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Commonalities and Peculiarities of the Return to Life of Holocaust Survivors in their Home Countries: The Dutch and Greek Cases in Context 大屠杀幸存者在本国回归生活的共性和特殊性——荷兰和希腊案例的语境
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.14321
D. Michman
This article provides a survey of the main characteristics of the return process of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to their home countries in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, with the goal to contextualise and compare the return to the Netherlands and Greece.
本文调查了大屠杀犹太幸存者在第二次世界大战结束后立即返回本国的主要特征,目的是将返回荷兰和希腊的情况置于背景中并进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Being Leftist and Jewish in Greece during the Civil War and its Aftermath: Constraints and Choices 南北战争及其余波中的希腊左派和犹太人:制约与选择
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.14601
Eleni Beze
After the end of the Second World War, and as a result of the ensuing Greek Civil War (1946–1949), former resistance members went through a period of generalised, severe persecution. In this context, Jews who had survived the Shoah by taking part in the resistance in some way or by going into hiding under the protection of the resistance forces had to denounce their former comrades or communist rescuers. How did Greek Jews who had been influenced by leftist ideology respond to the politics of the civil war and its aftermath? How were their responses affected by the attitudes of the Greek state, Jewish community and State of Israel towards them? Following the traces left mainly in a) the archives of the Jewish Museum of Greece, the Jewish communities of Athens and Salonica, and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee; b) the Greek Jewish press of the period; c) personal accounts, essays and literature, I will attempt to explore the multiplicity of responses of leftist Greek Jews to the political and personal dilemmas of the post-Shoah period. I argue that despite different postwar (and prewar) political attitudes and experiences, leftist Greek Jews expressed two main tendencies: a tight relationship with the country’s Jewish communities and, at the same time, a strong tendency to leave for other countries, mainly Israel.
第二次世界大战结束后,由于随后的希腊内战(1946-1949),前抵抗运动成员经历了一段普遍而严重的迫害时期。在这种情况下,通过某种方式参加抵抗或在抵抗力量的保护下躲藏起来而在大屠杀中幸存下来的犹太人不得不谴责他们的前战友或共产主义救援人员。受左派意识形态影响的希腊犹太人如何应对内战及其后果的政治?希腊国家、犹太社区和以色列国对他们的态度如何影响他们的反应?主要是在a)希腊犹太博物馆、雅典和萨洛尼卡犹太社区以及美国犹太人联合分配委员会的档案中留下的痕迹;b) 那个时期的希腊犹太报刊;c) 个人叙述、散文和文学,我将试图探索左翼希腊犹太人对后犹太复国主义时期政治和个人困境的多重反应。我认为,尽管战后(和战前)的政治态度和经历不同,但左翼希腊犹太人表现出两种主要倾向:与该国犹太社区的紧密关系,同时强烈倾向于前往其他国家,主要是以色列。
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引用次数: 0
Allatini Dormitory, 3 Paraskevopoulou Street: Despair and Hope in Salonika after the Shoah 阿拉蒂尼宿舍,Paraskevopoulou街3号:大屠杀后萨洛尼卡的绝望与希望
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.14360
Henriette-Rika Benveniste
The Jews who lived in Salonika in 1945 and who survived the extermination will of the Nazis form an exception. The article explores the life of camp survivors returning to their home city. Practical relief was mainly organised by the Jewish community. Besides mourning for the loss of entire families, economic hardship, scarcity of material resources and political insecurity were the main characteristics of those years. The article focuses on the life in a building belonging to the Jewish community, the former Allatini Orphanage, which became a “dormitory” to shelter about 60 homeless Jews, mostly camp survivors. It examines the extreme poverty, the demands, the sociability and the migration choices of men and women who depended on the community’s care. Their voices, their mourning and their thirst for a new life can be heard piercing the paperwork of the bureaucracy of a welfare system and will help us reconstruct a difficult return to “normality”.
1945年生活在萨洛尼卡的犹太人在纳粹的灭绝意志中幸存下来,这是一个例外。这篇文章探讨了集中营幸存者回到家乡的生活。实际救济主要是由犹太社区组织的。除了哀悼失去整个家庭之外,经济困难、物质资源匮乏和政治不安全是那些年的主要特点。这篇文章关注的是属于犹太社区的一栋建筑里的生活,它曾是阿拉蒂尼孤儿院(Allatini Orphanage),后来成为约60名无家可归的犹太人的“宿舍”,其中大多数是集中营的幸存者。它考察了依赖社区照顾的男人和女人的极端贫困、需求、社交能力和移民选择。他们的声音、他们的哀悼和他们对新生活的渴望穿透了福利制度官僚机构的文书工作,将帮助我们重建一个艰难的回归“正常”的过程。
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引用次数: 0
The Emergence and Construction of the Memory of the Shoah in Greece (1945–2015): From Oblivion to Memory 希腊浩劫记忆的产生与建构(1945–2015):从遗忘到记忆
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.14399
Odette Varon-Vassard
The genocide of the Greek Jews was almost total, with the extermination rate of more than 80 percent much higher than in most Western European countries. Nonetheless, the decades that followed the end of the war, the liberation of the camps and the difficult return of the survivors were ones of silence. Greece was no exception to the oblivion that shrouded the event for decades internationally. On the contrary, compared to other Western countries, there was a longer delay in recognising this memory at the level of both the state and of society. If it was established internationally in the 1980s, this memory (and the associated historical studies and publication of testimonies) in Greece began in the early 1990s. Since 2004, the interest of the state began to manifest itself in practice. Even so, the question remains whether this memory has been recorded in the collective memory of Greek society. This article attempts to outline the long and painful course from oblivion and silence to the emergence and reconstruction of the cultural memory of the Shoah in Greece, noting the most significant events that it comprises.
对希腊犹太人的种族灭绝几乎是全面的,灭绝率超过80%,远高于大多数西欧国家。尽管如此,在战争结束、难民营解放和幸存者艰难返回后的几十年里,人们一直保持沉默。希腊也不例外,几十年来,这一事件在国际上一直被遗忘。相反,与其他西方国家相比,在国家和社会层面上对这种记忆的认识延迟了更长的时间。如果它是在20世纪80年代在国际上建立的,那么希腊的这种记忆(以及相关的历史研究和证词的出版)始于20世纪90年代初。自2004年以来,国家的利益开始在实践中体现出来。即便如此,问题仍然是,这种记忆是否被记录在希腊社会的集体记忆中。本文试图概述从遗忘和沉默到希腊Shoah文化记忆的出现和重建的漫长而痛苦的过程,并指出它所包含的最重要的事件。
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引用次数: 0
Postwar Identity in the Making: Hidden Children in Volos (Greece) 战后身份的形成:沃洛斯的隐藏儿童(希腊)
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.14627
Pothiti Hantzaroula
The high percentage of Jewish Holocaust survivors from Volos, compared to the devastating death rate in the rest of Greece, makes the city a case of its own. Scholars have analysed the factors that contributed to the survival rate of 74 percent of Volos’ Jewish population and dealt with survivors’ struggles to rebuild their lives after the Shoah. Yet, less attention has been paid to the construction of the memory of survivors, its complex reworking and its importance in shaping the lives and identities of communities. The study of the “exceptional” case of Volos through a microhistorical approach offers an opportunity to understand the variety, as well as the commonalities, of experiences of survivors among various communities in postwar Greece. Thus, questions such as postwar reintegration in the city, relations with the Christian population, the role of antisemitism in shaping postwar identities, and mixed marriages can be better understood when situated in a comparative perspective. The persistence of antisemitism in Volos against a highly assimilated community shows that there are no easy equations, either between survival and assimilation or between help by non-Jewish locals and a lack of antisemitism. By focusing on child survivors that went into hiding during the Shoah and by exploring the mutual relations and perceptions between the non-Jewish and Jewish population, the article aims to understand the ways in which such relationships and perceptions shaped postwar Jewish identities.
与希腊其他地区毁灭性的死亡率相比,来自沃洛斯的犹太大屠杀幸存者比例很高,这使这座城市成为了自己的一个案例。学者们分析了导致沃洛斯74%犹太人口存活率的因素,并讨论了大屠杀后幸存者重建生活的斗争。然而,人们对幸存者记忆的构建、其复杂的改造及其在塑造社区生活和身份方面的重要性关注较少。通过微观历史的方法研究沃洛斯的“特殊”案例,提供了一个了解战后希腊不同社区幸存者经历的多样性和共性的机会。因此,战后重新融入城市、与基督教人口的关系、反犹太主义在塑造战后身份中的作用以及混合婚姻等问题,如果放在比较的角度来看,可以更好地理解。Volos针对高度同化社区的反犹太主义持续存在表明,无论是在生存和同化之间,还是在非犹太当地人的帮助和缺乏反犹太论之间,都没有简单的等式。通过关注在大屠杀期间躲藏起来的儿童幸存者,并探索非犹太人和犹太人之间的相互关系和看法,本文旨在了解这种关系和看法如何塑造战后犹太人的身份。
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引用次数: 0
Konstantinos Raptis, Die Grafen Harrach und ihre Welt 1884–1945 这里有1886—1945年的
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.17388
Ikaros Mantouvalos
Review of Konstantinos Raptis. Die Grafen Harrach und ihre Welt 1884–1945. Vienna: Boehlau, 2017. 373 pp.
Konstantinos Raptis评论。哈拉赫伯爵和他们的世界1884-1945年。维也纳:Boehlau,2017。373页。
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引用次数: 0
Leonidas Karakatsanis, Turkish-Greek Relations: Rapprochement, Civil Society and the Politics of Friendship 列奥尼达斯·卡拉卡特萨尼斯,土耳其与希腊关系:和解、公民社会和友谊政治
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.16773
Anthony Derisiotis
Review of Leonidas Karakatsanis, Turkish-Greek Relations: Rapprochement, Civil Society and the Politics of Friendship. London and New York: Routledge, 2014. xxi + 283 pp.
Leonidas Karakatsanis评论,土耳其-希腊关系:和睦、公民社会和友谊政治。伦敦和纽约:劳特利奇,2014年。xxi+283页。
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引用次数: 1
Henriette-Rika Benveniste, Λούνα: Δοκίμιο ιστορικής βιογραφίας [Luna: an essay in historical biography]
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.19735
Maria Kavala
Review of Henriette-Rika Benveniste. Λούνα: Δοκίμιο ιστορικής βιογραφίας [Luna: an essay in historical biography]. Athens: Polis, 2017. 222 pp.
Henriette Rika Benveniste评论。露娜:历史传记中的一篇文章。雅典:波利斯,2017年。222页。
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引用次数: 0
Ali Yaycioglu, Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions 《帝国的伙伴:革命时代奥斯曼秩序的危机》,作者:Ali Yaycioglu
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.18635
Eleni Gara
Review of Ali Yaycioglu. Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016. 347 pp.
Ali Yaycioglu的评论。帝国的伙伴:革命时代奥斯曼秩序的危机。斯坦福:斯坦福大学出版社,2016。347页。
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引用次数: 0
The Plurality of Greeknesses in Interwar Greece: A Matter of Culture or Politics? 两次世界大战之间希腊人的多元性:文化问题还是政治问题?
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-08-21 DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.10833
K. Papari
The interwar crisis as perceived by conservative German and Greek intellectuals focused particularly on national identity, which they thought to be decisively challenged and threatened by radical transformation. In Greece the intellectual elites undertook the task to interpret the crisis in order to frame a cultural programme concerning the meaning of Hellenism that incorporated their ideological and partisan assumptions. This article explores the notion of Greekness, and the ways it embraced and encapsulated the problems that bedevilled both state and society, during the period of the interwar crisis. It aims, first, to examine the intellectuals' narrative and production of the ideology of Greekness as a signifier that launched, implicitly and explicitly, the elements that constituted a new imaginary institution of the nation. To this end, it will examine theoretical schemes and cultural transfers from German academic currents and theorists of the time and the appeal of their proclamations. The ideology of Greekness offered a means for the government to resolve the issues of the interwar state and, in particular, the challenge of its political survival and continuity. My second aim is to trace the convergences and divergences of the concervative intellectuals' schema of Greekness with the equivalent aspirations of the Thirties Generation. By capturing the meaning of Greekness, the conservative intelligentsia expanded the criterion for Greekness beyond an aesthetic perception of Hellenism and its related conversation with European modernism, as the issue was employed by the writers and poets of the Thirties Generation. Conservative's examination of Greekness disclosed the way that the politics of culture both served and promoted a hegemonic discourse. In conclusion my paper holds that the intellectuals' main concern was to utilize the cultural capital of Hellenism in order to propose a technique of governance, numbering the Greek case among the counterpart nationalist project in Germany at the time. Greekness demonstrated anew an imaginary conceptualization and institutionalization of the nation, that was articulated in accordance with the ideological assertions of conservatives circles and became synonym with a pedagogy of national conformity.
保守的德国和希腊知识分子认为,两次世界大战之间的危机特别关注国家认同,他们认为国家认同受到激进变革的决定性挑战和威胁。在希腊,知识精英承担了解读这场危机的任务,以便制定一个关于希腊主义意义的文化计划,其中纳入了他们的意识形态和党派假设。本文探讨了贪婪的概念,以及它在两次世界大战危机期间拥抱和概括困扰国家和社会的问题的方式。首先,它旨在考察知识分子对贪婪意识形态的叙事和生产,贪婪意识形态是一个能指,它隐含和明确地启动了构成国家新的想象制度的元素。为此,它将考察当时德国学术潮流和理论家的理论方案和文化转移,以及他们的宣言的吸引力。贪婪的意识形态为政府解决两次世界大战期间国家的问题,特别是政治生存和连续性的挑战提供了一种手段。我的第二个目的是追踪关注知识分子的贪婪模式与三十年代一代的同等愿望的趋同和分歧。通过捕捉贪婪的含义,保守的知识界将贪婪的标准扩展到了对希腊主义及其与欧洲现代主义的相关对话的审美认知之外,因为这个问题被三十年代的作家和诗人所采用。保守派对贪婪的考察揭示了文化政治既为霸权话语服务又促进霸权话语的方式。最后,本文认为,知识分子主要关注的是利用希腊主义的文化资本来提出治理技术,将希腊案例列入当时德国的民族主义项目中。贪婪再次展示了一种想象中的国家概念化和制度化,这与保守派圈子的意识形态主张一致,并成为国家整合教育学的同义词。
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引用次数: 3
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