Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429714
P. Stamper
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Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429720
T. Williamson, J. Bumstead, J. Frost, Lynsey Owens, S. Pease
ABSTRACT This paper briefly describes the results of archaeological fieldwork carried out in an area of heathland, currently managed as a nature reserve, in East Anglia. Although the earthworks recorded are for the most part unremarkable, they demonstrate the variety and intensity of human exploitation which shaped this ‘traditionally managed’ habitat. They also serve to emphasise the extent to which modern conservation management can radically change the long-term character of individual places.
{"title":"The Landscape Archaeology of Knettishall Heath, Suffolk and its Implications","authors":"T. Williamson, J. Bumstead, J. Frost, Lynsey Owens, S. Pease","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2018.1429720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2018.1429720","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper briefly describes the results of archaeological fieldwork carried out in an area of heathland, currently managed as a nature reserve, in East Anglia. Although the earthworks recorded are for the most part unremarkable, they demonstrate the variety and intensity of human exploitation which shaped this ‘traditionally managed’ habitat. They also serve to emphasise the extent to which modern conservation management can radically change the long-term character of individual places.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2018.1429720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49292439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429717
K. Lilley
ABSTRACT Starting its work in 1791, the Ordnance Survey (OS) was a supranational organisation responsible for creating high quality and accurate topographic maps of the nations of Great Britain and Ireland. The detailed and rigorous field observations and geodetic operations of OS field-surveyors have left many traces in the landscape, but despite much careful and critical historical study of OS maps, and their wide use as sources in local studies and fieldwork, the material impacts and influences the OS had on British and Irish landscapes has been generally overlooked. This paper redresses this by exploring the ‘landscapes of survey’ created through the OS's trigonometrical and levelling operations for the first half of the nineteenth century. The paper first sets out how ‘excavating’ large-scale historic OS maps in digital mapping platforms provides a basis for identifying survey sites in the landscape, and how the positioning of these sites by the OS, both on the map and in the landscape, can uncover past survey practices and ‘ethnographies of cartography’ in the field. The second part of the paper focuses on the monuments used and created by surveyors to ensure a sound geodetic basis, examining OS survey sites as ‘material cultures’. Together, both parts of the paper make a case for greater recognition of the landscape legacies of the OS, a ‘survey heritage’ which has international significance in reflecting the OS's lasting contributions to scientific survey and geodesy, as well as for its role in shaping Britain and Ireland through mapping the nation.
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Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429716
D. Gould
ABSTRACT Introduced to Britain in the twelfth century, rabbits were farmed in man-made warrens for their meat and fur for several centuries. It is sometimes assumed that the locations of man-made warrens were dictated by environmental factors, typically that they were built where there was dry, warm soil as rabbits naturally prefer such habitats. This paper, using a landscape archaeological rather than documentary approach, argues that there was much freedom concerning where landowners were able to build rabbit warrens. A key factor in determining where warrens were installed, at least during the medieval period, was not the nature of the local environment, but rather a desire to fulfil social expectations. Similarly, it has been cited that warren numbers flourished during the late medieval and post-medieval periods because they were able to utilise poor-quality marginal lands. While warrens are found on marginal lands, it is equally apparent that they also made greater use of areas that could, and did, support arable farming. The use of such lands for rearing rabbits must have offered economic benefits, and within south-west England it is apparently associated with a greater tendency for pastoral farming over arable farming.
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Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2017.1318601
O. Aldred
Moving on in Neolithic Studies: Understanding Mobile Lives, edited by Jim Leary and Thomas Kador, (Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 14), Oxbow Books, 2016, xii + 186 pp., £38 Pbk, maps and illustrations, ISBN: 978 1 78570 176 4 Landscapes of mobility. Culture, politics, and placemaking, edited by Arijit Sen and Jennifer Johung, Ashgate, 2013 (Routledge, 2016), xviii + 263 pp, Hbk £100/Pbk £34.99, 97 illustrations, ISBN: 978 1 4094 4281 3
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Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2017.1318606
G. Fairclough
{"title":"Forms of Dwelling: 20 Years of Taskscapes in Archaeology","authors":"G. Fairclough","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2017.1318606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2017.1318606","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2017.1318606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46194989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2017.1318605
P. Stamper
Medievalists will know the calendars of Inquisitions Post Mortem (IPMs), the surveys by which the EnglishCrown andothers kept track of feudal rights and holdings. The systemwas operative (for the Crown) between c.1236 and the 1640s. Even in calendared form the thousands of IPMs form an almost unmanageable data set, or did until the Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded ‘Mapping the Medieval countryside – properties, places and people’ project (http://www.inquisiti onspostmortem.ac.uk/) started to make enhanced versions digitally accessible and interrogable. This multi-author volume is the proceedings of a conference held in 2014 during the main project (work continues still, see http://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/inquis-postmortem). It presents new thinking generated from the project, which has revived interest in a class of records principally studied before 1939. Two papers are likely to be of special interest to readers of this journal. The first, by Christopher Dyer, uses IPMs (with a substantive rider setting out their limitations, especially the more abbreviated later ones) to amplify understanding of the character of the various pays – Felden and Arden, Vale and wold – of the three west midlandcounties ofWorcestershire,Warwickshire andGloucestershire.While each regionhaddistinctive characteristics (sometimesnecessitating access todetachedparcels ofmeadoworwoodland, missing on thehomemanor or parish), inmost if not all of them landwas exhausted or falling out of cultivation in the early fourteenth century, perhaps especially that which had been more recently assarted. As is well known, settlement shrinkage and desertion followed in the following century, and in champion areas IPMs of around 1500 record places with large pastures but no tenants. Stephen Mileson’s chapter drills deeper into village life in twelve south Oxfordshire parishes straddling the clay vale and the wood-pasture of the Chiltern Hills. As in Dyer’s chapter, sources other than IPMs provide the main narrative as inhabitants’ bynames such as de Cruce (‘of the cross’) or de la Cumbe (‘of the combe’) and field names are used to suggest how physical and mental geographies were constructed by villagers, and can be reconstructed today. It is a pleasant ramble through the medieval countryside, but again suggests to me that IPMs will add detail to what we already know rather than transform perceptions. Other chapters or sections with a landscape dimension include one which adds substantially to the known list of active and especially minor markets. Another chapter mapsmills of different types noted in IPMs of 1427–37, giving a foretaste of the patterning likely to emerge once further IPMs are digitally available. Alongside these are studies of IPMs in Ireland and the Honour of Clare, parish church customs, monastic engagement in lay society, the wine trade, and what IPMs reveal of the operation of royal government in the further provinces of the country. None fun
中世纪学者会知道验尸裁判所(IPMs)的历法，这是英国王室和其他人记录封建权利和财产的调查。这一制度在1236年至1640年间(为王室)实施。即使以日历的形式，成千上万的ipm也形成了一个几乎无法管理的数据集，直到艺术和人文研究委员会资助的“绘制中世纪乡村-财产，地点和人物”项目(http://www.inquisiti onspostmortem.ac.uk/)开始使增强版本的数字可访问和可查询。这个多作者卷是2014年在主要项目期间举行的一次会议的会议记录(工作仍在继续，参见http://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/inquis-postmortem)。它展示了该项目产生的新思维，它重新唤起了人们对1939年以前主要研究的一类记录的兴趣。有两篇论文可能会引起本刊读者的特别兴趣。第一本书由克里斯托弗•戴尔撰写，使用ipm(附带了实质性的附加条款，说明了ipm的局限性，尤其是后来的ipm更简短)来加深对伍斯特郡、沃里克郡和格洛斯特郡这三个西米德兰郡的不同地区——费尔登和阿登、瓦尔和沃尔德——特征的理解。虽然每个地区都有其独特的特点(有时需要获得独立的草地或林地，这在本地或教区是没有的)，但在14世纪早期，大部分地区(如果不是全部的话)的土地都已枯竭或不再耕种，尤其是最近受到攻击的地区。众所周知，在接下来的一个世纪里，定居点萎缩和遗弃接踵而至，在ipm冠军地区，大约有1500个创纪录的地方，有大片牧场，但没有租户。斯蒂芬·米里森的这一章深入探讨了牛津郡南部十二个教区的乡村生活，这些教区横跨粘土谷和奇尔特恩山的森林牧场。在戴尔的章节中，除了ipm之外，其他来源提供了主要的叙述，如居民的昵称，如de Cruce(“十字架的”)或de la Cumbe(“库姆的”)，而地名则用来表明村民如何构建生理和心理地理，并且可以在今天重建。这是一次愉快的中世纪乡村漫步，但它再次向我表明，ipm将为我们已经知道的东西增添细节，而不是改变观念。其他具有景观维度的章节或部分包括一个大大增加了活跃市场和特别是小市场的已知列表。另一章绘制了1427 - 1437年ipm中不同类型的微笑，预示了一旦进一步的ipm数字化可用，可能出现的模式。除此之外，还有对爱尔兰ipm和克莱尔荣誉的研究，教区教堂习俗，修道院参与世俗社会，葡萄酒贸易，以及ipm揭示的皇家政府在该国其他省份的运作。没有一个从根本上改变我们对中世纪社会的理解，但所有这些都使我们更加关注各个方面，而且随着项目的进一步发展，这种关注可能会越来越多。
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Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2017.1318610
I. Simmons
ABSTRACT The low lands of south-east Lincolnshire are often described and interpreted as if they were a single landscape with a homogeneous history. Concentrating on the pre-industrial era this paper aims to show that there is a finer texture to both the visual landscape and the details of its evolution since Roman times. The keys to these developments are (a) reclamation from the wetlands of the sea fringes and from the freshwater fen, and (b) water management thereafter. In the course of the reclamation from the sea, new lands were created as a by-product of salt-making as well as deliberately for agricultural expansion; in this region the Fen stayed as a wetland until the nineteenth century unlike its equivalents in the Great Levels south of the Wash. Modern intensive agriculture has removed many traces of the history of land and water manipulation but a combination of documents, maps and aerial imagery allows a great deal of reconstruction, though gaps remain. Overall, the work is a reminder that de-watered terrain is prone to shrinkage and that modern efficient pumps do not remove the land from the threat of inundation; neither do any of the plans put forward by conservation-minded bodies. Abbreviations: BA: Bethlem Royal Hospital Archive; CUCAP: Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photography; LAO: Lincolnshire Archives Office; LHER: Lincolnshire Historic Environment Record; NMR: National Monuments Record; TNA: The National ArchivesA context
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