Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2019.1617493
P. Stamper
as opposed to scientific thought or managerial efficiency, and the role of non-human actors. At one level, non-human actors are also central to the book. This is as much an exploration of ideas and theories as it is a history of landscape. It views its source evidence – documents and field remains, buildings and landscape – through the prism of ‘Actor Network Theory’ less commonly encountered in the study of the British post-medieval period than of Scandinavian prehistory), and thereby seeks to use those post-postmodern perspectives to reveal the complexity of the accumulation of daily decision and long-term processes that wrought the transformations of ‘enclosure’. Those with small appetites for such theoretical scaffolding are not required to read it as such, however, because the argument is alsofirmly rooted in analysis of rich estate documentation and (though to a lesser extent) field evidence, illuminated by a plethora of detailed maps.
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Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1561009
A. Pluskowski, H. Valk, Seweryn Szczepański
ABSTRACT The crusades against eastern Baltic societies from the end of the twelfth century saw the reorganisation of the conquered territories into new Christian polities, a reconfiguration of land ownership and an intensification in resource exploitation to sustain the new regime and growing urban and rural populations. An ecclesiastical administration was imposed on the conquered territories, alongside the construction of churches and monasteries, confronting native religions which attached sacred importance to natural places and cemeteries. This paper compares the transformation of sacred landscapes in Livonia and Prussia and provides an interpretation of variability in relation to theocratic authority, native and migrant populations. Encompassing the role of settlements, cemeteries and the tempo of change, the paper is situated within a new archaeological framework contextualising medieval religious transformation; it also provides the first detailed, comparative perspective for the two regions. The landscape was not uniformly transformed and its variability, particularly the post-crusade endurance and even proliferation of native sacred sites, reflects the limits of theocratic authority and the pragmatic necessities of ruling conquered populations. This strong variability in the nature and process of Christianisation even in superficially similar areas should serve as a warning to resist generalising across limited data sets. Abbreviations: GQK: Geschichte der Quellen des katholischen Kirchenrechts der Provinzen Preussen und Posen (Jacobson ed. 1837); LUB: Liv-, Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch nebst Regesten (Bunge ed. 1853–1857); PUB 1/1: Preussisches Urkundenbuch (Philippi ed. 1882); PUB 3/1: Preussisches Urkundenbuch (Hein ed. 1944). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
从12世纪末开始，对东波罗的海社会的十字军东征见证了被征服的领土重组为新的基督教政治，土地所有权的重新配置和资源开发的加强，以维持新政权和不断增长的城市和农村人口。在被征服的领土上，教会被强制管理，同时建造教堂和修道院，与重视自然场所和墓地的本土宗教相抗衡。本文比较了利沃尼亚和普鲁士的神圣景观的转变，并提供了与神权权威、本地和移民人口有关的可变性的解释。这篇论文包含了定居点、墓地和变化的速度的作用，位于一个新的考古框架内，将中世纪的宗教转变置于背景下;它也为这两个地区提供了第一个详细的比较视角。景观并没有统一地改变，它的变化，特别是十字军东征后的持久甚至是本土圣地的激增，反映了神权权威的局限性和统治被征服人口的实用主义必要性。即使在表面上相似的地区，基督教化的性质和过程的这种强烈的可变性应该作为一个警告，不要在有限的数据集上进行概括。缩写:GQK: Geschichte der Quellen des katholischen Kirchenrechts der Provinzen Preussen and Posen (Jacobson编辑，1837);LUB: Liv-， Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch nebst registen (Bunge编辑，1853-1857);PUB 1/1: Preussisches Urkundenbuch (Philippi ed. 1882);PUB 3/1: Preussisches Urkundenbuch (Hein编辑，1944)。图形抽象
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Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2019.1619351
P. Everson, D. Stocker
ABSTRACT This paper outlines one component of a multi-disciplinary AHRC project ‘The Sacred Landscapes of Medieval Monasticism’, running between 2019 and 2022 but rooted in existing long-term studies in Ceredigion (Wales) and Lincolnshire (England). It encapsulates several strands of landscape analysis undertaken over many years which form a basis for the Lincolnshire contribution to the AHRC project. After a superficial characterisation of ‘forest’ land in the English Midlands, particular attention is paid to the landscape context of certain religious houses, exploring their connections with the social performance and ritual of hunting. General conclusions about the character of monasteries in ‘forest’ land are used to review the monastic landscape of the Lincolnshire limewoods, a ‘forest’ area in the middle Witham valley. It is suggested that during the high middle ages a concentration of monasteries exploited the pre-existing rituality of a forest and chase landscape in order to establish their sacred authority in local contemporary perceptions. The paper thus identifies the part played by sacred significance in the landscape setting in establishing monastic identity, considerations often crowded-out of monastic studies by economic analyses, but which generate an alternative academic agenda for the subject to be addressed through the forthcoming project.
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Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429718
T. O’Keeffe
Ireland was invaded by Anglo-Normans (hereafter ‘English’) in 1169. Conquest and colonisation proceeded quickly in eastern Ireland, but the invaders struggled for decades to annexe Connacht, Ireland’s western province. Despite this, they managed to forge a central role for themselves in the region’s politics, exploiting rivalries whenever there was both opportunity and potential gain, and even helping in the construction of native castles. From 1227 the province’s ancient territorial units were reimagined as cantreds under the lordship of Richard de Burgh, but Henry III retained five cantreds for himself. These five contiguous territories, collectively known as the king’s cantreds, were located mainly in what is now County Roscommon (Figure 1). Although the history of the five cantreds is fairly well known and their importance well established, they have not been the subject of a book until now. That fact alone makes Thomas Finan’s new book worthy of attention. The story of these cantreds features kings of both the Angevin and Gaelic-Irish lineages, so this book will be of interest to all specialists in the history of these two islands and of the relations between their rival kings during the thirteenth century. Its title will also attract the attention of scholars who are interested in political and cultural interactions around the fringes – the frontiers – of the territories controlled by Henry III and Edward I. And, as the inaugural volume in a new series of monographs on north Atlantic environmental history, scholars who are generally interested in environmental change through time, not to mention landscape change, will also be keen to inspect it.
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Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429715
J. Gale
ABSTRACT The larger henge monuments of Wessex have been the focus of detailed archaeological investigation for over a century and consequently their study has provided a greater, albeit fragmentary, understanding of later Neolithic society. For the most part such studies have continued to show that these great mega-structures of the third millennium B.C. persist as beacons of ceremonial functionality into which later societies invested much of themselves, intellectually, spiritually and unquestionably physically. While Stonehenge, Avebury and Durrington Walls continue to attract a great deal of attention with ongoing research, comparable sites in Dorset have been less well researched. Two campaigns of archaeological investigation undertaken in the Allen Valley of east Dorset by the author have focussed upon the complex of earthworks at Knowlton and additionally at one of three broadly contemporary barrow cemeteries located nearby. The findings from these investigations are beginning to shed more light on the possible origins and development of these important but weakly understood landscapes. This paper outlines some of the main findings from these investigations and posits a chronological framework for the integration of a group of monuments that formed both a ceremonial landscape and a geographical and spiritual home for communities that lasted for a thousand years. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429713
G. Fairclough
{"title":"Local Places, Global Processes: Histories of Environmental Change in Britain and Beyond","authors":"G. Fairclough","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2018.1429713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2018.1429713","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":"18 1","pages":"202 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2018.1429713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47808532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429711
N. Bannister
{"title":"Trees in England: Management and Disease since 1600","authors":"N. Bannister","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2018.1429711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2018.1429711","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":"18 1","pages":"201 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2018.1429711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48765879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2018.1429719
David Roberts, J. Last, N. Linford, J. Bedford, B. Bishop, Judith Dobie, E. Dunbar, A. Forward, P. Linford, P. Marshall, S. Mays, A. Payne, R. Pelling, P. Reimer, Michael Russell, Sharon Soutar, Andrew Valdez-Tullett, J. Vallender, Fay Worley
ABSTRACT Recent survey, excavation and analysis in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site (WHS) during 2015 and 2016 has revealed new details of landscape structuration and the deposition of the dead during the Middle Bronze Age. The research reported here demonstrates the existence of early fields or enclosures in the eastern part of the WHS, that was previously thought to be an area of little agricultural or domestic activity in the Bronze Age. These features were succeeded by a major ditch system in which two individuals were buried, an unusual way of dealing with the dead in the Middle Bronze Age. At the same time, the body of a perinatal infant was deposited in a palisade ditch in the western part of the WHS. The paper explores how these actions help elucidate a period of significant change in the landscape around Stonehenge, during which natural features, ancestral monuments and the recent dead were enmeshed in complex ways of bounding and dividing the landscape.
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