Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100367
Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Kacper Wąsikiewicz , Edward Clarke , Stanisław Orkisz
Aim
This case report examines anatomical specimens of the sacrum with an opened sacral canal and discusses the potential causes and clinical significance associated with this condition.
Case description
This description concerns an isolated sacrum. A wholly opened sacral canal (from S1 to S5 level) was observed on the bony specimen. A detailed anatomical description of the specimen is provided.
Conclusions
The opened sacral canal is caused by incomplete fusion of sacral vertebral laminae. It may involve various levels and is significantly relevant in clinical practice. Understanding the complexities of the sacral canal and its associated pathologies is crucial for clinicians in developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.
{"title":"Opened sacral canal: Anatomical case report with commentaries on neurological significance","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Kacper Wąsikiewicz , Edward Clarke , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This case report examines anatomical specimens of the sacrum with an opened sacral canal and discusses the potential causes and clinical significance associated with this condition.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>This description concerns an isolated sacrum. A wholly opened sacral canal (from S1 to S5 level) was observed on the bony specimen. A detailed anatomical description of the specimen is provided.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The opened sacral canal is caused by incomplete fusion of sacral vertebral laminae. It may involve various levels and is significantly relevant in clinical practice. Understanding the complexities of the sacral canal and its associated pathologies is crucial for clinicians in developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100369
Kumar Megur Ramakrishna Bhat, FK Febina, Lokadolalu Chandrachar Prasanna
Background
Understanding the fundamentals of skin illnesses mediated by the immune system and genetics is aided by knowledge of the composition and structure of fetal skin. In general, the epidermis, skin appendages (including sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and sweat glands), and the underlying dermis from mesenchymal tissue are all derived from the surface ectoderm.
Methods
Twelve stillborn or medically terminated human fetuses from the three trimesters of pregnancy (four specimens of different gestational weeks from each trimester) were examined for this study (from January 2024 to June 2024) with institutional ethics committee approval. Histological analysis was performed on skin that was specifically chosen from the flexor (front of the thorax and palm) and extensor (back of the thorax and sole) regions.
Results
The epidermis architecture progresses from squamous layered to well-differentiated cellular layers in the third trimester. The cellular dermis with no or very little fibrous component gradually increases with fetal age. As a fetus's gestational age increases, the fibrous material invades epidermal appendages including sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.
Conclusion
Appendages of skin and glands begin to appear towards the end of the first trimester. The development of the dermis showed varied differences in the cellular and fibrous components at different trimesters. A fundamental understanding of the formation of the skin in embryos may help regulate the adult wound healing process to promote faster, scar-free healing of the skin and its appendages.
{"title":"Analysis of the skin layers and its appendages of developing human fetuses at different trimesters of pregnancy","authors":"Kumar Megur Ramakrishna Bhat, FK Febina, Lokadolalu Chandrachar Prasanna","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Understanding the fundamentals of skin illnesses mediated by the immune system and genetics is aided by knowledge of the composition and structure of fetal skin. In general, the epidermis, skin appendages (including sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and sweat glands), and the underlying dermis from mesenchymal tissue are all derived from the surface ectoderm.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve stillborn or medically terminated human fetuses from the three trimesters of pregnancy (four specimens of different gestational weeks from each trimester) were examined for this study (from January 2024 to June 2024) with institutional ethics committee approval. Histological analysis was performed on skin that was specifically chosen from the flexor (front of the thorax and palm) and extensor (back of the thorax and sole) regions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The epidermis architecture progresses from squamous layered to well-differentiated cellular layers in the third trimester. The cellular dermis with no or very little fibrous component gradually increases with fetal age. As a fetus's gestational age increases, the fibrous material invades epidermal appendages including sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Appendages of skin and glands begin to appear towards the end of the first trimester. The development of the dermis showed varied differences in the cellular and fibrous components at different trimesters. A fundamental understanding of the formation of the skin in embryos may help regulate the adult wound healing process to promote faster, scar-free healing of the skin and its appendages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100372
George Triantafyllou, George Tsakotos, Maria Piagkou
{"title":"The evidence-based method to assess the suprascapular notch morphology","authors":"George Triantafyllou, George Tsakotos, Maria Piagkou","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100372","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100364
Andrzej Żytkowski , Edward Clarke , Stanisław Orkisz
Background
The septum pellucidum (SP) is a thin, triangular, and delicate structure in the brain. It consists of two layers of white and gray matter and topographically is located between the lateral ventricles. The SP is part of the limbic system, which involves emotions, behavior, and memory.
Aim
This concise review provides an overview of the anatomy, development, and clinical significance of the SP, with a specific focus on cavum septi pellucidi (CSP). It also discusses its implications for brain function and its potential link to neurological disorders.
Conclusions
As an essential structure within the limbic system, the SP and its associated variations, like CSP, offer valuable insights into brain development and function, particularly concerning emotions, memory, and psychiatric disorders. Understanding the role of the septum pellucidum and its developmental anomalies may shed light on various neuropsychiatric conditions and help guide future research and clinical practices.
{"title":"Exploring the septum pellucidum: Short review of anatomical insights and the clinical impact of septum pellucidum and cavum septi pellucidi","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Edward Clarke , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The septum pellucidum (SP) is a thin, triangular, and delicate structure in the brain. It consists of two layers of white and gray matter and topographically is located between the lateral ventricles. The SP is part of the limbic system, which involves emotions, behavior, and memory.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This concise review provides an overview of the anatomy, development, and clinical significance of the SP, with a specific focus on cavum septi pellucidi (CSP). It also discusses its implications for brain function and its potential link to neurological disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>As an essential structure within the limbic system, the SP and its associated variations, like CSP, offer valuable insights into brain development and function, particularly concerning emotions, memory, and psychiatric disorders. Understanding the role of the septum pellucidum and its developmental anomalies may shed light on various neuropsychiatric conditions and help guide future research and clinical practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100363
Luis F. Tintinago-Londoño , Tania M. Guzmán , Estephania Candelo , Andrés Gempeler , Juan F. Vélez , Juan C. Arias , Walter Mosquera , William Victoria
Background
The thymus is pivotal for immune system development by facilitating T-cell maturation. Current treatments for congenital athymia typically involve avascular transplantation of allogeneic thymic tissue. However, vascularizing an infant thymus for transplantation could offer improved outcomes, necessitating a detailed understanding of its vascular anatomy.
Method
Between June and November 2022, we conducted a feasibility study at our tertiary care university hospital, examining seven thymus glands that were surgically removed and discarded during corrective surgeries for congenital heart disease in patients aged 16 days to 17 months.
Results
Angiographic analysis revealed distinct vascular pathways in infant thymic lobes, with arteries averaging 0.5 mm and veins 0.8 mm in diameter, both showing adequate perfusion with Belzer solution.
Conclusion
These findings provide critical insights into the vascular anatomy of the infant thymus, underscoring its potential for microvascular revascularization and transplantation.
背景胸腺促进 T 细胞成熟，对免疫系统的发育至关重要。目前治疗先天性无胸腺症的方法通常包括异体胸腺组织的无血管移植。方法2022年6月至11月期间，我们在大学附属三级医院进行了一项可行性研究，对年龄在16天至17个月的先天性心脏病患者在矫正手术中切除并丢弃的7个胸腺进行了检查。结果血管造影分析表明，婴儿胸腺叶中的血管通路各不相同，动脉平均直径为 0.5 毫米，静脉平均直径为 0.8 毫米，两者都能充分灌注贝尔泽溶液。
{"title":"Microsurgical assessment of thymus vascular anatomy","authors":"Luis F. Tintinago-Londoño , Tania M. Guzmán , Estephania Candelo , Andrés Gempeler , Juan F. Vélez , Juan C. Arias , Walter Mosquera , William Victoria","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The thymus is pivotal for immune system development by facilitating T-cell maturation. Current treatments for congenital athymia typically involve avascular transplantation of allogeneic thymic tissue. However, vascularizing an infant thymus for transplantation could offer improved outcomes, necessitating a detailed understanding of its vascular anatomy.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Between June and November 2022, we conducted a feasibility study at our tertiary care university hospital, examining seven thymus glands that were surgically removed and discarded during corrective surgeries for congenital heart disease in patients aged 16 days to 17 months.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Angiographic analysis revealed distinct vascular pathways in infant thymic lobes, with arteries averaging 0.5 mm and veins 0.8 mm in diameter, both showing adequate perfusion with Belzer solution.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings provide critical insights into the vascular anatomy of the infant thymus, underscoring its potential for microvascular revascularization and transplantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100362
William Srinivasan , Alissa Maurer , William Thorell , Ethan L. Snow
Introduction
Arachnoid cysts are non-neoplastic accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid formed within partitioned layers of the arachnoid mater. They represent about 1% of all intracranial masses in humans. Most arachnoid cysts present in the middle cranial fossa, but few occur along the cerebral convexity. Gross imaging of cerebral convexity arachnoid cysts (CCACs) is extremely scarce. The purpose of this study is to conduct a focused systematic review of CCACs and report their defining clinical characteristics.
Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted to compile and summarize primary sources of anatomical and clinical information about CCACs. A large CCAC was discovered and dissected in a human cadaver. The CCAC was photographed in situ, and its impacts on contiguous gyri and sulci were documented and presented as a representative example of a CCAC.
Results
CCAC formation is attributed to congenital (primary) or trauma-related (secondary) etiologies. While they are often asymptomatic, CCAC location and size can influence symptomology. The anticipated increase in intracranial pressure can elicit mild (e.g., headache) to severe (e.g., seizure, hydrocephalus) sequelae. The present study exhibits a remarkably large CCAC that developed within the left central sulcus, displacing the precentral and postcentral gyri. The central sulcus artery and vein were present and appeared unaffected.
Conclusions
Management of CCACs can range from close observation with no intervention in asymptomatic cases to surgical intervention. Typical surgical options include microsurgical fenestration via craniotomy, neuroendoscopic fenestration, and various forms of shunting. The efficacy of one surgical approach over another remains highly debated. As CCACs are mostly diagnosed with CT and/or MRI, gross imaging of CCACs is extremely rare. This study provides clinical anatomists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons with visual insight and perspective into the physical and clinical characteristics of CCACs.
{"title":"Cerebral convexity arachnoid cysts: A focused systematic review with defining characteristics","authors":"William Srinivasan , Alissa Maurer , William Thorell , Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Arachnoid cysts are non-neoplastic accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid formed within partitioned layers of the arachnoid mater. They represent about 1% of all intracranial masses in humans. Most arachnoid cysts present in the middle cranial fossa, but few occur along the cerebral convexity. Gross imaging of cerebral convexity arachnoid cysts (CCACs) is extremely scarce. The purpose of this study is to conduct a focused systematic review of CCACs and report their defining clinical characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic literature review was conducted to compile and summarize primary sources of anatomical and clinical information about CCACs. A large CCAC was discovered and dissected in a human cadaver. The CCAC was photographed in situ, and its impacts on contiguous gyri and sulci were documented and presented as a representative example of a CCAC.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CCAC formation is attributed to congenital (primary) or trauma-related (secondary) etiologies. While they are often asymptomatic, CCAC location and size can influence symptomology. The anticipated increase in intracranial pressure can elicit mild (e.g., headache) to severe (e.g., seizure, hydrocephalus) sequelae. The present study exhibits a remarkably large CCAC that developed within the left central sulcus, displacing the precentral and postcentral gyri. The central sulcus artery and vein were present and appeared unaffected.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Management of CCACs can range from close observation with no intervention in asymptomatic cases to surgical intervention. Typical surgical options include microsurgical fenestration via craniotomy, neuroendoscopic fenestration, and various forms of shunting. The efficacy of one surgical approach over another remains highly debated. As CCACs are mostly diagnosed with CT and/or MRI, gross imaging of CCACs is extremely rare. This study provides clinical anatomists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons with visual insight and perspective into the physical and clinical characteristics of CCACs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100360
Anna Smędra , Jarosław Berent , Edward Clarke , Jakub Dębski , Andrzej Żytkowski
Background
In 2022, 408 autopsies were performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Lodz Medical University, of which as many as 82 concerned deaths with intracranial injuries, which represents about 20 % of all performed autopsies.
Aim
The article presents a comparative analysis of deaths of people with intracranial injuries in terms of frequency, the structure of victims (gender, age, sobriety), type of injury (intracranial bleeding, bruises of nerve tissue, nerve tissue tears, posttraumatic brain oedema, etc.), causes and circumstances of death, place of death (house, hospital, street) survival time, type of tool/object used, and the obtained data were compared with publications from other departments of forensic medicine.
Results
The victims were definitely male. Regarding age, deaths mainly concerned people between 31 and 70. The most common cause of death was multi-organ injuries, craniocerebral, intracranial and the least other injuries. Regarding the circumstances of the deaths, most of the cases were accidents; the fewest were homicides.
{"title":"Intracranial injuries in the autopsy material of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Lodz with analysis of anatomical lesions caused by traumatic brain injuries","authors":"Anna Smędra , Jarosław Berent , Edward Clarke , Jakub Dębski , Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In 2022, 408 autopsies were performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Lodz Medical University, of which as many as 82 concerned deaths with intracranial injuries, which represents about 20 % of all performed autopsies.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The article presents a comparative analysis of deaths of people with intracranial injuries in terms of frequency, the structure of victims (gender, age, sobriety), type of injury (intracranial bleeding, bruises of nerve tissue, nerve tissue tears, posttraumatic brain oedema, etc.), causes and circumstances of death, place of death (house, hospital, street) survival time, type of tool/object used, and the obtained data were compared with publications from other departments of forensic medicine.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The victims were definitely male. Regarding age, deaths mainly concerned people between 31 and 70. The most common cause of death was multi-organ injuries, craniocerebral, intracranial and the least other injuries. Regarding the circumstances of the deaths, most of the cases were accidents; the fewest were homicides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100361
Andrzej Żytkowski , Stanisław Orkisz
Background
Neuroanatomy, the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system, has developed gradually to become a cornerstone of neurological sciences. As understanding of the brain and its intricate networks continues to evolve, modern neuroanatomy integrates advanced technologies and multidisciplinary approaches to provide deeper insights into the complexities of the human brain.
Aim
This report aims to present the meaning of modern neuroanatomy, its tools, applications, and the future perspectives.
Conclusions
The data gained from modern neuroanatomy have profound implications for understanding brain function, diagnosing and treating neurological disorders, and addressing ethical and societal challenges.
{"title":"The meaning of modern neuroanatomy","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuroanatomy, the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system, has developed gradually to become a cornerstone of neurological sciences. As understanding of the brain and its intricate networks continues to evolve, modern neuroanatomy integrates advanced technologies and multidisciplinary approaches to provide deeper insights into the complexities of the human brain.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This report aims to present the meaning of modern neuroanatomy, its tools, applications, and the future perspectives.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The data gained from modern neuroanatomy have profound implications for understanding brain function, diagnosing and treating neurological disorders, and addressing ethical and societal challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the various aspects of scapular anatomy, the suprascapular notch has gained attention as its anatomical variation is a predisposing factor for compression of the suprascapular nerve in this region, potentially impacting orthopedic surgery. This study aims to investigate the morphology of suprascapular notch (SSN) and its variation with age and sexual dimorphism. It also seeks to classify and correlate the superior angle of the scapula with the SSN in the Indian population.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of 360 computed tomography scans of scapulae of 180 adults was conducted. The morphology of SSN was classified according to Rengachary's classification (types I-VI), and the maximum depth (MD) and maximum width (MW) of SSN were measured. The superior angle of the scapula was classified based on morphological characteristics.
Results
Type I SSN was the most prevalent, suggesting lower susceptibility to suprascapular nerve entrapment. Males had significantly greater MD than females. Identical types of SSN and superior angles on both sides of the scapula were statistically significant, though variations on each side were also observed. There was no significant difference in age. The superior angle of the scapula was classified into four types: Hilly, mountain peak, crescent, and chimney, with the hilly type being the most common. No correlation was found between SSN and the superior angle.
Conclusion
These findings may provide a comprehensive understanding necessary for accurate diagnoses of related abnormalities and for performing safe and effective endoscopic and open surgical procedures in the suprascapular region.
{"title":"Morphometric evaluation of suprascapular notch and superior angle of the scapula using three-dimensional computed tomography in the Indian population","authors":"Rakshak Krishnamurthi Raman , Arvind Kumar Pandey , Vivek Pandey , Praveen Shastry , Yash Alok","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Among the various aspects of scapular anatomy, the suprascapular notch has gained attention as its anatomical variation is a predisposing factor for compression of the suprascapular nerve in this region, potentially impacting orthopedic surgery. This study aims to investigate the morphology of suprascapular notch (SSN) and its variation with age and sexual dimorphism. It also seeks to classify and correlate the superior angle of the scapula with the SSN in the Indian population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis of 360 computed tomography scans of scapulae of 180 adults was conducted. The morphology of SSN was classified according to Rengachary's classification (types I-VI), and the maximum depth (MD) and maximum width (MW) of SSN were measured. The superior angle of the scapula was classified based on morphological characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Type I SSN was the most prevalent, suggesting lower susceptibility to suprascapular nerve entrapment. Males had significantly greater MD than females. Identical types of SSN and superior angles on both sides of the scapula were statistically significant, though variations on each side were also observed. There was no significant difference in age. The superior angle of the scapula was classified into four types: Hilly, mountain peak, crescent, and chimney, with the hilly type being the most common. No correlation was found between SSN and the superior angle.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings may provide a comprehensive understanding necessary for accurate diagnoses of related abnormalities and for performing safe and effective endoscopic and open surgical procedures in the suprascapular region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100358
Rohini Punja , Dhiren Punja
Background
Neuroanatomy is considered one of the most challenging parts of anatomy curriculum and the complexity in understanding neuroanatomy generates from the lack of a 3-dimensional view of the structures. Since everything appears grey and white and is difficult to differentiate the various structures in a cross section of brain, staining aids in the visual interpretation and retention. There are various staining methods employed such as Mulligan's method, Alston's method, Prussian blue reaction method, however the results obtained by Alston's method was the best as gathered from previous literature.
Material and methods
The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, formalin fixed brain slices measuring 10 mm thickness were stained using Alston's method. 250 medical students of the first professional year were demonstrated features such as the internal capsule, caudate nucleus, lentiform and thalamus in the stained and unstained transverse sections of cerebrum during their neuroanatomy practical sessions. Following which a feedback was collected regarding both the specimens using Microsoft Forms.
Results
There was a positive feedback from the students with 83 % of them preferring the stained over the unstained section. Excerpts from the open ended question where all in favour of the stained sections -“much easier to see and identify the parts in the stained section because of the clear distinction between white and grey matter”.
Conclusions
Macroscopic staining of sections of the brain using Alston's method could be implemented as a valuable method for effective teaching of neuroanatomy since students appreciated the structures better in the stained sections which enhanced their retention of neuroanatomy. Since Alston stain produces the least shrinkage, these stained sections could be utilized for research studies and such specimens could also be plastinated.
{"title":"Enhancing the effectiveness of teaching neuroanatomy: A comparative study using stained and unstained brain sections to interpret cross sectional neuroanatomy","authors":"Rohini Punja , Dhiren Punja","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuroanatomy is considered one of the most challenging parts of anatomy curriculum and the complexity in understanding neuroanatomy generates from the lack of a 3-dimensional view of the structures. Since everything appears grey and white and is difficult to differentiate the various structures in a cross section of brain, staining aids in the visual interpretation and retention. There are various staining methods employed such as Mulligan's method, Alston's method, Prussian blue reaction method, however the results obtained by Alston's method was the best as gathered from previous literature.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, formalin fixed brain slices measuring 10 mm thickness were stained using Alston's method. 250 medical students of the first professional year were demonstrated features such as the internal capsule, caudate nucleus, lentiform and thalamus in the stained and unstained transverse sections of cerebrum during their neuroanatomy practical sessions. Following which a feedback was collected regarding both the specimens using Microsoft Forms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a positive feedback from the students with 83 % of them preferring the stained over the unstained section. Excerpts from the open ended question where all in favour of the stained sections -“much easier to see and identify the parts in the stained section because of the clear distinction between white and grey matter”.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Macroscopic staining of sections of the brain using Alston's method could be implemented as a valuable method for effective teaching of neuroanatomy since students appreciated the structures better in the stained sections which enhanced their retention of neuroanatomy. Since Alston stain produces the least shrinkage, these stained sections could be utilized for research studies and such specimens could also be plastinated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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