Alois Rašín (1867-1923) was a Czech and Czechoslovak politician, economist, one of the founders of Czechoslovakia and its first finance minister. Alois Rašín is also the author of the first Czechoslovak law and the creator of the national currency, i.e. the Czechoslovak koruna. Rašín was a representative of conservative liberalism. The paper presents a review of Alois Rašín's concepts, views as the Minister of Finance of Czechoslovakia. Particular attention was paid to his efforts to regulate the currency and monetary system of Czechoslovakia, and to fight galloping inflation (hyperinflation). Rašín supported the free competition, believed in an entrepreneurial society, and believed that the state should strive to maintain a balanced budget.
{"title":"Alois Rašin – czeski i czechosłowacki ekonomista. Przegląd wybranych koncepcji, poglądów i doświadczeń","authors":"A. Oleksiuk","doi":"10.31648/pw.6872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6872","url":null,"abstract":"Alois Rašín (1867-1923) was a Czech and Czechoslovak politician, economist, one of the founders of Czechoslovakia and its first finance minister. Alois Rašín is also the author of the first Czechoslovak law and the creator of the national currency, i.e. the Czechoslovak koruna. Rašín was a representative of conservative liberalism. The paper presents a review of Alois Rašín's concepts, views as the Minister of Finance of Czechoslovakia. Particular attention was paid to his efforts to regulate the currency and monetary system of Czechoslovakia, and to fight galloping inflation (hyperinflation). Rašín supported the free competition, believed in an entrepreneurial society, and believed that the state should strive to maintain a balanced budget.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yezidis is a religious group of Yezidi faith, sometimes identifying with Kurds or considering themselves a separate ethnic group. Parts of the Yezidi diaspora are scattered mainly in the countries of the Middle East. In Armenia, they are the largest minority in this country, with a population of around 30,000. The article presents the process of Yezidi acculturation in Armenia. The concept of acculturation of D. Sam and J. Berry, which takes into account the degree to which people want to preserve their identity and culture, and the degree to which they want to be in contact with people outside their own group and participate in everyday life within the framework of wider society, turned out to be helpful here. In the case of the Armenian Yezidis, the acculturation process is quite diverse, as it extends between integrating with the Armenian society and remaining on the margins of it.
{"title":"Armeńscy Jezydzi. Proces akulturacji a specyfika diaspory","authors":"Grzegorz Pełczyński, Adam Pomieciński","doi":"10.31648/pw.6880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6880","url":null,"abstract":"Yezidis is a religious group of Yezidi faith, sometimes identifying with Kurds or considering themselves a separate ethnic group. Parts of the Yezidi diaspora are scattered mainly in the countries of the Middle East. In Armenia, they are the largest minority in this country, with a population of around 30,000. The article presents the process of Yezidi acculturation in Armenia. The concept of acculturation of D. Sam and J. Berry, which takes into account the degree to which people want to preserve their identity and culture, and the degree to which they want to be in contact with people outside their own group and participate in everyday life within the framework of wider society, turned out to be helpful here. In the case of the Armenian Yezidis, the acculturation process is quite diverse, as it extends between integrating with the Armenian society and remaining on the margins of it.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper focuses on the notion of legal culture in anthropocentric depiction as an informational-semiotic function. The authors present a typology of cultural-civilisational motives for breaking the law. A range of cultural-civilisational motives (naturalistic, turanic, byzantinic, theocratic, europeistic, and consumerist) expressed in the form of discursive statements was presented in detail; these motives cause breaking the law in a causal synergetic mode (ignorance of the law) and in a cybernetic mode (disregard for the law). The authors distinguish several types of verbal excuses for breaking the law widespread in Russian and Ukrainian legal culture discourse.
{"title":"Analiza kulturowo-cywilizacyjna publicznego dyskursu łamania prawa w Rosji i na Ukrainie","authors":"Oleg Leszczak, Oksana Prosianyk","doi":"10.31648/pw.6885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6885","url":null,"abstract":"The paper focuses on the notion of legal culture in anthropocentric depiction as an informational-semiotic function. The authors present a typology of cultural-civilisational motives for breaking the law. A range of cultural-civilisational motives (naturalistic, turanic, byzantinic, theocratic, europeistic, and consumerist) expressed in the form of discursive statements was presented in detail; these motives cause breaking the law in a causal synergetic mode (ignorance of the law) and in a cybernetic mode (disregard for the law). The authors distinguish several types of verbal excuses for breaking the law widespread in Russian and Ukrainian legal culture discourse.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49063605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Partnership creates a basis for relations and connections (including between states, cross-border and interregional), enabling the development of contacts and comprehensive economic and non-economic cooperation. This role is performed in its various forms and on a different basis. The article presents the partnership (including the economic one) that is being implemented between Poland and Russia, its scope, stages of development and the existing tariff, non- and par-tariff barriers in trade. The analysis shows that currently the Polish-Russian partnership is selective in nature and is subject to a high degree of uncertainty as a result of political decisions.
{"title":"Czy partnerstwo Polski i Rosji jest platformą do kontaktów i współpracy gospodarczej?","authors":"R. Kisiel, Izabela Zabielska","doi":"10.31648/pw.6871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6871","url":null,"abstract":"Partnership creates a basis for relations and connections (including between states, cross-border and interregional), enabling the development of contacts and comprehensive economic and non-economic cooperation. This role is performed in its various forms and on a different basis. The article presents the partnership (including the economic one) that is being implemented between Poland and Russia, its scope, stages of development and the existing tariff, non- and par-tariff barriers in trade. The analysis shows that currently the Polish-Russian partnership is selective in nature and is subject to a high degree of uncertainty as a result of political decisions.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Warsaw Pact created in 1955 for almost 40 years played an important role in maintaining international security. Poland, due to its military and economic potential, was the second largest member of this alliance. For this reason, it sought to ensure a real impact on its functioning, which was reflected in its active participation in the implementation of the provisions of the agreement on the political, military and economic levels. Poland's political activity was expressed in numerous initiatives to ensure peace and in active participation in international cooperation. Military commitments were implemented through the preparation of modern operational troops, from which a strategic and operational union was created in the form of a Maritime Front, ready to act as part of the United Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact throughout the period of membership in this alliance. In turn, economic cooperation was manifested in close cooperation in the production of various weapon systems and military equipment, as well as the development of defense infrastructure for both own needs and allies.
{"title":"Polska w Układzie Warszawskim – realizacja zobowiązań","authors":"J. Kajetanowicz","doi":"10.31648/pw.6882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6882","url":null,"abstract":"The Warsaw Pact created in 1955 for almost 40 years played an important role in maintaining international security. Poland, due to its military and economic potential, was the second largest member of this alliance. For this reason, it sought to ensure a real impact on its functioning, which was reflected in its active participation in the implementation of the provisions of the agreement on the political, military and economic levels. Poland's political activity was expressed in numerous initiatives to ensure peace and in active participation in international cooperation. Military commitments were implemented through the preparation of modern operational troops, from which a strategic and operational union was created in the form of a Maritime Front, ready to act as part of the United Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact throughout the period of membership in this alliance. In turn, economic cooperation was manifested in close cooperation in the production of various weapon systems and military equipment, as well as the development of defense infrastructure for both own needs and allies.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past two decades, Russian foreign policy has evolved significantly. Its aim is to seek a change in the global balance of power. This evolution proceeded from attempts to establish cooperation with the West, through a confrontational narrative, ending with political and military actions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the present Russian view of the current international order and to define its future shape based on assumptions and specific actions in the sphere of the aforementioned foreign policy. Particularly useful for the needs of the conducted research is the reference to the theory of political realism. This is determined by the fact that the Russian Federation, contesting the current hegemonic international order, aims to create a multipolar world with the key balancing role of the great powers.
{"title":"The Russian vision of strategic balance in the 21st century in the spirit of political realism","authors":"Malina Kaszuba","doi":"10.31648/pw.6879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6879","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, Russian foreign policy has evolved significantly. Its aim is to seek a change in the global balance of power. This evolution proceeded from attempts to establish cooperation with the West, through a confrontational narrative, ending with political and military actions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the present Russian view of the current international order and to define its future shape based on assumptions and specific actions in the sphere of the aforementioned foreign policy. Particularly useful for the needs of the conducted research is the reference to the theory of political realism. This is determined by the fact that the Russian Federation, contesting the current hegemonic international order, aims to create a multipolar world with the key balancing role of the great powers.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The naive anatomy of the Kazakhs, the nomadic Turkic people, has evolved over millennia and is based on knowledge about the anatomy of animals. Various mental properties, emotions are attributed to the internal organs of a person, which is reflected in the metaphorical and metonymic use of their names and idioms. The article examines the somatism jurek (‘heart’) in the Kazakh naive anatomy which denotes the second most important internal organ, giving way to the primacy of the liver, the most important organ from the point of view of nomads. The carriers of Russian-speaking and English-speaking cultures consider the heart as the most important internal organ. The complex of meaningful features is determined, showing the universality of the conceptualization of jurek/ serdtse/ heart, while a number of descriptors demonstrate the peculiarity of the naive-anatomical views of the Kazakhs.
{"title":"One More Time about the Heart: Naive Anatomy in the Kazakh Language in Comparison with Russian and English","authors":"Z. Temirgazina, A. Albekova, Z. Kurmanova","doi":"10.31648/pw.6892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6892","url":null,"abstract":"The naive anatomy of the Kazakhs, the nomadic Turkic people, has evolved over millennia and is based on knowledge about the anatomy of animals. Various mental properties, emotions are attributed to the internal organs of a person, which is reflected in the metaphorical and metonymic use of their names and idioms. The article examines the somatism jurek (‘heart’) in the Kazakh naive anatomy which denotes the second most important internal organ, giving way to the primacy of the liver, the most important organ from the point of view of nomads. The carriers of Russian-speaking and English-speaking cultures consider the heart as the most important internal organ. The complex of meaningful features is determined, showing the universality of the conceptualization of jurek/ serdtse/ heart, while a number of descriptors demonstrate the peculiarity of the naive-anatomical views of the Kazakhs.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to analyse the policy of détente between the West and the East at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from Poland’s perspective. The article begins with a synthetic theoretical and historical introduction concerning the formation of a new international order, particularly in Europe. The state of research on the CSCE in Poland is also outlined in a synthetic way. Then the analysis of Poland's role in the CSCE forum is presented in the context of the multifaceted negotiation processes in a chronological and problematic arrangement from the perspective of the theory of international roles. Endo-, and especially exogenous, connections concerning Poland’s functioning in the Eastern Bloc, including the hegemonic position of the USSR in it, were taken into account. Particular focus is placed on the implications of the CSCE Final Act for Poland. The article is based on Polish and English-language sources.
{"title":"Détente między Zachodem a Wschodem. Konferencja Bezpieczeństwa i Współpracy w Europie z perspektywy Polski","authors":"Arkadiusz Żukowski, Marcin Chełminiak","doi":"10.31648/pw.6878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6878","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to analyse the policy of détente between the West and the East at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from Poland’s perspective. The article begins with a synthetic theoretical and historical introduction concerning the formation of a new international order, particularly in Europe. The state of research on the CSCE in Poland is also outlined in a synthetic way. Then the analysis of Poland's role in the CSCE forum is presented in the context of the multifaceted negotiation processes in a chronological and problematic arrangement from the perspective of the theory of international roles. Endo-, and especially exogenous, connections concerning Poland’s functioning in the Eastern Bloc, including the hegemonic position of the USSR in it, were taken into account. Particular focus is placed on the implications of the CSCE Final Act for Poland. The article is based on Polish and English-language sources.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47924326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The end of World War I brought the issue of the borders of the reborn Poland on the agenda. Their shaping was a long and dramatic process. Among the numerous disputes and conflicts, the Polish-Russian war occupies a special place. Its effect was the defense of the reborn state and the establishment of the eastern border of Poland. The war began in February 1919. However, it ended with the signing of the preliminary treaty on October 12, 1920, and the peace treaty on March 18, 1921 in Riga. The peace treaty eliminated the state of war and established the border line between Poland and Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Its precise delimitation in the field and placing border marks on it was carried out by a special mixed border commission consisting of two delegations - Polish and Russian-Ukrainian-Belarusian. The content of this article is an attempt to look at one of the most important events in the modern history of Poland from the perspective of 100 years, which was the establishment and guidelines of the eastern border of Poland by a mixed border commission. The aim of the paper is to present the work of the committees which took place in an atmosphere of constant dispute and conflicts between representatives of the delegations of both countries. Both parties repeatedly threatened to terminate or suspend the works. Due to the volume framework, it is not possible to fully characterize the archival sources and the published publications. It could be a topic of a separate study. I hope that the bibliography attached to the article will help to provide a thorough and comprehensive presentation of the topic.
{"title":"Ustalenie granicy polsko-sowieckiej – w 100. rocznicę delimitacji granicy ryskiej","authors":"H. Łach","doi":"10.31648/pw.6865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6865","url":null,"abstract":"The end of World War I brought the issue of the borders of the reborn Poland on the agenda. Their shaping was a long and dramatic process. Among the numerous disputes and conflicts, the Polish-Russian war occupies a special place. Its effect was the defense of the reborn state and the establishment of the eastern border of Poland. The war began in February 1919. However, it ended with the signing of the preliminary treaty on October 12, 1920, and the peace treaty on March 18, 1921 in Riga. The peace treaty eliminated the state of war and established the border line between Poland and Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Its precise delimitation in the field and placing border marks on it was carried out by a special mixed border commission consisting of two delegations - Polish and Russian-Ukrainian-Belarusian. The content of this article is an attempt to look at one of the most important events in the modern history of Poland from the perspective of 100 years, which was the establishment and guidelines of the eastern border of Poland by a mixed border commission. The aim of the paper is to present the work of the committees which took place in an atmosphere of constant dispute and conflicts between representatives of the delegations of both countries. Both parties repeatedly threatened to terminate or suspend the works. Due to the volume framework, it is not possible to fully characterize the archival sources and the published publications. It could be a topic of a separate study. I hope that the bibliography attached to the article will help to provide a thorough and comprehensive presentation of the topic.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49181782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This dissertation examines criminality in Russia. It presents actual crime situation and judicial activities between 2009 and 2018 as well as dynamics and structure of committed crime. In addition, the Author introduces figures, structure, main features of the sentenced and imposed penalties. These considerations lead to the assumption that during the period of crime decrease in Russia, penalties become to be really harsh. Both statistical analysis of state authorities and criminological literature were used in the research.
{"title":"Instytucjonalna reakcja państwa wobec przestępczości w Rosji","authors":"K. Laskowska","doi":"10.31648/pw.6881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6881","url":null,"abstract":"This dissertation examines criminality in Russia. It presents actual crime situation and judicial activities between 2009 and 2018 as well as dynamics and structure of committed crime. In addition, the Author introduces figures, structure, main features of the sentenced and imposed penalties. These considerations lead to the assumption that during the period of crime decrease in Russia, penalties become to be really harsh. Both statistical analysis of state authorities and criminological literature were used in the research.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49112531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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