Pub Date : 2019-04-12DOI: 10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a5
Donna J. Sutliff
ABSTRACT This article advances the hypotheses that sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) and goats (Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Neolithic Middle East were employed regularly as pack animals and were domesticated to serve as pack animals. The employment of pack ovicaprines, especially pack goats, can explain how obsidian and other goods that circulated in exchange networks were transported across long distances and mountainous terrain. A pack goat can carry 30% of its weight over 24 km of mountainous terrain daily. A lactating dam can provide milk for human consumption on the trail. Compared to pack sheep and pack cattle, pack goats are more agile and adaptable to a greater variety of environments. Training a goat to pack is not difficult, and research on caprines' social preferences suggests that the wild sheep (Ovis orientalis Gmelin, 1774) and wild goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777), if born in human captivity, could be trained to pack. Findings support the hypothesis that dairying originated from the training and use of pack goats in the Neolithic. Goats usually don't sustain bone pathology from bearing pack loads, and bone pathology and increased bone robustness from pack-bearing, especially of goats, may be impossible to discern from the faunal record. Neolithic figurative evidence of pack ovicaprines is highlighted.
摘要本文提出了新石器时代中东地区绵羊（Ovis aries Linnaeus，1758）和山羊（Capra hircus Linnaeu斯，1758。使用pack ovicaprines，尤其是pack山羊，可以解释在交换网络中流通的黑曜石和其他货物是如何穿越长途和山区运输的。一只山羊每天可以在24公里的山区中携带30%的重量。一个哺乳期的水坝可以提供牛奶供人类在小径上食用。与驮羊和驮牛相比，驮羊更敏捷，更能适应各种各样的环境。训练山羊打包并不困难，对山羊社会偏好的研究表明，如果人工饲养的野生绵羊（Ovis orientalis Gmelin，1774）和野生山羊（Capra aegagrus Erxleben，1777）出生，可以训练它们打包。研究结果支持了一种假说，即奶牛场起源于新石器时代对驮畜的训练和使用。山羊通常无法承受负重带来的骨骼病理，而从动物区系记录中可能无法辨别出负重带来的骨病理和骨骼坚固性的增强，尤其是山羊。强调了新石器时代的象征性证据。
{"title":"Pack goats in the Neolithic Middle East","authors":"Donna J. Sutliff","doi":"10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a5","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article advances the hypotheses that sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) and goats (Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Neolithic Middle East were employed regularly as pack animals and were domesticated to serve as pack animals. The employment of pack ovicaprines, especially pack goats, can explain how obsidian and other goods that circulated in exchange networks were transported across long distances and mountainous terrain. A pack goat can carry 30% of its weight over 24 km of mountainous terrain daily. A lactating dam can provide milk for human consumption on the trail. Compared to pack sheep and pack cattle, pack goats are more agile and adaptable to a greater variety of environments. Training a goat to pack is not difficult, and research on caprines' social preferences suggests that the wild sheep (Ovis orientalis Gmelin, 1774) and wild goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777), if born in human captivity, could be trained to pack. Findings support the hypothesis that dairying originated from the training and use of pack goats in the Neolithic. Goats usually don't sustain bone pathology from bearing pack loads, and bone pathology and increased bone robustness from pack-bearing, especially of goats, may be impossible to discern from the faunal record. Neolithic figurative evidence of pack ovicaprines is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"54 1","pages":"45 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43384307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-22DOI: 10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a4
Martina L. Steffen
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the identification and interpretation of a sample of vertebrate faunal remains from the Croxton archaeological site, located at Tukuto Lake, on the north slope of the Brooks Mountain Range, Alaska, in which caribou (Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758)) dominate. Bone modifications are assessed to inform selection and processing, and skeletal part frequencies are analyzed with utility indices developed for this species among the Nunamiut at Anaktuvuk Pass. Results confirm the accumulation of faunal remains resulted primarily from human subsistence activities in the middle to late Holocene that included nutritional uses for meat, marrow and grease as well as technology manufacturing. Statistical utility analyses point to a deposit of marrow and grease processing debris at an activity area and support these as enduring subsistence practices in this region. A previous study on a larger faunal sample from the site also indicated a range of economic uses of caribou but did not find significant results with utility indices. To explain this difference it is suggested that the faunal aggregates chosen for analysis in this and the previous study have influenced statistical outcomes. The results of this study hold implications for utility analysis as well as for interpretations of caribou use at archaeological sites in arctic, sub-arctic, and alpine tundra areas of the Northern Hemisphere where this species has been abundant.
{"title":"A zooarchaeological study of Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Croxton site in Brooks Range, Alaska, and implications for utility analysis","authors":"Martina L. Steffen","doi":"10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a4","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the identification and interpretation of a sample of vertebrate faunal remains from the Croxton archaeological site, located at Tukuto Lake, on the north slope of the Brooks Mountain Range, Alaska, in which caribou (Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758)) dominate. Bone modifications are assessed to inform selection and processing, and skeletal part frequencies are analyzed with utility indices developed for this species among the Nunamiut at Anaktuvuk Pass. Results confirm the accumulation of faunal remains resulted primarily from human subsistence activities in the middle to late Holocene that included nutritional uses for meat, marrow and grease as well as technology manufacturing. Statistical utility analyses point to a deposit of marrow and grease processing debris at an activity area and support these as enduring subsistence practices in this region. A previous study on a larger faunal sample from the site also indicated a range of economic uses of caribou but did not find significant results with utility indices. To explain this difference it is suggested that the faunal aggregates chosen for analysis in this and the previous study have influenced statistical outcomes. The results of this study hold implications for utility analysis as well as for interpretations of caribou use at archaeological sites in arctic, sub-arctic, and alpine tundra areas of the Northern Hemisphere where this species has been abundant.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"54 1","pages":"29 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49197075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a3
C. Brito, Nina Vieira, J. Freitas
ABSTRACT Whale, a common name, a simple word, but so many meanings. An animal, a good, a belief, a surprise, a part of these aspects or the encompassing of them all. It is, for sure, a being of some kind, but one that is described, depicted and appropriated in several forms, in a multitude of ways. To the whale is always assigned a role, but its relevance to distinct groups of society and its presentation to diverse audiences, across history, can be very different from one type of source to another. Working from the question – what's in a whale? – we present a study on the long-term human-whale relationships (from the 13th century onwards) connecting history and literature, to highlight the deep entanglement of societies and cultures with the marine environment. We aim at understanding the significance of whales and how culture, knowledge and values determine human behavior and actions towards these mammals. For that, we run through a long timeframe analyzing the whale, mostly based on Portuguese written sources, in comparison with European data, to discuss it as a commodity, a monster, a show and an icon. What we find is that the whale – real or conceptualized – has continuously been an element of human fascination. It is not merely a whale, but a wonder whale. An animal that still attracts crowds of people when it strands on nearby shores or when its blow is spotted in the horizon. The wonder whale allows for a close connection of people with the strange, enormous, paradoxical, ambivalent, still much unknown, oceanic realm.
{"title":"The wonder whale: a commodity, a monster, a show and an icon","authors":"C. Brito, Nina Vieira, J. Freitas","doi":"10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a3","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Whale, a common name, a simple word, but so many meanings. An animal, a good, a belief, a surprise, a part of these aspects or the encompassing of them all. It is, for sure, a being of some kind, but one that is described, depicted and appropriated in several forms, in a multitude of ways. To the whale is always assigned a role, but its relevance to distinct groups of society and its presentation to diverse audiences, across history, can be very different from one type of source to another. Working from the question – what's in a whale? – we present a study on the long-term human-whale relationships (from the 13th century onwards) connecting history and literature, to highlight the deep entanglement of societies and cultures with the marine environment. We aim at understanding the significance of whales and how culture, knowledge and values determine human behavior and actions towards these mammals. For that, we run through a long timeframe analyzing the whale, mostly based on Portuguese written sources, in comparison with European data, to discuss it as a commodity, a monster, a show and an icon. What we find is that the whale – real or conceptualized – has continuously been an element of human fascination. It is not merely a whale, but a wonder whale. An animal that still attracts crowds of people when it strands on nearby shores or when its blow is spotted in the horizon. The wonder whale allows for a close connection of people with the strange, enormous, paradoxical, ambivalent, still much unknown, oceanic realm.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"54 1","pages":"13 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48446342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-18DOI: 10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a1
Eloísa Bernáldez-Sánchez, Esteban García-Viñas
ABSTRACT The horse is one of the species most represented in cave art during the Paleolithic in the southwest of Europe. These representations show an equine with phenotypical characteristics close to two presentday species which are considered as ancient horses: tarpans (Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) and Pzrewalski (Equus caballus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881) horses. There are no paleontological evidence at sites dating from the Upper Paleolithic in this area of the last species, and furthermore various authors compare these representations with Pzrewalski horses. The comparative anatomical analysis of these representations is difficult due to the variety of styles and the different sizes of the figures. In this case, we carry out a study of the body proportions on six variables measured in 42 pictures of horses represented in 15 caves (eleven from Spain and four from France) from different cultures and styles. These measurements have been compared with data obtained from pictures of present-day horses: 22 pictures of hemiones or Asian asses (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775), 20 tarpans of Konik breed (Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) and 25 Pzrewalski's horses. The results of these analyses were three different equations to distinguish these three current equine species and their relationship with cave art. The equids represented in the caves studied show similar body proportions to Konik horses and similar lengths of mane, tail and ears to present-day Pzrewalski's horses. The results of this analysis significantly discriminate the three current equine species, which shows that the method is reliable and that the equids represented in the caves studied have body proportions similar to Konik horses and similar lengths of mane, tail and ears to the Pzrewalski horses.
{"title":"The equids represented in cave art and current horses: a proposal to determine morphological differences and similarities","authors":"Eloísa Bernáldez-Sánchez, Esteban García-Viñas","doi":"10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The horse is one of the species most represented in cave art during the Paleolithic in the southwest of Europe. These representations show an equine with phenotypical characteristics close to two presentday species which are considered as ancient horses: tarpans (Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) and Pzrewalski (Equus caballus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881) horses. There are no paleontological evidence at sites dating from the Upper Paleolithic in this area of the last species, and furthermore various authors compare these representations with Pzrewalski horses. The comparative anatomical analysis of these representations is difficult due to the variety of styles and the different sizes of the figures. In this case, we carry out a study of the body proportions on six variables measured in 42 pictures of horses represented in 15 caves (eleven from Spain and four from France) from different cultures and styles. These measurements have been compared with data obtained from pictures of present-day horses: 22 pictures of hemiones or Asian asses (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775), 20 tarpans of Konik breed (Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) and 25 Pzrewalski's horses. The results of these analyses were three different equations to distinguish these three current equine species and their relationship with cave art. The equids represented in the caves studied show similar body proportions to Konik horses and similar lengths of mane, tail and ears to present-day Pzrewalski's horses. The results of this analysis significantly discriminate the three current equine species, which shows that the method is reliable and that the equids represented in the caves studied have body proportions similar to Konik horses and similar lengths of mane, tail and ears to the Pzrewalski horses.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"54 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43100521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.5252/ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA2018V53A18
Michaël Bruckert
RÉSUMÉ En Inde, les statuts des différents bovins doivent être compris à la lumière des usages matériels qui sont faits de ces animaux, mais également des volontés politiques d'en contrôler l'abattage. L'élevage des vaches et des buffles est engagé dans un processus de spécialisation laitière. Dans le même temps, les mouvements nationalistes hindous cherchent à interdire la mise à mort des premières. De longue date, les bovins au sens strict (Bos taurus ssp. et Bos indicus ssp.) sont valorisés, voire sacralisés, en Inde, alors que les buffles (Bubalus bubalis sp.) sont considérés comme des animaux malfaisants propices au sacrifice. Pourtant, ces deux espèces ont longtemps fourni du lait et de la force de travail à l'économie agraire, ainsi qu'une viande peu coûteuse aux groupes marginaux impliqués dans leur équarrissage ou dans leur abattage. La consommation de viande bovine, de quelque espèce qu'elle provienne, est de la sorte très fortement associée à un statut social et moral inférieur. Ces dernières décennies, l'interdiction de l'abattage des vaches s'est renforcée, dans une volonté nationaliste de définir l'Inde comme un pays fondamentalement hindou. Dans ce contexte, l'élevage des buffles a été privilégié dans l'économie laitière : plus aisément mis à mort, ceux-ci fournissent des carcasses valorisées sur le marché mondial. Ainsi, l'Inde a récemment accédé au premier rang des exportateurs de viande bovine. Les statuts multiples et fortement conflictuels des bovins ne sont donc pas uniquement un fait de culture : les sphères politiques et économiques, mais également les interactions affectives avec les animaux, participent de la négociation et de la contestation des différentes relations entretenues à la fois avec les bêtes et avec les viandes qui en sont issues.
{"title":"Protéger et abattre les bovins au pays de la «vache sacrée»: usages symboliques, politiques et économiques des vaches et des buffles dans l'lnde contemporaine","authors":"Michaël Bruckert","doi":"10.5252/ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA2018V53A18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA2018V53A18","url":null,"abstract":"RÉSUMÉ En Inde, les statuts des différents bovins doivent être compris à la lumière des usages matériels qui sont faits de ces animaux, mais également des volontés politiques d'en contrôler l'abattage. L'élevage des vaches et des buffles est engagé dans un processus de spécialisation laitière. Dans le même temps, les mouvements nationalistes hindous cherchent à interdire la mise à mort des premières. De longue date, les bovins au sens strict (Bos taurus ssp. et Bos indicus ssp.) sont valorisés, voire sacralisés, en Inde, alors que les buffles (Bubalus bubalis sp.) sont considérés comme des animaux malfaisants propices au sacrifice. Pourtant, ces deux espèces ont longtemps fourni du lait et de la force de travail à l'économie agraire, ainsi qu'une viande peu coûteuse aux groupes marginaux impliqués dans leur équarrissage ou dans leur abattage. La consommation de viande bovine, de quelque espèce qu'elle provienne, est de la sorte très fortement associée à un statut social et moral inférieur. Ces dernières décennies, l'interdiction de l'abattage des vaches s'est renforcée, dans une volonté nationaliste de définir l'Inde comme un pays fondamentalement hindou. Dans ce contexte, l'élevage des buffles a été privilégié dans l'économie laitière : plus aisément mis à mort, ceux-ci fournissent des carcasses valorisées sur le marché mondial. Ainsi, l'Inde a récemment accédé au premier rang des exportateurs de viande bovine. Les statuts multiples et fortement conflictuels des bovins ne sont donc pas uniquement un fait de culture : les sphères politiques et économiques, mais également les interactions affectives avec les animaux, participent de la négociation et de la contestation des différentes relations entretenues à la fois avec les bêtes et avec les viandes qui en sont issues.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"53 1","pages":"207 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46654303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a17
Munyadziwa Magoma, S. Badenhorst, I. Pikirayi
ABSTRACT Mutokolwe is located in the northern part of South Africa. The site was occupied by Venda-speaking farmers during the Late Iron Age. One of the most unusual aspects from this faunal assemblage is the presence of complete metapodia of cattle and sheep. No other faunal assemblage from farming sites in southern Africa contains as many complete specimens, including long bones, as that from Mutokolwe. Skeletal completeness is one of the signatures which signal feasting activities from the archaeological record. Feasting has been recognised in different parts of the world, including Africa. Based on ethnographic accounts, feasting was also common amongst Bantu-speaking farmers of southern Africa, and in particular, Venda-speakers. Taking into account limitations posed by archaeological, ethnography and early historical descriptions, we suggest that the complete long bones of livestock signal feasting activities at Mutokolwe. The faunal assemblage from the site contains an unusual high percentage of identifiable remains, indicating that it was likely subjected to biased sampling. Moreover, few wild animals are present in the assemblage, which suggests, sampling biases aside, that domestic animals were favoured in feasts possibly due to their association with people and ancestors.
{"title":"Feasting among Venda-speakers of South Africa: the Late Iron Age fauna from Mutokolwe","authors":"Munyadziwa Magoma, S. Badenhorst, I. Pikirayi","doi":"10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a17","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mutokolwe is located in the northern part of South Africa. The site was occupied by Venda-speaking farmers during the Late Iron Age. One of the most unusual aspects from this faunal assemblage is the presence of complete metapodia of cattle and sheep. No other faunal assemblage from farming sites in southern Africa contains as many complete specimens, including long bones, as that from Mutokolwe. Skeletal completeness is one of the signatures which signal feasting activities from the archaeological record. Feasting has been recognised in different parts of the world, including Africa. Based on ethnographic accounts, feasting was also common amongst Bantu-speaking farmers of southern Africa, and in particular, Venda-speakers. Taking into account limitations posed by archaeological, ethnography and early historical descriptions, we suggest that the complete long bones of livestock signal feasting activities at Mutokolwe. The faunal assemblage from the site contains an unusual high percentage of identifiable remains, indicating that it was likely subjected to biased sampling. Moreover, few wild animals are present in the assemblage, which suggests, sampling biases aside, that domestic animals were favoured in feasts possibly due to their association with people and ancestors.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"53 1","pages":"195 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49011045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a16
L. Cordeiro‐Rodrigues
ABSTRACT A new trend in political theory is to question whether cultural practices clash with moral concerns about animal welfare. On the one hand, there is widespread concern to protect cultural distinctiveness; on the other, cultural distinctiveness may mean treating animals in cruel ways. In this article, I articulate this debate using the case of the killing of a bull in the Ukweshwama practice from South Africa. By engaging with the literature on multiculturalism, I question whether Zulus in South Africa are entitled or not to practice the killing of a bull during Ukweshwama. I respond to this question affirmatively, by defending that for reasons of autonomy, moral loss and legal consistency, Zulus are entitled to continue their practice.
{"title":"Killing a bull with bare hands: Ukweshwama and Zulu cultural accommodation","authors":"L. Cordeiro‐Rodrigues","doi":"10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a16","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new trend in political theory is to question whether cultural practices clash with moral concerns about animal welfare. On the one hand, there is widespread concern to protect cultural distinctiveness; on the other, cultural distinctiveness may mean treating animals in cruel ways. In this article, I articulate this debate using the case of the killing of a bull in the Ukweshwama practice from South Africa. By engaging with the literature on multiculturalism, I question whether Zulus in South Africa are entitled or not to practice the killing of a bull during Ukweshwama. I respond to this question affirmatively, by defending that for reasons of autonomy, moral loss and legal consistency, Zulus are entitled to continue their practice.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"53 1","pages":"187 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43377007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.5252/ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA2018V53A15
Maxime Delliaux, A. Gautier
RÉSUMÉ La pluralité terminologique est une des principales caractéristiques du rapport des humains au morse (Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758)). Par une approche lexicographique, nous proposons de préciser et de mettre en relation les uns avec les autres, les termes qui désignent le morse dans l'Europe septentrionale au long des siècles médiévaux et jusqu'à la Renaissance. Ces zoonymes sont à la fois nombreux et ambigus, certains désignant davantage l'ivoire que le morse. Nous prendrons pour cela appui sur des sources narratives, des sources juridiques et des sources de la pratique. Par une réflexion sur les mots, nous aborderons par exemple l'histoire de l'alimentation et la symbolique de l'animal.
{"title":"Cheval ou baleine? Les noms du morse dans les mondes septentrionaux (-milieu du siècle)","authors":"Maxime Delliaux, A. Gautier","doi":"10.5252/ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA2018V53A15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA2018V53A15","url":null,"abstract":"RÉSUMÉ La pluralité terminologique est une des principales caractéristiques du rapport des humains au morse (Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758)). Par une approche lexicographique, nous proposons de préciser et de mettre en relation les uns avec les autres, les termes qui désignent le morse dans l'Europe septentrionale au long des siècles médiévaux et jusqu'à la Renaissance. Ces zoonymes sont à la fois nombreux et ambigus, certains désignant davantage l'ivoire que le morse. Nous prendrons pour cela appui sur des sources narratives, des sources juridiques et des sources de la pratique. Par une réflexion sur les mots, nous aborderons par exemple l'histoire de l'alimentation et la symbolique de l'animal.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"53 1","pages":"175 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49223968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a14
Xavier Dectot
ABSTRACT Even if it played a part, it is not so much the lesser availability of elephant ivory as the Norse expansion in the Northern Atlantic that brought the success of walrus ivory throughout Western Europe and far beyond. The strength of demand did not only bring the extinction of the species in Iceland, but it was also, most probably, one of the main drivers of the sustained Norse settlement of Greenland. Maybe for the first time, at least for such an important luxury production, the division between the places the commodity was gathered and those it was processed is complete. The main workshops were in Norway, mostly in Trondheim, but also in Germany, in England, long after the end of the Danelaw, and even in France and in Castila. Raw tusks were traded, but also carved ivories, which sometimes went back to the initial collection point. Another ivory exported from the Arctic seas, narwhal teeth are even more problematic. The Greenland Norse probably never were in contact with the live sea mammal, but would find its inidentifiable body, or fragments of it, on the shore, after the animals had been eaten by killer whales.
{"title":"When ivory came from the seas. On some traits of the trade of raw and carved sea-mammal ivories in the Middle Ages","authors":"Xavier Dectot","doi":"10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a14","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Even if it played a part, it is not so much the lesser availability of elephant ivory as the Norse expansion in the Northern Atlantic that brought the success of walrus ivory throughout Western Europe and far beyond. The strength of demand did not only bring the extinction of the species in Iceland, but it was also, most probably, one of the main drivers of the sustained Norse settlement of Greenland. Maybe for the first time, at least for such an important luxury production, the division between the places the commodity was gathered and those it was processed is complete. The main workshops were in Norway, mostly in Trondheim, but also in Germany, in England, long after the end of the Danelaw, and even in France and in Castila. Raw tusks were traded, but also carved ivories, which sometimes went back to the initial collection point. Another ivory exported from the Arctic seas, narwhal teeth are even more problematic. The Greenland Norse probably never were in contact with the live sea mammal, but would find its inidentifiable body, or fragments of it, on the shore, after the animals had been eaten by killer whales.","PeriodicalId":38558,"journal":{"name":"Anthropozoologica","volume":"53 1","pages":"159 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45836482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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