Wine Economics and Policy最新文献

Europe is the world's largest wine-producing and wine-exporting region. In recent decades, fostered by the liberalization of international trade, the European wine industry has witnessed an acceleration in its exports, but this increase has been far from steady. It has fluctuated considerably in the short term, where periods of rapid growth have alternated with slow or negative growth. In this context, it is of particular relevance to know the temporal dynamics of the fluctuations in wine exports and to discover whether there are cyclical co-movements with the European wine export cycle. This paper analyzes the cyclical synchronization of wine exports for the ten main European wine-producing countries with the aggregate European wine export cycle since the inception of the European Economic Community. The main objective is to investigate whether there has been a “European” wine export cycle over the last six decades. The cycles of wine exports are obtained using de-trending techniques, and Spearman's rank correlations and concordance indices are calculated to analyze the synchronization and interaction between cycles. The results for the exports, by value, revealed a strong degree of synchronization over the whole period for the majority of the countries, with a tendency to grow over time.

The quality scale of Italian wines is mainly organized in four categories: PDO, PGI, basic and bulk wine. Our analysis explicitly investigates the patterns and determinants of consumption for these four different types of wine by analyzing a representative sample of consumers from a traditional wine-producing country. This study provides for first time insights on quality perceptions of wines and verifies whether Italian consumers perceive significant differences among the different categories of wines. The overall results, obtained through a system of equation estimates, show that consumer motivations and wine consumption determinants change according to each different range of wine quality and thereby support a hierarchical scale of quality wines, as a fact consumers’ motivation progressively changes as the quality scales of the wine increase or decrease. In addition, this study highlights for first time any differences in the consumption determinants between the PDO and the PGI wines in a national context and it suggests that the influence of the two different GI labels on the wine choice of consumers is truly different. Important insights were also provided for bulk wine whose consumption seems to be closely related to wine tourism and the desire to buy locally produced wines.

Port wine industry can be considered as a case study of the effects of globalization, expressed at diverse levels, such as changes in habits of consumption and lifestyles, that lead to a decrease of consumption rates in the last years. The aim of this paper is to understand how to reverse the downward trend, proposing guidelines to increase Port wine competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the core of this research is to compare perception of wine firms and consumers, regarding the actual image and consumption of Port wine. A qualitative approach was applied including In-depth interviews with the directors of companies (n=20) and two focus groups with young consumers (n=15). Data were transcribed verbatim and content analysed. Results showed convergence between perception of wine firms and consumers regarding Port wine needs to increase its competitiveness in the market. Three main dimensions emerged, as the most important areas to develop: 1) promotion; 2) product adaptation to the market and 3) focus on innovation, mostly regarding the sensory characteristics of beverage, the packaging and the communication to consumers. This study aims to contribute to the growing field of wine marketing, which in special Port wine lacks research.

As the world׳s seventh largest wine producer (OIV, 2017), China plays a significant role in the world׳s wine industry. Classified as neither New or Old World it was recently classified into a “New, New World Category” (CNCCEF, 2009 Lawrence, 2016). This paper presents an overview of the Chinese wine industry using evidence from literature of archaeological finds and documents to propose a new category extending the New or Old World definitions. We propose classification of the Chinese wine industry as Ancient World, a term which might also be useful in other producing nations such as Greece and Georgia.

With the rapid adoption of social media by consumers, it is increasingly important for retailers to investigate and consider their use and adoption of social media, and to know which activities are most effective. This can differ by product line and geographical location. Further, for complex products such as wine, with specific consideration of higher price segments, consumers frequently search for more information before purchase. This study investigates the social media adoption and activities of 1173 wineries located in Germany, the USA, New Zealand and Australia. The results show that Facebook is the main platform that wineries use to engage with consumers, but that the actual reasons social media is used vary. Winery size and the number of hours spent working on social media also varies across respondents and countries. The findings suggest that wineries need to develop a clear purpose for using social media and then adapt to the needs of the consumers in their respective markets.

This paper uses a theoretical model to analyze the interaction between general wine sales and enotourism since many wineries sell wine through wine tours as well as wine to non-tourists. We assume that consumers of wine tours, or enotourists, are wine connoisseurs whereas naive wine drinkers drive non-tourism sales. In our model, enotourists use wine tours to judge the quality of the wine, which forms a reputation that is then used by naive wine consumers. We show that wineries may want to decrease (increase) the price of wine via enotourism if their quality is higher (lower) than expected. We analyze this under both exogenous and endogenous quality. We also show that if wineries share a collective reputation, then minimum quality standards can benefit all wineries.

This study assesses the main factors influencing the behavior of wine producers and the strategies implemented by them with regard to changing climatic conditions. To do so, we adopted a Bayesian Network combining climatic, technical, and economic factors, as well as farmer perception and environmental actions. Based on the scientific literature reviewed, a set of research hypotheses was formulated and compared with empirical evidence collected in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. Climatic data, both at the regional and vineyard levels were collected and primary information on wine growing and wine making firms was gathered by means of a producer survey, including 56 wine farms. The results showed that the probability to be negatively affected by the effects of climate change is influenced by structural and technical farm characteristics and by farmer readiness to embrace change. Local climatic conditions, particularly temperature and water surplus, are the factors that most affect both wine production and adaptation behavior in the study area. We conclude that the adoption of focused management and appropriate adaptation strategies, as well as appropriate policies with regard to regulation, incentives and support, are crucial issues for farmers to face the ongoing climatic challenge.

In a world characterized by a significant evolution in wine consumption, Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) wines have constituted a valid strategy of marketing and competitiveness for producers. In 2014, the Consorzio Vino Chianti Classico created the "Chianti Classico Gran Selezione" DOCG (Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita) to strengthen and expand the quality range of its productions. This is a new typology of Chianti Classico placed at the top of the quality production pyramid. The aim of this study is to verify whether the introduction of a higher-tier certification within a PDO denomination can represent an effective strategy to leverage brand value and strengthen the relationship between quality production and territory. With this purpose in mind, we performed a choice experiment on Italian wine consumers. A Latent Class Model allowed us to identify three distinct classes of consumers that differ in their preferences for price and PDO. Moreover, we performed a Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection technique and a Principal Component Factor Analysis for describing these classes according to consumers’ attitudes and personal characteristics. Our results show the existence of a segment that appreciates the introduction of the new label and therefore support the effectiveness of developing this strategy.