Nanocellulose/MXene composites, renowned for their exceptional conductivity, mechanical strength and multifunctionality, have garnered significant attention as promising materials for next-generation technologies. Biomass-derived nanocellulose offers mechanical strength, high aspect ratio and biocompatibility, while two-dimensional MXene exhibits high electrical conductivity, surface area and hydrophilicity. Hydrogen bonding interactions are developed between the hydrophilic groups on nanocellulose (-OH) and MXene (-OH, -F, =O), enhancing the mechanical and electrical properties of nanocellulose/MXene composites. The combined mechanical robustness and conductivity highlights their vast potential in advanced smart electronics, energy storage and biomedicine. Previous reviews have focused on individual optimization strategies or specific applications of nanocellulose/MXene composites. Conversely, this review emphasizes the interrelationship between manufacturing techniques, structural properties, and multifunctional applications of nanocellulose/MXene composites, aiming to facilitate rational design and performance optimization in future research. The fabrication and fundamental properties of nanocellulose and MXene are first summarized. Then, the production technologies and emerging applications of nanocellulose/MXene composites (fibers, films and gels) in electromagnetic interference shielding, supercapacitors, sensors, water treatment and thermal management are summarized. Notably, the exploration of life cycle assessment to nanocellulose/MXene composites enables the comprehensive environmental evaluation and process optimization, providing sustainable policies and market promotion. Finally, we present the current research challenges and future directions, including improving production efficiency, optimizing modification strategies and developing scalable manufacturing processes for nanocellulose/MXene composites.