Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.948528
José Barbosa, L. Bragança, R. Mateus
A brief analysis of the environmental, social and economic paradigm of today's cities, allows a simple conclusion to be reached: current cities are not sustainable. Considering this, it is very important to study the causes of city problems and to develop city models implementing sustainability practices. There are a limited number of studies developing sustainable city models, but in the scientific community there is an even greater lack of studies about the rehabilitation of current cities to implement these models. This work emerges with the objective of analysing how it is possible to implement sustainability practices in cities through the development of a sustainable city model and an urban rehabilitation plan. The development of sustainable city models is a very complex topic and the analysis of the literature shows that it is necessary to consider the relation between environmental and social aspects in the development of sustainable cities, while taking special care when considering the economic ...
{"title":"New approach addressing sustainability in urban areas using sustainable city models","authors":"José Barbosa, L. Bragança, R. Mateus","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.948528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.948528","url":null,"abstract":"A brief analysis of the environmental, social and economic paradigm of today's cities, allows a simple conclusion to be reached: current cities are not sustainable. Considering this, it is very important to study the causes of city problems and to develop city models implementing sustainability practices. There are a limited number of studies developing sustainable city models, but in the scientific community there is an even greater lack of studies about the rehabilitation of current cities to implement these models. This work emerges with the objective of analysing how it is possible to implement sustainability practices in cities through the development of a sustainable city model and an urban rehabilitation plan. The development of sustainable city models is a very complex topic and the analysis of the literature shows that it is necessary to consider the relation between environmental and social aspects in the development of sustainable cities, while taking special care when considering the economic ...","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.948528","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.979268
M. Ferreira, Manuela Almeida, Ana Rodrigues
Cost optimality and nearly-zero energy buildings are two fundamental concepts within the current European Union policy related to the energy performance of buildings and consequently related to climate change mitigation and non-renewable resources consumption. While cost optimality is mainly focused on costs, nearly-zero energy buildings are focused on low energy consumption levels and on-site renewables harvesting.Using a residential building from a social housing neighbourhood, this study investigates the most cost-effective packages of renovation measures to achieve a zero energy balance building and compares these packages with those resulting from the calculation of cost-optimal levels. The investigation on the trade-offs between both approaches is relevant to achieve a smooth transition from cost-optimal levels to nearly-zero energy buildings.The results show that the measures that lead to the cost-optimal levels are very similar to the ones needed to achieve the zero energy balance and the results ...
{"title":"Cost optimality and net-zero energy in the renovation of Portuguese residential building stock – Rainha Dona Leonor neighbourhood case study","authors":"M. Ferreira, Manuela Almeida, Ana Rodrigues","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.979268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.979268","url":null,"abstract":"Cost optimality and nearly-zero energy buildings are two fundamental concepts within the current European Union policy related to the energy performance of buildings and consequently related to climate change mitigation and non-renewable resources consumption. While cost optimality is mainly focused on costs, nearly-zero energy buildings are focused on low energy consumption levels and on-site renewables harvesting.Using a residential building from a social housing neighbourhood, this study investigates the most cost-effective packages of renovation measures to achieve a zero energy balance building and compares these packages with those resulting from the calculation of cost-optimal levels. The investigation on the trade-offs between both approaches is relevant to achieve a smooth transition from cost-optimal levels to nearly-zero energy buildings.The results show that the measures that lead to the cost-optimal levels are very similar to the ones needed to achieve the zero energy balance and the results ...","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.979268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60075457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.948100
D. Bikas, K. Tsikaloudaki, Konstantinos Laskos
During the last decade, several countries worldwide established systems for the energy rating of windows, which allow for the direct comparison of different window products on a common basis and enable the consumers and designers to select windows with regard to their energy performance. Most of the existing methodologies do not take into account the influence of the windows on the cooling needs, but indicate only their performance during the heating season. However, at the present time the cooling performance is becoming a significant parameter for evaluating the overall building energy performance in Europe.Within this context the current paper attempts to propose a new system for assessing the cooling performance of the windows at a pan-European level. The paper starts with a brief presentation of the existing window energy rating systems found worldwide. In order to propose a new rating system which can be applied across Europe, climatic zones were defined. A detailed analysis of the energy performanc...
{"title":"Energy rating of windows for the cooling season: a proposal for Europe","authors":"D. Bikas, K. Tsikaloudaki, Konstantinos Laskos","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.948100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.948100","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decade, several countries worldwide established systems for the energy rating of windows, which allow for the direct comparison of different window products on a common basis and enable the consumers and designers to select windows with regard to their energy performance. Most of the existing methodologies do not take into account the influence of the windows on the cooling needs, but indicate only their performance during the heating season. However, at the present time the cooling performance is becoming a significant parameter for evaluating the overall building energy performance in Europe.Within this context the current paper attempts to propose a new system for assessing the cooling performance of the windows at a pan-European level. The paper starts with a brief presentation of the existing window energy rating systems found worldwide. In order to propose a new rating system which can be applied across Europe, climatic zones were defined. A detailed analysis of the energy performanc...","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.948100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.979905
Gráinne McGill, Lukumon O. Oyedele, G. Keeffe, Peter Keig
The quality of indoor air in energy efficient buildings is a significantly important yet under-researched area, particularly in a social housing context. This study investigated perceptions of UK building professionals regarding the effect of energy efficient design strategies on indoor air quality. In-depth interviews were conducted with building professionals of four recently completed UK energy efficient social housing projects. The interviews explored perceptions of the importance of indoor air quality consideration during the design process, the impact of energy efficient design strategies on indoor air and the application of Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR) systems in a social housing context.The results suggest a significant lack of attention to indoor air quality in energy efficient social housing projects; attributed to a lack of knowledge, perceived costs associated with indoor air quality strategies, focus on energy efficiency goals and a fundamental lack of motivation. Furtherm...
{"title":"Indoor air quality and the suitability of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems in energy efficient social housing projects: perceptions of UK building professionals","authors":"Gráinne McGill, Lukumon O. Oyedele, G. Keeffe, Peter Keig","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.979905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.979905","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of indoor air in energy efficient buildings is a significantly important yet under-researched area, particularly in a social housing context. This study investigated perceptions of UK building professionals regarding the effect of energy efficient design strategies on indoor air quality. In-depth interviews were conducted with building professionals of four recently completed UK energy efficient social housing projects. The interviews explored perceptions of the importance of indoor air quality consideration during the design process, the impact of energy efficient design strategies on indoor air and the application of Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR) systems in a social housing context.The results suggest a significant lack of attention to indoor air quality in energy efficient social housing projects; attributed to a lack of knowledge, perceived costs associated with indoor air quality strategies, focus on energy efficiency goals and a fundamental lack of motivation. Furtherm...","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.979905","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60075033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-18DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.921970
Sungwoo Shin
{"title":"Special issue - Editor's Note","authors":"Sungwoo Shin","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.921970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.921970","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.921970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-18DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.908813
S. Salat, L. Bourdic
Chinese cities are hovering in their average density close to the threshold of 5000 inhabitant/km2, with highly dense congested cores and a vast suburban expansion where the suburban area has been multiplied by 1.8 every 10 years for the last 2 decades. If the present trends continue, Chinese suburban density will be around 2500 inhabitant/km2 in 2030, with suburbs 36 times bigger in surface than the core, as the Shanghai case exemplifies. It would notably lead to a tripling of energy demand for transportation and contribute to increasing the infrastructure costs per capita. China needs an urgent and ambitious shift toward infill urban development to avoid the current trend of edge and leapfrog growth that feeds de-densification and urban sprawl. National and local policies must promote and foster compact urban development and high levels of articulated density: high residential density, high job density, neighbourhood scale mixed use, and high density of urban amenities to improve accessibility.
{"title":"Spatial growth and urban densities in China - trends and impacts on economic and energy efficiency","authors":"S. Salat, L. Bourdic","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.908813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.908813","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese cities are hovering in their average density close to the threshold of 5000 inhabitant/km2, with highly dense congested cores and a vast suburban expansion where the suburban area has been multiplied by 1.8 every 10 years for the last 2 decades. If the present trends continue, Chinese suburban density will be around 2500 inhabitant/km2 in 2030, with suburbs 36 times bigger in surface than the core, as the Shanghai case exemplifies. It would notably lead to a tripling of energy demand for transportation and contribute to increasing the infrastructure costs per capita. China needs an urgent and ambitious shift toward infill urban development to avoid the current trend of edge and leapfrog growth that feeds de-densification and urban sprawl. National and local policies must promote and foster compact urban development and high levels of articulated density: high residential density, high job density, neighbourhood scale mixed use, and high density of urban amenities to improve accessibility.","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.908813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-18DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.908809
Chang-ho Moon
This paper focuses on the sustainability of floating architecture. Compared to usual buildings on land, floating buildings on water have great advantages in terms of sustainability. Sustainability in architecture has primarily dealt with physical aspects, but discussions of sustainability need to be extended to non-physical aspects because buildings are to be used by people with various purposes and meanings. Sustainability of floating architecture in three dimensions can be summarised as durability to a rise in water level, long term usage due to movability and relocation, use of local material, and various applications of renewable energy sources in the environmental dimension; economic advantages due to prefabrication and modular construction, and economic efficiency due to high utilisation rate through global mobility in the economic dimension; and residents' psychological comfort, strengthened security against crime, and high sense of community in the social dimension.
{"title":"Three dimensions of sustainability and floating architecture","authors":"Chang-ho Moon","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.908809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.908809","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the sustainability of floating architecture. Compared to usual buildings on land, floating buildings on water have great advantages in terms of sustainability. Sustainability in architecture has primarily dealt with physical aspects, but discussions of sustainability need to be extended to non-physical aspects because buildings are to be used by people with various purposes and meanings. Sustainability of floating architecture in three dimensions can be summarised as durability to a rise in water level, long term usage due to movability and relocation, use of local material, and various applications of renewable energy sources in the environmental dimension; economic advantages due to prefabrication and modular construction, and economic efficiency due to high utilisation rate through global mobility in the economic dimension; and residents' psychological comfort, strengthened security against crime, and high sense of community in the social dimension.","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.908809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-18DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2013.875495
Robert L. Martin, J. Jo
The growing demand for clean electricity production is driven by increased energy consumption, electricity rate volatility, and environmental policy changes that reflect a change in consumer preferences. The need for a more sustainable society presents a unique opportunity for educational institutions to help facilitate this change with the construction of environmentally friendly energy producing systems. The purpose of this research is to assess the feasibility of a utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation system on Illinois State University's (ISU) campus. The potential power production from the PV system can be estimated through analysis of the climate information and utilising PV system modeling software. In this feasibility analysis, eight utility-scale PV systems were modeled and simulated to determine three optimal systems for the university. Implementing clean energy systems into educational institutions will also increase the general public's awareness about the societal shift towa...
{"title":"Promoting sustainable infrastructure: a feasibility analysis of a utility-scale PV covered parking structure","authors":"Robert L. Martin, J. Jo","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2013.875495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2013.875495","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for clean electricity production is driven by increased energy consumption, electricity rate volatility, and environmental policy changes that reflect a change in consumer preferences. The need for a more sustainable society presents a unique opportunity for educational institutions to help facilitate this change with the construction of environmentally friendly energy producing systems. The purpose of this research is to assess the feasibility of a utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation system on Illinois State University's (ISU) campus. The potential power production from the PV system can be estimated through analysis of the climate information and utilising PV system modeling software. In this feasibility analysis, eight utility-scale PV systems were modeled and simulated to determine three optimal systems for the university. Implementing clean energy systems into educational institutions will also increase the general public's awareness about the societal shift towa...","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2013.875495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-18DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2014.914984
Myengsoo Seo
This paper explores the approach to cultural sustainability through architectural preservation. It analyses Frank Lloyd Wright's design of the Florida Southern College campus in Lakeland, Florida in the United States as a case study. This campus contains the largest unified collection of Wright's architecture. Between the 1930s and the 1950s, he designed the master plan as well as 10 individual buildings for this project. These buildings compose the core of the campus, which is located on a hillside facing a lake to the south. The campus serves as a critical exemplar for demonstrating the cohesive interaction between humanity, buildings, and landscapes that is lacking in typical modernism. In addition, this campus demonstrates influences from various Eastern thoughts on Frank Lloyd Wright's design. The preservation of this campus is not only related to the cultural and historical identity of this college, but also acts as a lived site for visitors to reflect on the fundamental meaning of human existence. ...
{"title":"Cultural sustainability through architectural preservation: A case study of Frank Lloyd Wright's Florida Southern College","authors":"Myengsoo Seo","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2014.914984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.914984","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the approach to cultural sustainability through architectural preservation. It analyses Frank Lloyd Wright's design of the Florida Southern College campus in Lakeland, Florida in the United States as a case study. This campus contains the largest unified collection of Wright's architecture. Between the 1930s and the 1950s, he designed the master plan as well as 10 individual buildings for this project. These buildings compose the core of the campus, which is located on a hillside facing a lake to the south. The campus serves as a critical exemplar for demonstrating the cohesive interaction between humanity, buildings, and landscapes that is lacking in typical modernism. In addition, this campus demonstrates influences from various Eastern thoughts on Frank Lloyd Wright's design. The preservation of this campus is not only related to the cultural and historical identity of this college, but also acts as a lived site for visitors to reflect on the fundamental meaning of human existence. ...","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2014.914984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-18DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2013.845617
F. Yu, K. Chan, R. Sit
Chiller systems are commonly used to provide cooling energy in commercial buildings but with considerable electricity and water consumption. This paper discusses the environmental benefits of a sustainable chiller system with full variable speed control under climate change. Hourly weather data of climate change scenarios in 2020, 2050 and 2080 were predicted by using the program CCWorldWeatherGen, based on a typical meteorological year weather file for Hong Kong. The building simulation program EnergyPlus was used to model a full variable speed chiller system and a conventional system operating for a reference office building. Simulation results show that the environmental performance of the sustainable system is superior to the conventional ones with annual electricity saving of 25.7–31.5%, water saving of 1.8–2.2% and carbon emissions reduction of 25.6–30.3% under the three climate change scenarios. The sustainable system would bring an improvement in the annual average coefficient of performance even ...
{"title":"Environmental benefits of sustainable chiller system under climate change","authors":"F. Yu, K. Chan, R. Sit","doi":"10.1080/2093761X.2013.845617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2013.845617","url":null,"abstract":"Chiller systems are commonly used to provide cooling energy in commercial buildings but with considerable electricity and water consumption. This paper discusses the environmental benefits of a sustainable chiller system with full variable speed control under climate change. Hourly weather data of climate change scenarios in 2020, 2050 and 2080 were predicted by using the program CCWorldWeatherGen, based on a typical meteorological year weather file for Hong Kong. The building simulation program EnergyPlus was used to model a full variable speed chiller system and a conventional system operating for a reference office building. Simulation results show that the environmental performance of the sustainable system is superior to the conventional ones with annual electricity saving of 25.7–31.5%, water saving of 1.8–2.2% and carbon emissions reduction of 25.6–30.3% under the three climate change scenarios. The sustainable system would bring an improvement in the annual average coefficient of performance even ...","PeriodicalId":38108,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/2093761X.2013.845617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60074545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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