Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports最新文献

Introducing exogenous macromolecular materials, including genetic materials, drugs, peptides into plant cells, referred to as intracellular delivery, is crucial for various plant science applications. This process spans from fundamental biological research, such as genome editing, to applied research aimed at enhancing crop yield, quality, and stress resistance. Nevertheless, it continues to pose a considerable challenge because the plant cell wall acts as a barrier to the delivery of biomolecules. While recent advancements in plant intracellular delivery methods have garnered attention, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review there remains a gap in comprehensive reviews in this domain. This review aims to provide an up-to-date and succinct summary of the latest advancements in various intracellular delivery methods for plant cells, particularly emphasizing advanced materials-based nanotechnology delivery. In particular, nano-mediated delivery methods offer several advantages, including high delivery efficiency and safety, the ability to deliver diverse cargoes across different plant species, and improved resistance to enzymatic degradation. This review systematically analyzes different delivery method (biological, chemical and physical), particularly those utilizing nanomaterials, including their mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages and challenges. It also explores applications, challenges, and future prospects, aiming to inspire innovation and progress in the plant science community.

Currently, due to their high atom-utilization efficiency, tunable chemical structure, excellent catalytic properties, as well as the expectational cost effectiveness, more and more efforts have been put persistently into the development of M-X-C (M = transition metal; X = N, O, S, P, etc.; C = carbon) -based single-atom catalysts (SACs) for boosting oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is critically important for the advances of fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and on-site hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production. Conceptionally, the ORR behaviors fundamentally rely on 2-electron or 4-electron transfers, which could be manipulated by modulating the central M and coordinated X atoms. In current review, we first outline the fundamentals between the 2-electron and 4-electron transfer pathways based on the underlying mechanisms. After that, the main approaches for catalyst design and performance evaluation are overviewed. Subsequently, we focus on the strategies and progresses to regulate the ORR pathways for target high-performance M-X-C SACs. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in terms of the future development of M-X-C-based SACs have been discussed.

High entropy materials (HEMs) are highly effective as a catalyst and can be synthesized by facile methods. Here, we discuss recent advancements in HEMs for Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), Oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via electrocatalysis. We introduce newly emerged HEMs in different aspects: advanced synthesis, characterization techniques, and computational tools for analysis relating to the surface, lattice, defect, and interface. Additionally, this review provides detailed information on HEMs and their properties. It also explores rational approaches in the design of emerging HEMs based on first-principles calculations.

HEMs have potential roles as a catalyst in the field of energy production, energy conversion, and energy storage. The properties of HEMs can be enhanced through the integration of various functional materials, aiming for high resilience and excellent efficacy. In this review, we discussed synthesis of HEMs and their roles in the field of electrocatalysis considering theoretical, experimental, and pragmatic approaches.

Chiral organic polymeric semiconductors are widely regarded as promising candidates for circularly polarized light (CPL) detection due to their advantages of easy chemical modification, solution processing and low cost. However, traditional organic polymeric materials face low photoresponsivity and photocurrent asymmetry factor when constructing CPL detectors. To address this issue, we develope single-handed helical polyisocyanides with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) feature to fabricate a donor-acceptor heterojunction photodetector with C₆₀, where efficient triplet exciton utilization enables a high photocurrent response while the static single-handed helical main chains of polyisocyanides ensure a high photocurrent asymmetry factor, simultaneously. Furthermore, the performance of TADF polyisocyanides is conveniencely optimized by copolymerizing the host. Benefiting from the comprehensive functionality of TADF polyisocyanides, the prepared photodetectors exhibit a high responsivity of 0.21 A W⁻¹ and a very high photocurrent asymmetry factor of up to 0.12, which make it superior to the reported CPL photodetectors based on organic polymers. In addition, the detector has excellent reproducibility enabling no photocurrent roll-off after 1000 cycles. The long-term stability in ambient air also manifests its robustness. This work paves a new way for high-efficiency polymers based CPL detectors.

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have drawn intensive attention as emitters for their application in light emitting diodes (LEDs). MHPs have been actively studied after the first discovery in 2009 for solar cell applications. They show excellent optoelectronic properties such as high photoluminescence quantum yields, widely tunable band gap, narrow emission width, and high charge-carrier mobility. Chiral MHPs can be utilized as circularly polarized luminescent sources, ferroelectric materials, nonlinear optical materials, etc. In this review, we discuss the recent progress of chiral perovskites as emitting materials and their applications in next generation LEDs. The ability of chiral MHPs to induce a chiral-induced spin selectivity effect positions them as efficient spin-filters in spin-polarized LEDs. Additionally, the combination of chiral properties and optoelectronic features in these MHPs renders them ideal for use as emissive layers in circularly polarized LEDs. This comprehensive discussion aims to deepen understanding of chiroptical properties in chiral MHPs, furthering the development of chiral materials, chiropto-electronics, and spin/CPL-based applications.

The rise of wearable electronics has generated immense opportunity for the researchers to tailor the expanding demand of future electronics. MXenes, a family of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides and nitrides, exhibit excellent flexibility and other commendable properties, rendering them highly suitable for wearable electronics. This review primarily focuses on the synthesis of MXenes for flexible and wearable application, including methods such as electrospinning, wet-spinning, bi-scrolling, 3D printing, and coating. Furthermore, the review comprehensively discusses the significant advancements and progress made in the field of flexible and wearable MXene-based supercapacitors. It also addresses the challenges and future prospects associated with MXenes as wearable energy storage devices. The integration and development of MXenes-based energy storage devices into other wearable devices holds promise for the future of the electronic industry.

All-solid-state lithium batteries have become a focal point in both academic and industrial circles. Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs), amalgamating the benefits of inorganic and polymer electrolytes, offer satisfactory ionic conductivity, robust mechanical properties, and advantageous interfacial interactions with electrodes. Consequently, they have the potential to significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state batteries compared to those relying solely on a polymer or inorganic electrolyte. As a kind of polymer/filler composites, the electrochemical and mechanical properties of CPEs are related to the fundamental characteristics of the inorganic phase, polymer phase and polymer/filler interface. This is the first review on the combined electrochemical and mechanical properties as well as their optimization methods from a polymer/filler composites perspective. Herein, a summary of the fabrication methods of zero-, one- and two-dimensional (i.e., 0D, 1D and 2D) inorganic fillers is presented. Also, the dual mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of some typical inorganic fillers and polymers are highlighted. The key factors (e.g., inorganic fillers - category, concentration, size and shape; polymers - category and molecular weight; and polymer/ filler interface) which influence these dual-functional properties are then discussed. Emphasis is given to the polymer/filler interface optimization methods, which serve as routes to improve both the electrochemical and mechanical properties of CPEs. Finally, future research directions are outlined for the development of high-performance CPEs.

Carbon based 2D materials, specifically those of the graphene family, recently gained considerable interest in the study of sensors. It is emerging as a novel and potent material with tunable physicochemical properties such as ballistic conduction, high mechanical strength, a broad spectrum of chemical stability, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, ease of surface functionalization, and the possibility of mass production. This review provides insights into recent advances in graphene-based materials for field-effect transistor-based sensors, electrochemical sensors, and Raman spectroscopy-based sensors. Among the sensing methodologies, those utilizing field-effect transistors demonstrate a high degree of specificity and ultralow sensitivity and are relatively easy to manufacture in large batches with a repeatable sensitivity. Over the last decade, multiple types of sensors based on various graphene-family materials have been researched to detect various types of targets, ranging from biomolecules to heavy metals and chemical pollutants. Owing to their ability to integrate into a portable and rapid test platform, both at the laboratory scale and for point-of-care testing, the graphene family of materials (GFM) is a significantly viable base for sensor fabrication. Electrochemical and Raman spectroscopy-based sensors can provide a robust platform for detection at high-stress environments including fluctuating pH, temperature, and other possible disturbing conditions. The strategies used by researchers to detect specific and ultralow concentrations of analytes in a diverse mixture of targets are elaborated in detail. This review chronologically presents details regarding the GFM ranging from their synthesis to specific application possibilities.

The widespread prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) mandates meticulous and continuous monitoring for effective management and treatment. Wearable technologies have garnered substantial attention due to their seamless integration with bodily movements and biological systems. Researchers are actively exploring wearable technology from multidimensional angles, encompassing materials, design, and bioelectronics, to enhance CVD detection with greater sophistication and comfort. Enduring challenges, notably those surrounding material selection, persist, encompassing biocompatibility, conductivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and flexibility. Addressing these challenges is pivotal for adequate progress in wearable devices across many applications. Here, our review highlights the advancements in developing novel materials tailored for wearable technologies to detect cardiovascular diseases. The paper explicitly accentuates potential materials, architectural designs, operative mechanisms, and recent breakthroughs in flexible wearable sensors for CVD detection. The discussion explores diverse sensing mechanisms to monitor vital cardiac indicators, including piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, and triboelectric modalities. Furthermore, the paper provides a consolidated overview of contemporary efforts by different research teams in pulse wave sensors, heart sound sensors, ultrasound sensors, wearable ECG electrodes, and electro-biochemical sensors. We envision that the comprehensive analysis and juxtaposition of these distinct sensing mechanisms provide a more nuanced comprehension of their potential applications, constraints, and performance attributes within the wearable CVD health monitoring device framework.