Pub Date : 2005-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453X0500100207
Kku K. Hellsten
This article maps out some of the most burning political, legal and social issues related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, human rights protection and global justice. The article will focus particularly on the problems that the poor, developing countries face in their attempts to combat HIV/AIDS in relation to the human rights framework. The article will on the one hand, discuss human rights and HIV/AIDS from the point of view of ‘global justice’. On the other hand, it explores local and national political and legal quandaries that many developing countries face in their efforts to deal with the epidemic. Thus, my aim is, first, to identify the problems involved in the debates on conflicting rights; second, to discuss the ethical framework related to the conflicts between rights and responsibilities; and third, to analyse who the duty bearers are in relation to the claimed rights as well as to clarify their responsibilities, obligations and duties – both in global and local contexts. I shall show that while the main obstacle to human rights protection in the context of global AIDS is still the lack of international commitment to share scarce resources equally particularly when dealing with the virus (whether we talk about prevention or treatment), other serious ethical issues arise when we use the language of rights – more widely the human rights framework – to justify ‘double standards’ in global HIV/AIDS programmes. My main thesis is that in order to find any consistent international guidelines for ‘global bioethics’ dealing with HIV/AIDS, there is a need to untangle the arguments for conflicting rights in relation to global and local responsibilities.
{"title":"Hiv/Aids Epidemic, Human Rights and Global Justice","authors":"Kku K. Hellsten","doi":"10.1177/1743453X0500100207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453X0500100207","url":null,"abstract":"This article maps out some of the most burning political, legal and social issues related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, human rights protection and global justice. The article will focus particularly on the problems that the poor, developing countries face in their attempts to combat HIV/AIDS in relation to the human rights framework. The article will on the one hand, discuss human rights and HIV/AIDS from the point of view of ‘global justice’. On the other hand, it explores local and national political and legal quandaries that many developing countries face in their efforts to deal with the epidemic. Thus, my aim is, first, to identify the problems involved in the debates on conflicting rights; second, to discuss the ethical framework related to the conflicts between rights and responsibilities; and third, to analyse who the duty bearers are in relation to the claimed rights as well as to clarify their responsibilities, obligations and duties – both in global and local contexts. I shall show that while the main obstacle to human rights protection in the context of global AIDS is still the lack of international commitment to share scarce resources equally particularly when dealing with the virus (whether we talk about prevention or treatment), other serious ethical issues arise when we use the language of rights – more widely the human rights framework – to justify ‘double standards’ in global HIV/AIDS programmes. My main thesis is that in order to find any consistent international guidelines for ‘global bioethics’ dealing with HIV/AIDS, there is a need to untangle the arguments for conflicting rights in relation to global and local responsibilities.","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128883508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-01DOI: 10.3366/PER.2005.1.2.215
Paul Voice
{"title":"Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth ,Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange(London and New York: Verso, 2003).","authors":"Paul Voice","doi":"10.3366/PER.2005.1.2.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/PER.2005.1.2.215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122875929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453X0500100205
J. Miranda, A. Yamin
Medical ethics has long been considered the framework that guides the way in which health professionals should provide care. In recent years, the concepts of quality of care and human rights—and the discourses they entail—have been added to medical ethics as paradigms to consider with respect to the delivery of health care, both at the individual and health policy level. Using a case study of the sexual and reproductive health policies in Peru in the last ten years, the current essay analyzes the implications of these paradigms in a world in which health and the delivery of care have increasingly globalised dimensions.
{"title":"Frameworks for Understanding Dilemmas of Health Care in a Globalized World: A Case Study of Reproductive Health Policies in Peru","authors":"J. Miranda, A. Yamin","doi":"10.1177/1743453X0500100205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453X0500100205","url":null,"abstract":"Medical ethics has long been considered the framework that guides the way in which health professionals should provide care. In recent years, the concepts of quality of care and human rights—and the discourses they entail—have been added to medical ethics as paradigms to consider with respect to the delivery of health care, both at the individual and health policy level. Using a case study of the sexual and reproductive health policies in Peru in the last ten years, the current essay analyzes the implications of these paradigms in a world in which health and the delivery of care have increasingly globalised dimensions.","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116142626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453X0500100208
Sukanya Das, R. Goldstein, Sue Elliott
International development assistance, humanitarian relief and human rights interventions, like many other noble human endeavours are inherently political and liable to have unexpected and/or unintended, positive or negative outcomes. Since Mary Anderson’s seminal work Do No Harm (Lynne Rienner, 1999) highlighted the inadvertent and harmful effects of relief and development assistance in conflict zones, there has been greater consciousness amongst individual aid workers and relief and development agencies of the socioeconomic and political impacts of their presence and interventions in these environments. These realizations have in turn contributed to the emergence of conflict-sensitive approaches, and the use of conflict analysis in the formulation and implementation of projects and programmes located in conflict environments. Peter Uvin painstakingly articulates an emerging and potentially progressive approach to the international practice of development in his groundbreaking book, Human Rights and Development. It is an inspiring attempt to integrate human rights values within international development practice. Although other scholars have challenged the false dichotomy that separates the discourses and practices of human rights from mainstream development, Uvin’s analysis of the challenges and implications of integrating human rights values and development practice is a significant and seminal contribution. The core questions considered in Human Rights and Development are: how could development assistance be re-conceptualized in order to better integrate and uphold human rights; what changes need to be made in development practice; and what are the probable implications of such changes? According to
国际发展援助、人道主义救济和人权干预与许多其他崇高的人类事业一样，具有内在的政治性，容易产生意想不到和/或意想不到的积极或消极的结果。自从玛丽·安德森(Mary Anderson)的开创性著作《不伤害》(Do No Harm, Lynne Rienner, 1999)强调了冲突地区的救济和发展援助的无意和有害影响以来，个人援助工作者和救济和发展机构越来越意识到他们在这些环境中的存在和干预所带来的社会经济和政治影响。这些认识反过来又促进了对冲突敏感的办法的出现，以及在制订和执行冲突环境中的项目和方案时使用冲突分析。彼得·乌文在他开创性的著作《人权与发展》中，煞费苦心地阐述了一种新兴的、潜在的进步方法来研究国际发展实践。这是将人权价值观纳入国际发展实践的一次鼓舞人心的尝试。尽管其他学者对将人权的话语和实践与主流发展分离开来的错误二分法提出了质疑，但Uvin对将人权价值观与发展实践相结合的挑战和影响的分析是一项重大而开创性的贡献。《人权与发展》所审议的核心问题是:如何重新构想发展援助的概念，以便更好地结合和维护人权;在发展实践中需要作出哪些改变;这些变化可能意味着什么?根据
{"title":"A Rights-Based Approach to Development: Prospects and Problems","authors":"Sukanya Das, R. Goldstein, Sue Elliott","doi":"10.1177/1743453X0500100208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453X0500100208","url":null,"abstract":"International development assistance, humanitarian relief and human rights interventions, like many other noble human endeavours are inherently political and liable to have unexpected and/or unintended, positive or negative outcomes. Since Mary Anderson’s seminal work Do No Harm (Lynne Rienner, 1999) highlighted the inadvertent and harmful effects of relief and development assistance in conflict zones, there has been greater consciousness amongst individual aid workers and relief and development agencies of the socioeconomic and political impacts of their presence and interventions in these environments. These realizations have in turn contributed to the emergence of conflict-sensitive approaches, and the use of conflict analysis in the formulation and implementation of projects and programmes located in conflict environments. Peter Uvin painstakingly articulates an emerging and potentially progressive approach to the international practice of development in his groundbreaking book, Human Rights and Development. It is an inspiring attempt to integrate human rights values within international development practice. Although other scholars have challenged the false dichotomy that separates the discourses and practices of human rights from mainstream development, Uvin’s analysis of the challenges and implications of integrating human rights values and development practice is a significant and seminal contribution. The core questions considered in Human Rights and Development are: how could development assistance be re-conceptualized in order to better integrate and uphold human rights; what changes need to be made in development practice; and what are the probable implications of such changes? According to","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128214599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453X0500100203
Avery E. Plaw
Isaiah Berlin delivered his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor of Political Philosophy at Oxford, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, in 1958. In the almost fifty years since, it has attained a canonical status, particularly as an introduction to the idea of political liberty. Michael Sandel, for example, calls it ‘perhaps the most influential essay of post-war political theory’ (Sandel, 1984: 7). Ronald Dworkin describes the essay as provoking the current ‘renaissance’ of political theory (Dworkin, 1991: 100). It has also, however, found more than its share of critics, including both Sandel and Dworkin. Indeed, the essay’s enduring popularity stands in an odd contrast with the consistently negative reception commentators have given the general political position Berlin attempted to defend. Three readings have predominated in loosely successive waves: in the first, Berlin is presented as a classical English liberal defending the overriding importance of negative liberty; on the second, Berlin was a highly original and subversive strong pluralist demonstrating the irresolvability of ultimate value conflicts; and, on a third, synthetic reading, Berlin defended a modern variant of liberalism as entailed by pluralism. These readings evidently interpret Berlin’s purposes quite differently, but in the end come to similarly skeptical conclusions concerning his success. Readers of Berlin as a classical liberal, such as Dworkin, Charles Taylor, Leo Strauss, Quentin Skinner, C. J. Galipeau and Michael Ignatieff, raise concerns that Berlin was unable to satisfactorily justify the special status he claimed for negative liberty or to define its limits. His liberalism was therefore ungrounded and undefined. Pluralists readers like John Gray and John Kekes argue that Berlin’s compelling pluralism actually undermined his liberalism. His position was therefore inconsistent. Finally, liberal pluralist readers like William Galston and (the recent) George Crowder argue that although pluralism can be shown to entail liberalism, Berlin himself failed to establish this linkage. His theory was therefore inchoate. Each of these established readings of Berlin contrast strikingly with Berlin’s
{"title":"Re-Visiting Berlin: Why Two Liberties are Better Than One","authors":"Avery E. Plaw","doi":"10.1177/1743453X0500100203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453X0500100203","url":null,"abstract":"Isaiah Berlin delivered his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor of Political Philosophy at Oxford, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, in 1958. In the almost fifty years since, it has attained a canonical status, particularly as an introduction to the idea of political liberty. Michael Sandel, for example, calls it ‘perhaps the most influential essay of post-war political theory’ (Sandel, 1984: 7). Ronald Dworkin describes the essay as provoking the current ‘renaissance’ of political theory (Dworkin, 1991: 100). It has also, however, found more than its share of critics, including both Sandel and Dworkin. Indeed, the essay’s enduring popularity stands in an odd contrast with the consistently negative reception commentators have given the general political position Berlin attempted to defend. Three readings have predominated in loosely successive waves: in the first, Berlin is presented as a classical English liberal defending the overriding importance of negative liberty; on the second, Berlin was a highly original and subversive strong pluralist demonstrating the irresolvability of ultimate value conflicts; and, on a third, synthetic reading, Berlin defended a modern variant of liberalism as entailed by pluralism. These readings evidently interpret Berlin’s purposes quite differently, but in the end come to similarly skeptical conclusions concerning his success. Readers of Berlin as a classical liberal, such as Dworkin, Charles Taylor, Leo Strauss, Quentin Skinner, C. J. Galipeau and Michael Ignatieff, raise concerns that Berlin was unable to satisfactorily justify the special status he claimed for negative liberty or to define its limits. His liberalism was therefore ungrounded and undefined. Pluralists readers like John Gray and John Kekes argue that Berlin’s compelling pluralism actually undermined his liberalism. His position was therefore inconsistent. Finally, liberal pluralist readers like William Galston and (the recent) George Crowder argue that although pluralism can be shown to entail liberalism, Berlin himself failed to establish this linkage. His theory was therefore inchoate. Each of these established readings of Berlin contrast strikingly with Berlin’s","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123596919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453X0500100107
Simone Remijnse
This article examines the effects that acts of remembrance can have within communities struggling to deal with a violent past. In particular, a focus is given to the municipality of Joyabaj in Guatemala, a country that has emerged from a thirty-six year brutal civil conflict that claimed over 200,000 lives. Joyabaj was hit particularly hard during the armed conflict and, in the aftermath, its residents have found that dealing with their past has been fraught with difficulties. Through an examination of the exhumations of mass graves in the area, the author concludes that remembrance is not necessarily a peaceful option. Indeed, without a feeling of ‘ownership’ at the local level, memory initiatives may create further antagonism within communities.
{"title":"Dealing with the Past: Conflicting Memories in Joyabaj, Guatemala","authors":"Simone Remijnse","doi":"10.1177/1743453X0500100107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453X0500100107","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the effects that acts of remembrance can have within communities struggling to deal with a violent past. In particular, a focus is given to the municipality of Joyabaj in Guatemala, a country that has emerged from a thirty-six year brutal civil conflict that claimed over 200,000 lives. Joyabaj was hit particularly hard during the armed conflict and, in the aftermath, its residents have found that dealing with their past has been fraught with difficulties. Through an examination of the exhumations of mass graves in the area, the author concludes that remembrance is not necessarily a peaceful option. Indeed, without a feeling of ‘ownership’ at the local level, memory initiatives may create further antagonism within communities.","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133278824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453x0500100113
Jack Covarrubias
{"title":"Book Review: The Global War on Terrorism: Assessing the American Response","authors":"Jack Covarrubias","doi":"10.1177/1743453x0500100113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453x0500100113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128723884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453x0500100111
C. Dolan
{"title":"Book Review: Agents of Atrocity: Leaders, Followers, and the Violation of Human Rights in Civil War","authors":"C. Dolan","doi":"10.1177/1743453x0500100111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453x0500100111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117050025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1177/1743453X0500100105
J. Strand, Tina Mueller, J. A. Mcarthur
It is an understatement to say a growth industry has emerged around the concept ‘globalization’. Observers of all political leanings have been focusing attention on the process of globalization and its implications for corporations, states, and labour groups (e.g., Waters, 1995; Rodrik, 1995; Peterson, 1996; Veseth, 1997; Sassen, 1999). At issue are the intended and unintended effects of the globalization of product and financial markets into transnational systems. Some authors view globalization as threatening state sovereignty while others fear that globalization is eroding the gains made by labour in the twentieth century. Several authors see globalization as part of a long-term process whereby the meaningfulness of national borders is vanishing. Still others treat globalization as a new phenomenon. When defining globalization, economic, political, social, and cultural factors are combined and emphasized differently. Most authors provide a multidimensional definition of globalization, but few authors go beyond economic measures, descriptive case studies, and/or anecdotes. Those who do operationalize the concept often use economic measures such as trade density or capital flows as a proxy for what most authors would agree is a more nuanced and multifaceted concept. Moreover, many authors employ a notion of globalization that differs little from the concepts of transnationalization and interdependence. Needless to say, there is no intersubjective definition of globalization. Beyond the definitional morass, there appears to be divergent views in the public discourse regarding what globalization represents and whether the process of globalization has positive or negative effects on the state, business, and labour. If globalization is a distinct and unique socio-economic force, then what are the implications for national governments, labour, and transnational corporations? Is globalization eroding state sovereignty? Are workers disadvantaged vis-a-vis globalizing capital? Can more equitable and/or effective global institutions be constructed in this age of globalization?
{"title":"The Essentially Contested Concept of Globalization","authors":"J. Strand, Tina Mueller, J. A. Mcarthur","doi":"10.1177/1743453X0500100105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1743453X0500100105","url":null,"abstract":"It is an understatement to say a growth industry has emerged around the concept ‘globalization’. Observers of all political leanings have been focusing attention on the process of globalization and its implications for corporations, states, and labour groups (e.g., Waters, 1995; Rodrik, 1995; Peterson, 1996; Veseth, 1997; Sassen, 1999). At issue are the intended and unintended effects of the globalization of product and financial markets into transnational systems. Some authors view globalization as threatening state sovereignty while others fear that globalization is eroding the gains made by labour in the twentieth century. Several authors see globalization as part of a long-term process whereby the meaningfulness of national borders is vanishing. Still others treat globalization as a new phenomenon. When defining globalization, economic, political, social, and cultural factors are combined and emphasized differently. Most authors provide a multidimensional definition of globalization, but few authors go beyond economic measures, descriptive case studies, and/or anecdotes. Those who do operationalize the concept often use economic measures such as trade density or capital flows as a proxy for what most authors would agree is a more nuanced and multifaceted concept. Moreover, many authors employ a notion of globalization that differs little from the concepts of transnationalization and interdependence. Needless to say, there is no intersubjective definition of globalization. Beyond the definitional morass, there appears to be divergent views in the public discourse regarding what globalization represents and whether the process of globalization has positive or negative effects on the state, business, and labour. If globalization is a distinct and unique socio-economic force, then what are the implications for national governments, labour, and transnational corporations? Is globalization eroding state sovereignty? Are workers disadvantaged vis-a-vis globalizing capital? Can more equitable and/or effective global institutions be constructed in this age of globalization?","PeriodicalId":381236,"journal":{"name":"Politics and Ethics Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122646858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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