observed (1.2 %). Significant sex differences were identified in the clivus length (p = 0.001), foramen magnum anteroposterior diameter (p < 0.001), and transverse diameter (p = 0.001), with males exhibiting larger dimensions. No significant differences were found among age groups. Positive correlations were observed between clival and foramen magnum parameters (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
The morphometric characteristics of the clivus and foramen magnum were stable across age groups but exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, with males showing larger measurements. These findings provide baseline data relevant to skull base surgery, radiological diagnosis, and forensic identification within the Botswana population.
{"title":"Anatomical variations of the clivus and related craniometric measurements in the adult population of Botswana: A CT-Based study","authors":"G. Tanthuma , J.L. Kruger , B. Segwagwe , P. Mazengenya","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The clivus and foramen magnum are important landmarks in skull base surgeries. Incidental clival anatomical variations such as the fossa navicularis magna and canalis basilaris medianus, can mimic pathological lesions or fractures while the foramen magnum can be congenitally narrowed in conditions like achondroplasia and atlantooccipital fusion. This study investigated the morphology and morphometric dimensions of the clivus and foramen magnum in the adult population of Botswana using Computed Tomography (CT).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This retrospective study analyzed 86 CT images of adult patients obtained from Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital, Gaborone. Measurements of the clivus and foramen magnum were acquired from reconstructed sagittal and axial CT planes. The clivus was evaluated for anatomical variations. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and independent <em>t</em>-tests to determine differences by sex and age group. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A single case of fossa navicularis magna was observed (1.2 %). Significant sex differences were identified in the clivus length (p = 0.001), foramen magnum anteroposterior diameter (p < 0.001), and transverse diameter (p = 0.001), with males exhibiting larger dimensions. No significant differences were found among age groups. Positive correlations were observed between clival and foramen magnum parameters (p < 0.01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The morphometric characteristics of the clivus and foramen magnum were stable across age groups but exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, with males showing larger measurements. These findings provide baseline data relevant to skull base surgery, radiological diagnosis, and forensic identification within the Botswana population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100454
Sambhram Samdeshi , Krishna Chaitanya Reddy Dandala , Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala , Prarthana Kalerammana Gopalakrishna , Gandrakota Ravindranadh , Mohammad Yusuf Bin Abdul Latif , Sowmya Ramakrishnappa , Saravanan Jagadeesan , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Sreenivasulu Sura , Zaw Myo Hein
Introduction
Understanding medical students' perceptions of anatomy teaching resources is crucial for developing effective and engaging educational strategies that enhance long-term knowledge retention. This study examined students’ preferences for various gross anatomy and histology learning resources and evaluated their perceived effectiveness in achieving specific anatomy learning outcomes (LOs).
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was administered to a total of 317 (Year 1–5) medical students at a private Malaysian medical university using convenience sampling. Participants ranked different anatomy teaching resources and rated their usefulness across 12 defined LOs. Data was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests.
Results
Of 317 respondents, prosection of human tissues emerged as the most preferred and effective gross anatomy resource (53.3 %), followed by plastic anatomical models and online multimedia materials, while printed resources were least favored. For histology, light microscopy (LM) was preferred by 61 % of students, although both LM and virtual microscopy (VM) were perceived as comparably effective in meeting learning objectives. Preferences varied significantly by academic phase and country of origin but not by gender.
Conclusion
Medical students favored hands-on and visually rich learning modalities that provide tactile and spatial engagement. These findings highlight the continued relevance of prosection of human tissues and LM in anatomy education while supporting a blended teaching approach that integrates digital resources to complement traditional methods and optimize student engagement and learning outcomes.
{"title":"Medical students’ perceptions of anatomy teaching resources and their impact on learning outcomes: Insights from a private medical university in Malaysia","authors":"Sambhram Samdeshi , Krishna Chaitanya Reddy Dandala , Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala , Prarthana Kalerammana Gopalakrishna , Gandrakota Ravindranadh , Mohammad Yusuf Bin Abdul Latif , Sowmya Ramakrishnappa , Saravanan Jagadeesan , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Sreenivasulu Sura , Zaw Myo Hein","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Understanding medical students' perceptions of anatomy teaching resources is crucial for developing effective and engaging educational strategies that enhance long-term knowledge retention. This study examined students’ preferences for various gross anatomy and histology learning resources and evaluated their perceived effectiveness in achieving specific anatomy learning outcomes (LOs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional online survey was administered to a total of 317 (Year 1–5) medical students at a private Malaysian medical university using convenience sampling. Participants ranked different anatomy teaching resources and rated their usefulness across 12 defined LOs. Data was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 317 respondents, prosection of human tissues emerged as the most preferred and effective gross anatomy resource (53.3 %), followed by plastic anatomical models and online multimedia materials, while printed resources were least favored. For histology, light microscopy (LM) was preferred by 61 % of students, although both LM and virtual microscopy (VM) were perceived as comparably effective in meeting learning objectives. Preferences varied significantly by academic phase and country of origin but not by gender.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Medical students favored hands-on and visually rich learning modalities that provide tactile and spatial engagement. These findings highlight the continued relevance of prosection of human tissues and LM in anatomy education while supporting a blended teaching approach that integrates digital resources to complement traditional methods and optimize student engagement and learning outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100457
Amit Kumar Gupta , Chandrashekar Patil , Jeffrin Reneus Paul
{"title":"Measurement reliability and clinical translation of clival and foramen magnum morphometry in a Botswana CT cohort","authors":"Amit Kumar Gupta , Chandrashekar Patil , Jeffrin Reneus Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100457","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100437
Andrzej Żytkowski , Stanisław Orkisz
{"title":"Corrigendum to “The meaning of modern neuroanatomy” [Transl. Res. Anat. 37 (2024) 100361]","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100437","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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