The aim of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, was to clarify Russian views on strategic deterrence and the mechanisms of its application. It was established that strategic deterrence has a broader scope of meaning than its Western counterpart, as it encompasses peacetime, the influence of crisis and wartime by nuclear, non-nuclear and non-military means. Russian deterrence is universal in nature because it shapes the behavior of strategic rivals without the need for armed confrontation. Holistic coercive campaigns conducted in cyberspace allow to combine conventional military and non-military capabilities with nuclear ones and achieve political goals in the ongoing international competition.
{"title":"Odstraszanie strategiczne mechanizmem prowadzenia przez Federację Rosyjską rywalizacji międzynarodowej","authors":"M. Banasik","doi":"10.31648/pw.7664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7664","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, was to clarify Russian views on strategic deterrence and the mechanisms of its application. It was established that strategic deterrence has a broader scope of meaning than its Western counterpart, as it encompasses peacetime, the influence of crisis and wartime by nuclear, non-nuclear and non-military means. Russian deterrence is universal in nature because it shapes the behavior of strategic rivals without the need for armed confrontation. Holistic coercive campaigns conducted in cyberspace allow to combine conventional military and non-military capabilities with nuclear ones and achieve political goals in the ongoing international competition.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49638034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the paper is to present the results of a study of psychological salience of colour terms for women and men who are native speakers of Russian. In our study, we employed the elicitation list task which is a five-minute psychological test designed to determine which and to what degree colour terms are psychologically important to language users. There were 26 Russian speakers – 13 women and 13 men – who participated in the test. The test results provide us with adequate material to be used to analyze both quantitative and qualitative differences between the female and male colour lexicons, and additionally, to estimate the scope of these differences. The study confirms the observations made by other researchers, as well as the popular opinion that women have a richer selection of colour words at their disposal and that they actually know many more metonymic colour terms than men.
{"title":"Rosyjskie słownictwo barw u kobiet i mężczyzn (badania wstępne)","authors":"Danuta Stanulewicz, E. Komorowska","doi":"10.31648/pw.7670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7670","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to present the results of a study of psychological salience of colour terms for women and men who are native speakers of Russian. In our study, we employed the elicitation list task which is a five-minute psychological test designed to determine which and to what degree colour terms are psychologically important to language users. There were 26 Russian speakers – 13 women and 13 men – who participated in the test. The test results provide us with adequate material to be used to analyze both quantitative and qualitative differences between the female and male colour lexicons, and additionally, to estimate the scope of these differences. The study confirms the observations made by other researchers, as well as the popular opinion that women have a richer selection of colour words at their disposal and that they actually know many more metonymic colour terms than men.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The post-Soviet states are also known as the former Soviet Republics (FSR). With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Moscow lost almost a quarter of its territory and nearly 150,000,000 people. As a result of this process, 15 sovereign states emerged or reemerged. The post-Soviet states are very diverse in terms of culture, economy, and politics. Moreover, the phenomenon of terrorism varies in the indicated area. The research goal of this study is to identify trends related to terrorism taking place in the post-Soviet space in the years 2014-2020 (in some cases, the analysis covers the years 2015-2019, due to data availability). The research area covers the former Soviet republics, which are further divided by the author into four subregions (Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and Baltic states) that are linked by cultural and geopolitical factors. Therefore, the research object covers 15 states and 4 subregions.
{"title":"Terrorism in post-Soviet space. Comparative analysis of the phenomenon in the former Sovi-et republics after 2014","authors":"Malina Kaszuba, M. Stempień","doi":"10.31648/pw.7658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7658","url":null,"abstract":"The post-Soviet states are also known as the former Soviet Republics (FSR). With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Moscow lost almost a quarter of its territory and nearly 150,000,000 people. As a result of this process, 15 sovereign states emerged or reemerged. The post-Soviet states are very diverse in terms of culture, economy, and politics. Moreover, the phenomenon of terrorism varies in the indicated area. The research goal of this study is to identify trends related to terrorism taking place in the post-Soviet space in the years 2014-2020 (in some cases, the analysis covers the years 2015-2019, due to data availability). The research area covers the former Soviet republics, which are further divided by the author into four subregions (Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and Baltic states) that are linked by cultural and geopolitical factors. Therefore, the research object covers 15 states and 4 subregions. ","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49228134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article focuses on the national identity, activities and development prospects of the Polish minority in the Vinnytsia region in Ukraine. The analysis is based on the field studies conducted within the framework of the project “State policy on national minorities rights protection: experience of Ukraine and Poland.” The aim of the research was to study the phenomenon of national identity and activities of the Polish minority in the Vinnytsia region. The field studies were carried out from April to August 2019 with the participation of leaders of the sixteen Polish minority organizations operating in the Vinnytsia region.
{"title":"Mniejszość polska w obwodzie winnickim (Ukraina): stan tożsamości narodowej, działalność i możliwości rozwoju","authors":"Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk, Roman Kordoński","doi":"10.31648/pw.7662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7662","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the national identity, activities and development prospects of the Polish minority in the Vinnytsia region in Ukraine. The analysis is based on the field studies conducted within the framework of the project “State policy on national minorities rights protection: experience of Ukraine and Poland.” The aim of the research was to study the phenomenon of national identity and activities of the Polish minority in the Vinnytsia region. The field studies were carried out from April to August 2019 with the participation of leaders of the sixteen Polish minority organizations operating in the Vinnytsia region.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article elucidates the endangerment to Poland's military security by the USSR in the interwar period of three sub-periods: 1921-1926, 1926-1935, and 1935-1939. The fragmentary sources of the undertaken research complexity are dispersed, secured in the Polish and foreign archives. In Poland, the reconnoiter of this topic began after the turn of 1989. Almost throughout the entire period under investigation, the Polish supreme State and military authorities assessed that the USSR (until December 30th, 1922, Russia) is the biggest threat to Poland's military security. In March 1939, they reconsidered this assessment focusing on Germany as the main threat to Poland's independence, mistakenly assuming that in the early period of the war, the USSR would remain neutral. The article analyzes, therefore, the Polish assessments of the USSR's sinister actions aimed at undermining the security of the Republic of Poland, and Polish counteractive decisions and safeguarding activities
{"title":"Zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa militarnego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przez Związek Radziecki w okresie międzywojennym","authors":"W. Włodarkiewicz","doi":"10.31648/pw.7655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7655","url":null,"abstract":"The article elucidates the endangerment to Poland's military security by the USSR in the interwar period of three sub-periods: 1921-1926, 1926-1935, and 1935-1939. The fragmentary sources of the undertaken research complexity are dispersed, secured in the Polish and foreign archives. In Poland, the reconnoiter of this topic began after the turn of 1989. Almost throughout the entire period under investigation, the Polish supreme State and military authorities assessed that the USSR (until December 30th, 1922, Russia) is the biggest threat to Poland's military security. In March 1939, they reconsidered this assessment focusing on Germany as the main threat to Poland's independence, mistakenly assuming that in the early period of the war, the USSR would remain neutral. The article analyzes, therefore, the Polish assessments of the USSR's sinister actions aimed at undermining the security of the Republic of Poland, and Polish counteractive decisions and safeguarding activities","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper attempts to provide an analysis of the phenomenon of grammatical interaction in the categorial area of aspect, tense and deontic modality under the presumption that these three functions are mutually connected with each other and form a setting of overtly or covertly encoded interface. The source text is written in English which is a language without the so called “Slavic-style aspect” i.e. the grammatically denoted opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity. Thus, the deontic modality, which is a typical feature of each juristic text, is encoded in it by means of overt modal signals (modal verbs and other modal entities) in connection with the tense forms, especially the future tense. The Polish and Russian translations encode the deontic modality both by means of grammatical aspect, modal entities and tense forms. The paper investigates the relations between overt and covert expressions of deontic modality. The main claim is based on the assumption by Werner Abraham that deontic modality is strictly linked to the category of perfectivity which is encoded in Russian and Polish by means of the grammatical aspect (“viewpoint aspect”). The second claim is the preference of passive and impersonal constructions both in the source text and in its translations which is caused by the specificity sort of the analyzed text.
{"title":"Modalność deontyczna w angielskiej, polskiej i rosyjskiej wersji powszechnej deklaracji praw człowieka","authors":"Michaił Kotin, Patrycja Montusiewicz","doi":"10.31648/pw.7668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7668","url":null,"abstract":"The paper attempts to provide an analysis of the phenomenon of grammatical interaction in the categorial area of aspect, tense and deontic modality under the presumption that these three functions are mutually connected with each other and form a setting of overtly or covertly encoded interface. The source text is written in English which is a language without the so called “Slavic-style aspect” i.e. the grammatically denoted opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity. Thus, the deontic modality, which is a typical feature of each juristic text, is encoded in it by means of overt modal signals (modal verbs and other modal entities) in connection with the tense forms, especially the future tense. The Polish and Russian translations encode the deontic modality both by means of grammatical aspect, modal entities and tense forms. The paper investigates the relations between overt and covert expressions of deontic modality. The main claim is based on the assumption by Werner Abraham that deontic modality is strictly linked to the category of perfectivity which is encoded in Russian and Polish by means of the grammatical aspect (“viewpoint aspect”). The second claim is the preference of passive and impersonal constructions both in the source text and in its translations which is caused by the specificity sort of the analyzed text.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the newspaper “Novoe Vremya” in the first years of its existence (1868-1871), when its editor-publisher Adam Honory Kirkor (1819-1886) set the tone. The subject of this article is the reputation of “Novoe Vremya” as an organ representing Polish interests in Russia. Discourse analysis method was used in the research. The basis of the source material are the yearbooks of the newspaper, additionally the Polish press was used. The conclusions of the study demonstrate a strong identification of “Novoe Vremya” with Polishness, perceived by the tsarist and the Russian public opinion as a cultural force preventing an effective unification of the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Russian Empire. At the same time, the relatively low readership and recognition of the newspaper in Polish circles are shown. This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation. The grant No. 19-18-00073 “National Identity in the Imperial Politics of Memory: History of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian State in Historiography and Social Thought of the 19th-20th Centuries”.
{"title":"Odbiór gazety „Nowoje Wriemia” (1868-1871) w Rosji. Przyczynek do dziejów recepcji prasy w epoce wielkich reform","authors":"Mikolaj Banaszkiewicz","doi":"10.31648/pw.7653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7653","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the newspaper “Novoe Vremya” in the first years of its existence (1868-1871), when its editor-publisher Adam Honory Kirkor (1819-1886) set the tone. The subject of this article is the reputation of “Novoe Vremya” as an organ representing Polish interests in Russia. Discourse analysis method was used in the research. The basis of the source material are the yearbooks of the newspaper, additionally the Polish press was used. The conclusions of the study demonstrate a strong identification of “Novoe Vremya” with Polishness, perceived by the tsarist and the Russian public opinion as a cultural force preventing an effective unification of the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Russian Empire. At the same time, the relatively low readership and recognition of the newspaper in Polish circles are shown. This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation. The grant No. 19-18-00073 “National Identity in the Imperial Politics of Memory: History of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian State in Historiography and Social Thought of the 19th-20th Centuries”.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of rapid socio-economic development in Europe in the 19th century was, among others, the creation of newspapers targeted at specific groups of recipients, including the boulevard press, addressed to the less affluent parts of society. One of them was the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” founded in 1910 in Kraków. Although these types of magazines were not highly valued on the press market, their volume, and especially their big edition, incline to a closer look at the content presented in them. Even a cursory reading of individual issues of the newspaper leads to the conclusion that the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” is an interesting source of information about the reality in those times. This is particularly evident during the Balkan wars, when materials on diplomatic activities were published very often and occupied a leading position prior to scandals, rumors and criminal reports.
{"title":"Działania dyplomatyczne podczas drugiej wojny bałkańskiej w publikacjach bulwarowego dziennika „Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny”","authors":"Jarosław Rubacha","doi":"10.31648/pw.7654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7654","url":null,"abstract":" The effect of rapid socio-economic development in Europe in the 19th century was, among others, the creation of newspapers targeted at specific groups of recipients, including the boulevard press, addressed to the less affluent parts of society. One of them was the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” founded in 1910 in Kraków. Although these types of magazines were not highly valued on the press market, their volume, and especially their big edition, incline to a closer look at the content presented in them. Even a cursory reading of individual issues of the newspaper leads to the conclusion that the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” is an interesting source of information about the reality in those times. This is particularly evident during the Balkan wars, when materials on diplomatic activities were published very often and occupied a leading position prior to scandals, rumors and criminal reports.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The focus of the literary post-colonial discourse in this article is Claudius Crönert’s novel on Herkus Monte “Die Herren der Schwerter”, published in 2011, which distances itself from the old Prussian topoi and, instead, creates a new post-colonial reality. The article deals with the problem of postcolonialism and its absence in the context of Prussian research. As a theory, postcolonialism is still shaped by Eurocentric notions of a foreign discourse that mostly focuses on former colonies in far-flung parts of the world, which is illustrated here by a text by Walter Benjamin. The multi-coded past of Prussia is discussed in my contribution on the basis of the change from colonial discourse to post-colonial discourse. The reception of the pre-colonial times of the Baltic tribes is presented in the journal Adrastea on the basis of Herder’s latest work, specifically his reflections on the ‘ancestors’ of Prussia.
本文的文学后殖民话语的焦点是克劳迪斯Crönert于2011年出版的关于赫尔库斯·蒙特的小说《Die Herren der Schwerter》，它与旧的普鲁士拓扑保持距离，相反，它创造了一个新的后殖民现实。本文在普鲁士研究的背景下探讨后殖民主义及其缺失的问题。作为一种理论，后殖民主义仍然受到欧洲中心主义的外国话语观念的影响，这些话语主要集中在世界遥远地区的前殖民地，沃尔特·本雅明(Walter Benjamin)在这里的一篇文章中对此进行了说明。在我的贡献中，我以从殖民话语到后殖民话语的转变为基础，讨论了普鲁士的多重编码过去。《Adrastea》杂志以Herder的最新作品为基础，介绍了波罗的海部落对前殖民时期的接受情况，特别是他对普鲁士“祖先”的反思。
{"title":"Postkolonialismus in den Regionalwissenschaften. Prußen-Motive in der Literatur","authors":"Alina Kuzborska","doi":"10.31648/pw.7667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7667","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of the literary post-colonial discourse in this article is Claudius Crönert’s novel on Herkus Monte “Die Herren der Schwerter”, published in 2011, which distances itself from the old Prussian topoi and, instead, creates a new post-colonial reality. The article deals with the problem of postcolonialism and its absence in the context of Prussian research. As a theory, postcolonialism is still shaped by Eurocentric notions of a foreign discourse that mostly focuses on former colonies in far-flung parts of the world, which is illustrated here by a text by Walter Benjamin. The multi-coded past of Prussia is discussed in my contribution on the basis of the change from colonial discourse to post-colonial discourse. The reception of the pre-colonial times of the Baltic tribes is presented in the journal Adrastea on the basis of Herder’s latest work, specifically his reflections on the ‘ancestors’ of Prussia.","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Michalska-Suchanek, M. | Lenart, A. (red.), Z Rosji do Izraela. T. 2. Katowice: Ślask, 2020; 162 ss.","authors":"Agnieszka Ścibior","doi":"10.31648/pw.7676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.7676","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38116,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69371659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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