Preventive Medicine Reports最新文献

Background

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of menstrual cycle changes (MCs) and their patterns among healthy Syrian women following the administration of the first and second doses of a vaccine.

Methods

A cross-sectional online survey following campaigns for COVID-19 vaccines was conducted in 2022 from June 26 to August 3. Data collected included the participants’ demographic characteristics, vaccination status, and multiple-choice questions for MCs changes after the first and second doses.

Results

Of 236, 89.8 % completed all shots of the vaccine. After the first dose, 36.9 % reported MCs, and 35 % after the second dose. Most women did not experience changes in menstrual cycle frequency—81.8 % after the first dose and 83.4 % after the second dose. Similarly, most women did not observe changes in cycle length, or menstrual flow quantity—5.5 % after the first dose and 8 % after the second dose reported spotting. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 15.7 % and 14.1 % of women after the first and second doses, respectively.

Conclusion

MCs are a potential symptom that a healthy woman at childbearing age could have after a different type of COVID-19 vaccine. MCs patterns do not significantly differ following vaccine doses.

Objectives

We characterized trends in medical cannabis use; examined characteristics associated with medical cannabis use without medical authorization; and examined the association between recreational cannabis legalization and medical cannabis use in Ontario, Canada.

Methods

Data were from a repeated, population-based, cross-sectional survey of adults (N = 19,543; 2014–2019). Cannabis use was categorized as either medical cannabis use, recreational cannabis use or no cannabis use. The analytical strategy included jointpoint regression, logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Medical cannabis use increased from 4 % to 11 % (Annual Percentage Change [APC]: 25 %, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 17 %–33 %) and recreational cannabis use increased from 9 % to 15 % (APC: 9 %, 95 % CI: 3 %-15 %) between 2014 and 2019. Being 18 to 29 years old compared with being 65+ years old was associated with an increased likelihood of medical cannabis use without medical authorization (Odds Ratio [OR]: 4.05, 95 % CI: 2.12–7.72), while being of fair or poor self-perceived health compared with excellent, very good or good self-perceived health (OR: 0.61, 95 % CI: 0.40–0.95) was associated with a decreased likelihood of medical cannabis use without medical authorization. Recreational cannabis legalization was associated with an increased likelihood of medical cannabis use compared with no cannabis use (OR: 1.48, 95 % CI: 1.19–1.85) and of recreational cannabis use compared with no cannabis use (OR: 1.35, 95 % CI: 1.11–1.65).

Conclusions

Although medical cannabis use increased, it was largely used without medical authorization. Guidance and education that encourages medical usage under clinical supervision is recommended, and mitigation of known barriers to medical cannabis authorization.

Introduction

Firearm injury remains a public health problem, with nearly 50,000 firearm-related deaths in the US in 2021. Extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs) are civil restraining orders that intend to reduce firearm deaths by temporarily removing firearms from individuals who are threatening violence to themselves or others. We described ERPO use by petitioner type and implementation including firearm removal.

Methods

All ERPO petitions filed in Colorado (1/1/2020–12/31/2022) were analyzed using an established abstraction tool and team-based approach. Case data abstracted from petitions and court documents were analyzed descriptively.

Results

Over three years, there were 353 ERPO petitions filed in Colorado. Only 39 % percent of granted petitions had documentation of firearms being relinquished. The average number firearms relinquished was 1.8 with a range of 1 to 31 firearms. One third (37.7 %) of petitions mentioned a mental health issue, 10 % had a renewal request, and half (54.6 %) of petitions were filed by law enforcement (LE). LE petitions filed were more likely to be granted temporary ERPOs (94.3 % vs 35.0 %, p < 0.0001) and full year ERPOs (79.7 % vs 39.3 %, p < 0.0001) compared to non-LE petitions.

Conclusion

Results from these analyses shed light on data gaps surrounding ERPO use and implementation. Differences in LE vs others’ ERPO outcomes suggest a need for additional research and training. ERPOs’ efficacy hinges on removing access to firearms among those at risk, and a lack of documentation limits the ability to evaluate these policies. This suggests a need to standardize reporting to ensure ERPO utilization and impact can be evaluated.

Mini abstract: This descriptive study assessed use, implementation and data gaps surrounding Extreme Risk Protection Orders in Colorado.

Abbreviations: Extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs) are civil restraining orders that intend to reduce firearm deaths by temporarily removing firearms from individuals who are threatening violence to themselves or others.

Objective

To explore the influencing factors affecting chronic diseases of elderly in Kunming.

Methods

Data were collected from November 2020 to August 2021.The crosssectional study based on community was adopted. And hierarchical random sampling was used. A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted among the respondents or family caregivers. The contents we collected mainly include general demographic characteristics and other related influencing factors, self-reported chronic diseases and disability status.

Results

1161 elderly were investigated in total. The percentage of non-communicable chronic disease among the rural elderly was higher than that of urban elderly. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that in urban areas, female (OR: 0.592;95 %CI:0.396 ∼ 0.885), not in marriage (OR:1.643;95 %CI:1.093 ∼ 2.470)and not very satisfied with family support (OR:1.858;95 %CI:1.115 ∼ 3.096) are the influencing factors of chronic disease, while in rural areas are not in marriage (OR:1.961;95 %CI:1.021 ∼ 3.763), more health-promoting behavior (OR:0.582;95%CI:0.350 ∼ 0.970), not very satisfied with family support (OR:1.858;95 %CI:1.115 ∼ 3.096), age 70–79 (OR:1.805;95 %CI:1.705 ∼ 3.031), age 80 and above (OR:2.081;95 %CI:1.010 ∼ 4.288), empty nest family (OR:0.389;95 %CI:0.186 ∼ 0.811)and personal monthly income 2001-3000 (OR:0.353;95CI%:0.180 ∼ 0.693). The influencing factors of urban-rural multimorbidity and non-communicable chronic disease with disability also exist differences at individual, family and social levels.

Conclusions

The prevalence rate of non-communicable chronic diseases among the elderly in Yunnan Province is not optimistic. Personal, family and social factors would affect the non-communicable chronic diseases of the elderly and there exist difference in influencing factor of non-communicable chronic disease between urban and rural areas.

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a chronic liver condition of increasing prevalence, is closely related to various metabolic disorders. Hemoglobin, a protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells, is the focus of this study, which seeks to investigate its potential association with NAFLD.

Methods

We selected 6,516 eligible adult participants from the United States using the 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database for cross-sectional analyses. We analyzed the association of hemoglobin with NAFLD using weighted logistic regression models.

Results

The study performed a weighted logistic regression modeling analysis, which verified that hemoglobin levels were positively associated with NAFLD, especially in the higher hemoglobin quartile groups. Subgroup analyses revealed no significant interactions, demonstrating the robustness of the model. The analysis of mediation effects showed that Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Alanine Aminotransferase, and triglycerides were important mediating variables in the relationship between hemoglobin and NAFLD.

Conclusion

Increased hemoglobin levels were found to be significantly and independently associated with an increased NAFLD risk. This insight is crucial for the risk assessment and early detection of NAFLD, underscoring the need for heightened vigilance in individuals with higher hemoglobin levels.

This study attempted to investigate relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and serum vitamin C levels using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

The NHANES database aims to collect health, nutrition, biological, and behavioral data from a nationally representative sample of the population. This study utilizes NHANES data from three cycles: 2003–2004, 2005–2006, and 2017–2018, extracting data on the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and serum vitamin C levels. A generalized linear model is used to evaluate the association between the two.

A total of 12,665 participants were included in the final analysis. Serum vitamin C levels were significantly higher in the non-rheumatoid arthritis group compared to the rheumatoid arthritis group (0.63 vs. 0.59, P = 0.042). Generalized linear model analysis showed that higher serum vitamin C levels were associated with a decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 0.62, 95 %CI: 0.40–0.98, P = 0.034). Stratified analysis revealed a significant interaction between non-hypertensive individuals and rheumatoid arthritis with serum vitamin C levels (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, serum vitamin C levels remained significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis in all models (P < 0.05). Restricted cubic spline results indicated that serum vitamin C levels above 0.95 mg/dL could help prevent rheumatoid arthritis. Increasing dietary vitamin C intake through supplementation was found to raise serum vitamin C levels.

There was a significant association between rheumatoid arthritis and serum vitamin C levels, indicating that high levels of serum vitamin C may be a protective factor against rheumatoid arthritis.

Background

E-cigarette marketing exposure may influence vaping-related outcomes among youth, but less is known on which specific advertising features impact youth attention, perceptions, and appeal. This study qualitatively examines responses to different e-cigarette advertising features among e-cigarette-naïve youth.

Methods

We conducted four online focus groups in 2021 with a national U.S. sample of 13–17 year olds (n = 25) who had never used e-cigarettes. Participants viewed and discussed their reactions to different e-cigarette advertisements varying in the inclusion of ad features, including color, models in imagery, text claims targeting smokers, and the nicotine warning label.

Results

Participants were attracted to ads with bright colors, particularly when contrasted against a dark background. Ads featuring models attracted attention and reduced perceptions that the product is harmful. Comments indicated mixed reactions to smoker-targeted text claims. On one hand, participants perceived ads with text that specified “for smokers” as targeting older adults. On the other hand, text referring to “switching” from cigarettes to e-cigarettes led to some perceptions that the product is healthy, and certain text that implicitly referred to smoking (e.g., “no odor”) had the potential to appeal to youth who wanted to use e-cigarettes discreetly. The level of attention paid to warnings depended on warning size and the color contrast between the warning and the rest of the ad.

Conclusions

Findings suggest specific e-cigarette ad features play an important role in attracting youth attention and influencing perceptions. More research is needed on the potential public health benefits versus unintended consequences of smoker-targeted text claims.

Background

Health-promoting behaviors and lifestyle changes can reduce the cost of health services, stress, and disease complications. This study examined the status of health-promoting behaviors and its influencing factors.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 171 staff members of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2023. The Persian version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II questionnaire was used. Analyzes were performed in R 4.3.2 software.

Results

Mean ± SD age was 37.67 ± 7.58 years. 83 % had the low levels of health-promoting behaviors, while 17.0 % had moderate levels. The physical activity and interpersonal relation had the lowest and highest scores. The most significant strong and weekly correlations was between health responsibility and physical activity with total score of health-promoting behavior scores (r = 0.81, r = 0.66). Staff with health-related college major performed better in the areas of nutrition, stress management, spiritual growth.

Conclusion

Health-related college major is the most important factor affecting health-promoting behaviors. Also, health responsibility is most related to these behaviors. Educational interventions should be done at the community level, regardless of people’s field of study, to increase people’s knowledge and awareness about risk factors and improve the level of health.

Objective

Cannabis use has been linked to physical, psychological, and behavioral changes. Although research indicates separately that informal social support and formal social engagement – which are correlated measures – serve as protective factors in cannabis use, much of this research focuses on youth and more urban samples, limiting our understanding of if these findings are true for rural populations where social support and social engagement are particularly important for health and health behaviors. To fill the research gap, this study examines the effects of informal social support (tangible support and emotional support) and formal social engagement on cannabis use among rural working-age adults.

Methods

This research analyzed 1,122 observations from a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 2022 of working-age adults (18–64) from rural America. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to predict cannabis use in the past 12 months using informal social support (tangible support and emotional support) and formal social engagement and other sociodemographic covariates and state legalization status.

Results

Multilevel logistic modeling indicates that low emotional support and low formal social engagement are associated with a higher odds of reporting cannabis use in the past 12 months among rural working-age adults, net of other sociodemographic variables and state legalization status.

Conclusions

The study suggests that emotional support and social engagement may contribute to cannabis use prevention among rural working-age adults. These findings should inform future research as well as the development of tailored health interventions targeting rural working-age adults.

Objective

No standardised approach exists to provide advice after urgent suspected cancer (USC) referral when cancer is not found. This study aimed to assess preferences and acceptability of receiving advice after USC referral related to: 1) managing ongoing symptoms, 2) responding to early symptoms of other cancers, 3) cancer screening, 4) reducing risks of future cancer.

Methods

2,541 patients from two English NHS Trusts were mailed a survey 1–3 months after having no cancer found following urgent suspected gastrointestinal or head and neck cancer referral. Participants were asked about: willingness to receive advice; prospective acceptability; preferences related to mode, timing and who should provide advice; and previous advice receipt.

Results

406 patients responded (16.0%) with 397 in the final analyses. Few participants had previously received advice, yet most were willing to. Willingness varied by type of advice: fewer were willing to receive advice about early symptoms of other cancers (88.9%) than advice related to ongoing symptoms (94.3%). Acceptability was relatively high for all advice types. Reducing the risk of future cancer advice was more acceptable. Acceptability was lower in those from ethnic minority groups, and with lower levels of education. Most participants preferred to receive advice from a doctor; with results or soon after; either face to face or via the telephone.

Conclusions

There is a potential unmet need for advice after USC referral when no cancer is found. Equitable intervention design should focus on increasing acceptability for people from ethnic minority groups and those with lower levels of education.