Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101190
Joo-Won Lee , Sung-Chul Kim , Sichi Li , Cheol-Hui Ryu , Sungju Jun , Taehun Im , Liwen F. Wan , Min-Seok Kim , So-Hye Cho , Gwang-Hee Lee , Sohee Jeong
Two-dimensional metallic transition metal dichalcogenides offer high electrical conductivity and large surface areas for electrocatalysis, yet their inherent basal planes are catalytically inert. Here, we present an atomic-scale vacancy engineering strategy to activate the basal surfaces of metallic WSe2 for reversible oxygen electrocatalysis. This approach, based on intentionally designed substitutional metal doping, promotes the spontaneous formation of selenium vacancies while preserving the metallic 1 T′ phase, thereby creating highly reactive and oxygen-affinitive sites. Density functional theory calculations reveal that these vacancy-mediated metal complexes dramatically lower the energy barriers for initial oxygen adsorption, enabling dissociative oxygen adsorption. Operando and ex-situ spectroscopic analyses confirm that vacancy-mediated metal complexes transform into dynamic Se/W-oxide intermediates under operating conditions. Se/W-oxides on the surface experimentally and theoretically prove electrocatalytic activity and reversibility. Applying this strategy in lithium–oxygen batteries, the basal-plane activated WSe2 shows high discharge capacities (9868 mA h g−1, corresponding to 3947 mA h ), impressive cycle retention over 550 cycles at 1000 mA h g−1, and outstanding rate–capability over a wide current–density range (100–3000 mA g−1) during 256 cycles.
二维金属过渡金属二硫化物具有高导电性和大的电催化表面积，但其固有基面具有催化惰性。在这里，我们提出了一个原子尺度的空位工程策略来激活金属WSe2的基表面进行可逆氧电催化。这种方法基于有意设计的取代金属掺杂，促进了硒空位的自发形成，同时保留了金属1 T '相，从而产生了高活性和氧亲和位点。密度泛函理论计算表明，这些空位介导的金属配合物显著降低了初始氧吸附的能垒，使解离氧吸附成为可能。Operando和非原位光谱分析证实，在操作条件下，空位介导的金属配合物转变为动态Se/ w -氧化物中间体。从实验和理论上证明了表面Se/ w氧化物的电催化活性和可逆性。将此策略应用于锂氧电池，基底面活化的WSe2显示出高放电容量（9868 mA h g−1，对应于3947 mA h阴极−1），在1000 mA h g−1下超过550次的令人印象深刻的循环保持，以及在256次循环中在宽电流密度范围（100-3000 mA g−1）内出色的倍率能力。
{"title":"Atomic-scale vacancy engineering unlocks basal-plane catalytic activity in metallic WSe2 for reversible oxygen electrocatalysis","authors":"Joo-Won Lee , Sung-Chul Kim , Sichi Li , Cheol-Hui Ryu , Sungju Jun , Taehun Im , Liwen F. Wan , Min-Seok Kim , So-Hye Cho , Gwang-Hee Lee , Sohee Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional metallic transition metal dichalcogenides offer high electrical conductivity and large surface areas for electrocatalysis, yet their inherent basal planes are catalytically inert. Here, we present an atomic-scale vacancy engineering strategy to activate the basal surfaces of metallic WSe<sub>2</sub> for reversible oxygen electrocatalysis. This approach, based on intentionally designed substitutional metal doping, promotes the spontaneous formation of selenium vacancies while preserving the metallic 1 T′ phase, thereby creating highly reactive and oxygen-affinitive sites. Density functional theory calculations reveal that these vacancy-mediated metal complexes dramatically lower the energy barriers for initial oxygen adsorption, enabling dissociative oxygen adsorption. <em>Operando</em> and <em>ex-situ</em> spectroscopic analyses confirm that vacancy-mediated metal complexes transform into dynamic Se/W-oxide intermediates under operating conditions. Se/W-oxides on the surface experimentally and theoretically prove electrocatalytic activity and reversibility. Applying this strategy in lithium–oxygen batteries, the basal-plane activated WSe<sub>2</sub> shows high discharge capacities (9868 mA h g<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to 3947 mA h <span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cathode</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msubsup></math></span>), impressive cycle retention over 550 cycles at 1000 mA h g<sup>−1</sup>, and outstanding rate–capability over a wide current–density range (100–3000 mA g<sup>−1</sup>) during 256 cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101190"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101189
Jichang Sun , Ruixiang Wang , Pengyu Meng , Liansheng Li , Jin-Zhi Guo , Qinghua Liang , Xing-Long Wu
All-solid-state fluoride-ion batteries (ASSFIBs) are regarded as highly promising candidates for next-generation energy storage beyond lithium-based systems due to their exceptional theoretical energy density (>5000 Wh kg–1) and intrinsic safety. Nevertheless, the practical deployment of ASSFIBs is hindered by the lack of high-performance fluoride-ion solid-state electrolytes (FISSEs). Recently, rare earth (RE) elements have attracted considerable interest for advancing high-performance FISSEs by leveraging their unique physicochemical properties. To provide a timely overview of progress in this rapidly evolving field, this review examines the critical functions of RE elements in state-of-the-art FISSEs, covering both typical Tysonite-type FISSEs (e.g., LaF3, CeF3) and RE-doped systems (e.g., Ba1–xEuxSnF4+x and Ce1–yThyF3+y). We begin by outlining the operational mechanism of ASSFIBs, categorizing the main types of FISSEs, and evaluating their respective advantages and limitations. We then highlight recent advances in performance optimization and battery applications of RE-enhanced FISSEs. Finally, we proposed the potential future research directions for RE-containing FISSEs. Through the precision design of RE-based FISSEs and their rational pairing with electrode materials, high Coulombic efficiency and environmental friendliness can be achieved. Consequently, ASSFIBs are expected to become the next-generation energy storage technology for widespread use in electric transportation and grid-scale renewable energy storage.
{"title":"The critical role of rare-earth elements in solid-state electrolytes for all-solid-state fluoride-ion batteries","authors":"Jichang Sun , Ruixiang Wang , Pengyu Meng , Liansheng Li , Jin-Zhi Guo , Qinghua Liang , Xing-Long Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-solid-state fluoride-ion batteries (ASSFIBs) are regarded as highly promising candidates for next-generation energy storage beyond lithium-based systems due to their exceptional theoretical energy density (>5000 Wh kg<sup>–</sup><sup>1</sup>) and intrinsic safety. Nevertheless, the practical deployment of ASSFIBs is hindered by the lack of high-performance fluoride-ion solid-state electrolytes (FISSEs). Recently, rare earth (RE) elements have attracted considerable interest for advancing high-performance FISSEs by leveraging their unique physicochemical properties. To provide a timely overview of progress in this rapidly evolving field, this review examines the critical functions of RE elements in state-of-the-art FISSEs, covering both typical Tysonite-type FISSEs (e.g., LaF<sub>3</sub>, CeF<sub>3</sub>) and RE-doped systems (e.g., Ba<sub>1</sub><sub>–</sub><sub><em>x</em></sub>Eu<sub><em>x</em></sub>SnF<sub>4+<em>x</em></sub> and Ce<sub>1</sub><sub>–</sub><sub><em>y</em></sub>Th<sub><em>y</em></sub>F<sub>3+<em>y</em></sub>). We begin by outlining the operational mechanism of ASSFIBs, categorizing the main types of FISSEs, and evaluating their respective advantages and limitations. We then highlight recent advances in performance optimization and battery applications of RE-enhanced FISSEs. Finally, we proposed the potential future research directions for RE-containing FISSEs. Through the precision design of RE-based FISSEs and their rational pairing with electrode materials, high Coulombic efficiency and environmental friendliness can be achieved. Consequently, ASSFIBs are expected to become the next-generation energy storage technology for widespread use in electric transportation and grid-scale renewable energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101189"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and remains an incurable condition throughout life. The existing gold standard treatment method for hydrocephalus includes surgical cerebrospinal fluid shunting with the help of “one-size-fits-all” catheters. Although this method is very efficient, following their insertion, catheters are subjected to various complications, including flow resistance, blockage, mechanical malfunctions, and being subjected to host-immune response as well as microbial infection. To overcome these complications, we proposed implementing three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to develop the next generation of catheters with improved functionality and liquid flowability. Our suggested technology is based on imaging data on the final destination site (via computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging) in such a way that it fits the needs of the body in a personalized manner. Herein we report for the first time, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of helical-shaped, flexible catheters using commercially available KeySplint soft resin. These catheters offer fully customizable features such as diameter, the number and placement of drainage holes tailored to individual patient needs. In vitro stability study of the 3D printed KeySplint samples suggested that the 3D printed catheters may remain structurally stable under physiological conditions for atleast 3240 hrs (135 days). Moreover, to further enhance catheter’s functionality, a pH-responsive smart surface chemistry was introduced on the catheter surface using two strategies (via plasma coating and by simply mixing with 3D printing resin) that can respond dynamically to tackle two critical challenges related to catheters: blockage of the catheters by undesired proteins, choroid plexus, blood clots and infection/biofilm prevention via chemical intramolecular rearrangement in the functional moieties of the coating. Both CB-OH coated and 5 % CB-OH mixed 3D printed catheters significantly inhibited bacterial biofilm formation at 24, 48, and 72 hrs compared to pristine catheters. On top of that, the CB-OH coated 3D printed helical catheters showed a 37-folds reduction in particles deposition per unit volume relative to conventional 3D printed linear catheters. These results suggest that the proposed surface-functionalized 3D printed personalized catheters could provide a promising solution for medical implants treating hydrocephalus.
{"title":"3D printing of personalized catheters with smart pH-responsive coating for improved functionality, cytocompatibility, and anti-bacterial characteristics","authors":"Eid Nassar-Marjiya , Krishanu Ghosal , Nagham Rashed , Amani Jahjaa , Nagham Moallem Safuri , Merna Shaheen-Mualim , Bassma Khamaisi , Simran Jindal , Majd Bisharat , Konda Reddy Kunduru , Lama Mattar , Tirosh Mekler , Maria Khoury , Netanel Korin , Boaz Mizrahi , Shady Farah","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and remains an incurable condition throughout life. The existing gold standard treatment method for hydrocephalus includes surgical cerebrospinal fluid shunting with the help of “one-size-fits-all” catheters. Although this method is very efficient, following their insertion, catheters are subjected to various complications, including flow resistance, blockage, mechanical malfunctions, and being subjected to host-immune response as well as microbial infection. To overcome these complications, we proposed implementing three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to develop the next generation of catheters with improved functionality and liquid flowability. Our suggested technology is based on imaging data on the final destination site (via computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging) in such a way that it fits the needs of the body in a personalized manner. Herein we report for the first time, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of helical-shaped, flexible catheters using commercially available KeySplint soft resin. These catheters offer fully customizable features such as diameter, the number and placement of drainage holes tailored to individual patient needs. <em>In vitro</em> stability study of the 3D printed KeySplint samples suggested that the 3D printed catheters may remain structurally stable under physiological conditions for atleast 3240 hrs (135 days). Moreover, to further enhance catheter’s functionality, a pH-responsive smart surface chemistry was introduced on the catheter surface using two strategies (via plasma coating and by simply mixing with 3D printing resin) that can respond dynamically to tackle two critical challenges related to catheters: blockage of the catheters by undesired proteins, choroid plexus, blood clots and infection/biofilm prevention via chemical intramolecular rearrangement in the functional moieties of the coating. Both CB-OH coated and 5 % CB-OH mixed 3D printed catheters significantly inhibited bacterial biofilm formation at 24, 48, and 72 hrs compared to pristine catheters. On top of that, the CB-OH coated 3D printed helical catheters showed a 37-folds reduction in particles deposition per unit volume relative to conventional 3D printed linear catheters. These results suggest that the proposed surface-functionalized 3D printed personalized catheters could provide a promising solution for medical implants treating hydrocephalus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101047"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101195
Yue Du , Wenxue Chen , Zhixian Shi , Song Pan , Xiaonan Xu , Jiaming Li , Jian Zou , Ankang Shi , Jijian Zhang , Lina Zhou , Jianqing Zhou , Yisi Liu , Xiaoyuan Zeng , Ting-Feng Yi
Heterostructured composites have emerged as pivotal platforms for multifunctional electrocatalysis, where in-situ synthesis strategies prove critical in constructing atomically precise interfaces. However, precisely engineering such interfaces with favorable electronic structures and optimized adsorption energetics remains a significant challenge. To address this, we report a dynamic phase-reconstruction strategy by a bonded phosphorus source strategy enabling the spontaneous formation of Co-Co2P heterointerfaces within a three-dimensional N, P-codoped carbon architecture (Co-Co2P@HNPC), engineered through molecular self-assembly of histidine-phytic acid supramolecular complexes with cobalt ions. The metallic Co-Co bonds and Co-P coordination reveals charge redistribution at heterointerfaces through strengthened Co-N-C bonding networks. DFT result demonstrates that the reconfigured heterointerface synergistically optimizes d-band center positioning via p-d orbital hybridization, concurrently lowering the Gibbs free energy barriers for both ORR and OER. The optimized catalyst achieves low overpotentials (ηOER = 1.63 V @10 mA cm−2; E1/2 = 0.83 V) and exceptional rechargeable Zn-air battery performance, with a lifespan exceeding 1200 h and a peak power density of 201 mW cm−2. This study introduces a dynamic phosphidation engineering strategy, utilizing chemical anchoring of P-precursors, providing new insights for designing effective heterointerface electrocatalysts.
异质结构复合材料已成为多功能电催化的关键平台，原位合成策略对于构建原子精确的界面至关重要。然而，精确地设计这种具有良好电子结构和优化吸附能量的界面仍然是一个重大挑战。为了解决这个问题，我们报告了一种动态相位重建策略，通过结合磷源策略，使Co-Co2P异质界面在三维N， p共掺杂碳结构中自发形成（Co-Co2P@HNPC），通过组氨酸-植酸超分子配合物与钴离子的分子自组装而设计。金属Co-Co键和Co-P配位通过增强的Co-N-C键网络揭示了异质界面上电荷的再分配。DFT结果表明，重新配置的异质界面通过p-d轨道杂化协同优化了d波段中心定位，同时降低了ORR和OER的吉布斯自由能垒。优化后的催化剂具有低过电位（ηOER = 1.63 V @10 mA cm−2;E1/2 = 0.83 V）和优异的可充电锌空气电池性能，寿命超过1200 h，峰值功率密度为201 mW cm−2。本研究引入了一种动态磷化工程策略，利用p前驱体的化学锚定，为设计有效的异质界面电催化剂提供了新的见解。
{"title":"A bonded phosphorus source strategy for Co-Co2P heterojunction catalysts via In Situ phase reconstruction toward long-life zinc-air batteries","authors":"Yue Du , Wenxue Chen , Zhixian Shi , Song Pan , Xiaonan Xu , Jiaming Li , Jian Zou , Ankang Shi , Jijian Zhang , Lina Zhou , Jianqing Zhou , Yisi Liu , Xiaoyuan Zeng , Ting-Feng Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterostructured composites have emerged as pivotal platforms for multifunctional electrocatalysis, where <em>in-situ</em> synthesis strategies prove critical in constructing atomically precise interfaces. However, precisely engineering such interfaces with favorable electronic structures and optimized adsorption energetics remains a significant challenge. To address this, we report a dynamic phase-reconstruction strategy by a bonded phosphorus source strategy enabling the spontaneous formation of Co-Co<sub>2</sub>P heterointerfaces within a three-dimensional N, P-codoped carbon architecture (Co-Co<sub>2</sub>P@HNPC), engineered through molecular self-assembly of histidine-phytic acid supramolecular complexes with cobalt ions. The metallic Co-Co bonds and Co-P coordination reveals charge redistribution at heterointerfaces through strengthened Co-N-C bonding networks. DFT result demonstrates that the reconfigured heterointerface synergistically optimizes <em>d</em>-band center positioning via <em>p</em>-<em>d</em> orbital hybridization, concurrently lowering the Gibbs free energy barriers for both ORR and OER. The optimized catalyst achieves low overpotentials (η<sub>OER</sub> = 1.63 V @10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>; <em>E</em><sub>1/2</sub> = 0.83 V) and exceptional rechargeable Zn-air battery performance, with a lifespan exceeding 1200 h and a peak power density of 201 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>. This study introduces a dynamic phosphidation engineering strategy, utilizing chemical anchoring of P-precursors, providing new insights for designing effective heterointerface electrocatalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101201
Lingya Sun , Xu Zhang , Xunchang Wang , Chuanlin Gao , Renqiang Yang , Guangye Zhang , Xianshao Zou , Huajun Xu , Yuanyuan Kan , Yanna Sun , Ke Gao
Layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition represents a common strategy for constructing high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). However, in the preparation using halogen-free solvent, the acceptor layer struggles to fully penetrate the donor layer, leading to a reduction in donor-acceptor contact area and restricting exciton dissociation. Here, aqueous organic nanoparticles (NPs) comprising blended donor-acceptor materials are incorporated at the donor/acceptor interface in sequentially deposited green solvent-processed LBL devices. These NPs provide abundant exciton dissociation sites while their spherical morphology maximizes interfacial contact with the overlying acceptor layer. These structural features synergistically increase donor/acceptor interface, effectively mitigating the interlayer penetration deficiency in green solvent-processed LBL devices, thereby significantly enhancing exciton dissociation efficiency. Further morphological characterization confirmed that the NPs interlayer induces an improved vertical phase distribution in the photoactive layer, facilitating effective charge transport and collection. Consequently, a halogen-free LBL device constructed with the PM6/NPs/BTP-eC9 system achieved a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.94 %. Extending this approach to the D18-Cl/L8-BO system achieved a PCE of 20.61 %, among the highest PCEs reported in halogen-free OSCs. This observation underscores that the strategy is universally applicable across diverse photovoltaic systems. These results demonstrate that introducing water-based NPs is an effective approach to achieving environmentally friendly manufacturing of high-efficiency LBL photovoltaic devices.
{"title":"Aqueous organic nanoparticle-mediated precise modulation of -donor-acceptor interfaces enhances exciton dissociation towards 20.6 % efficiency in green solvent-processed organic solar cells","authors":"Lingya Sun , Xu Zhang , Xunchang Wang , Chuanlin Gao , Renqiang Yang , Guangye Zhang , Xianshao Zou , Huajun Xu , Yuanyuan Kan , Yanna Sun , Ke Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition represents a common strategy for constructing high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). However, in the preparation using halogen-free solvent, the acceptor layer struggles to fully penetrate the donor layer, leading to a reduction in donor-acceptor contact area and restricting exciton dissociation. Here, aqueous organic nanoparticles (NPs) comprising blended donor-acceptor materials are incorporated at the donor/acceptor interface in sequentially deposited green solvent-processed LBL devices. These NPs provide abundant exciton dissociation sites while their spherical morphology maximizes interfacial contact with the overlying acceptor layer. These structural features synergistically increase donor/acceptor interface, effectively mitigating the interlayer penetration deficiency in green solvent-processed LBL devices, thereby significantly enhancing exciton dissociation efficiency. Further morphological characterization confirmed that the NPs interlayer induces an improved vertical phase distribution in the photoactive layer, facilitating effective charge transport and collection. Consequently, a halogen-free LBL device constructed with the PM6/NPs/BTP-eC9 system achieved a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.94 %. Extending this approach to the D18-Cl/L8-BO system achieved a PCE of 20.61 %, among the highest PCEs reported in halogen-free OSCs. This observation underscores that the strategy is universally applicable across diverse photovoltaic systems. These results demonstrate that introducing water-based NPs is an effective approach to achieving environmentally friendly manufacturing of high-efficiency LBL photovoltaic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101201"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101203
Yu-Lin Sun , Zian Li , Qiyi Zhang , Lei Yan , Linfeng Jin , Yong Hu
Electrocatalytic urea synthesis (EUS) from CO2 and nitrogenous sources (e.g., NO3–, NO2–, N2, NO) under ambient conditions is a promising strategy for mitigating environmental pollution and achieving carbon/nitrogen neutrality. However, the complex electrochemical interfaces and the dynamic evolution of intermediates and catalysts obscure the reaction mechanism, hindering performance optimization. In situ characterization techniques, which provide atomic/molecular-level insights, have emerged as indispensable tools for unraveling these mechanisms and guiding rational electrocatalyst design. This review elucidates EUS mechanisms through the lens of in situ characterization. It begins by introducing the significance of EUS, key electrocatalyst design strategies, and the critical role of in situ techniques. The core principles, implementation, and recent applications of these techniques are then summarized, highlighting their use in monitoring dynamic processes during EUS to establish structure-performance relationships. Subsequently, potential C–N coupling pathways between CO2 and various nitrogenous sources are outlined to provide guidance for targeted catalyst optimization. Finally, future perspectives for in situ characterization are presented to deepen the fundamental understanding of EUS and inspire advanced methodological developments. This review aims to stimulate innovative research and accelerate progress toward highly efficient EUS.
{"title":"Unraveling reaction mechanisms in electrocatalytic urea synthesis: the power of in situ characterization","authors":"Yu-Lin Sun , Zian Li , Qiyi Zhang , Lei Yan , Linfeng Jin , Yong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrocatalytic urea synthesis (EUS) from CO<sub>2</sub> and nitrogenous sources (e.g., NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>, N<sub>2</sub>, NO) under ambient conditions is a promising strategy for mitigating environmental pollution and achieving carbon/nitrogen neutrality. However, the complex electrochemical interfaces and the dynamic evolution of intermediates and catalysts obscure the reaction mechanism, hindering performance optimization. <em>In situ</em> characterization techniques, which provide atomic/molecular-level insights, have emerged as indispensable tools for unraveling these mechanisms and guiding rational electrocatalyst design. This review elucidates EUS mechanisms through the lens of <em>in situ</em> characterization. It begins by introducing the significance of EUS, key electrocatalyst design strategies, and the critical role of <em>in situ</em> techniques. The core principles, implementation, and recent applications of these techniques are then summarized, highlighting their use in monitoring dynamic processes during EUS to establish structure-performance relationships. Subsequently, potential C–N coupling pathways between CO<sub>2</sub> and various nitrogenous sources are outlined to provide guidance for targeted catalyst optimization. Finally, future perspectives for <em>in situ</em> characterization are presented to deepen the fundamental understanding of EUS and inspire advanced methodological developments. This review aims to stimulate innovative research and accelerate progress toward highly efficient EUS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101203"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101204
Muhammad Sultan Irshad , Wancheng Qin , Naila Arshad , Naveed Mushtaq , Muhammad Zeeshan , Xiaochao Fan , Tianxiang Zhou , Yi E , Irshad Hussain , Tao Mei , Yajun Qi , Van-Duong Dao , Nang Xuan Ho , Xianbao Wang
Energy harvesting technologies are gaining attention because of their potential to generate power from ambient sources like light and mechanical motion. The development of advanced electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flexible films with dual functionality (photothermal-piezoelectric effect) has become a prominent area of research, focusing on optimizing their hydrophilicity. Herein, electrospun MnO2 nanosheets/PVDF flexible films are sequentially fabricated to transform the dielectric and ferroelectric properties, which result in an open-circuit voltage of 20 V and a short-circuit current of 0.10 μA under repeated mechanical force of 10 N at 2 Hz. Wearable films demonstrated the ability to harvest the biomechanical energy of human movements, such as finger and joint tapping, as well as wearable shoe soles that harvest energy from walking and running. More importantly, the impregnation of polypyrrole over MnO2/PVDF films (MnPVDF@PPy) and post-hydrophilic modification achieved an enhanced evaporation rate of 1.85 kg m−2 h−1 and waste heat recovery into open-circuit voltage of 135 mV and a short-circuit current of 33 mA under one sun irradiation. The unique interplay between photo-piezo-electro mechanisms ensures efficient energy flow, robustness, and adaptability in dynamic environments by addressing critical challenges such as water scarcity and intelligent sensing with a single, multifunctional platform.
能量收集技术正受到越来越多的关注，因为它们有可能从光和机械运动等环境源中产生能量。具有双功能（光热-压电效应）的新型电纺丝聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）柔性薄膜的开发已成为一个研究热点，重点是优化其亲水性。在2 Hz、10 N的重复机械力作用下，电纺丝MnO2纳米片/PVDF柔性薄膜的介电性能和铁电性能得到了20 V的开路电压和0.10 μA的短路电流。可穿戴薄膜展示了从人体运动中获取生物力学能量的能力，比如手指和关节的敲击，以及从走路和跑步中获取能量的可穿戴鞋底。更重要的是，在MnO2/PVDF薄膜（MnPVDF@PPy）上浸渍聚吡罗并进行亲水性改性后，在一次太阳照射下，蒸发速率提高了1.85 kg m−2 h−1，余热回收的开路电压为135 mV，短路电流为33 mA。光电机制之间独特的相互作用确保了有效的能量流动，鲁棒性和动态环境中的适应性，通过单一的多功能平台解决水资源短缺和智能传感等关键挑战。
{"title":"Synergistic photo-electro-piezo effects in a polypyrrole/MnO2-PVDF nanofiber membrane for higher energy efficiency of hybrid solar evaporation systems","authors":"Muhammad Sultan Irshad , Wancheng Qin , Naila Arshad , Naveed Mushtaq , Muhammad Zeeshan , Xiaochao Fan , Tianxiang Zhou , Yi E , Irshad Hussain , Tao Mei , Yajun Qi , Van-Duong Dao , Nang Xuan Ho , Xianbao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy harvesting technologies are gaining attention because of their potential to generate power from ambient sources like light and mechanical motion. The development of advanced electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flexible films with dual functionality (photothermal-piezoelectric effect) has become a prominent area of research, focusing on optimizing their hydrophilicity. Herein, electrospun MnO<sub>2</sub> nanosheets/PVDF flexible films are sequentially fabricated to transform the dielectric and ferroelectric properties, which result in an open-circuit voltage of 20 V and a short-circuit current of 0.10 μA under repeated mechanical force of 10 N at 2 Hz. Wearable films demonstrated the ability to harvest the biomechanical energy of human movements, such as finger and joint tapping, as well as wearable shoe soles that harvest energy from walking and running. More importantly, the impregnation of polypyrrole over MnO<sub>2</sub>/PVDF films (MnPVDF@PPy) and post-hydrophilic modification achieved an enhanced evaporation rate of 1.85 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> and waste heat recovery into open-circuit voltage of 135 mV and a short-circuit current of 33 mA under one sun irradiation. The unique interplay between photo-piezo-electro mechanisms ensures efficient energy flow, robustness, and adaptability in dynamic environments by addressing critical challenges such as water scarcity and intelligent sensing with a single, multifunctional platform.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101204"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101186
Sanghun Kim , Yeomin Yoon , Dong Hun Kim
Thin films used in advanced flexible devices must not only exhibit mechanical flexibility but also maintain stability against moisture and high temperatures while retaining their functional properties. This review focuses on the recent progress in replacing conventional organic-based flexible devices with high-performance inorganic thin-film devices fabricated via high-temperature deposition. As most flexible substrates cannot withstand the high temperatures required for the direct deposition of epitaxial or highly crystallized films, alternative strategies, such as the use of chemically etchable sacrificial layers or physically separable two-dimensional materials, have been developed to enable high-quality thin-film transfer onto flexible substrates. In this review, we systematically summarize the types of sacrificial and two-dimensional layers applied in transfer methods that have been explored to date, including both chemical and physical approaches. This review also highlights the functional properties of the transferred inorganic thin films, including their stability, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, multiferroicity, and optical and electrical characteristics, and discusses their potential for novel device applications. Finally, we address the current limitations of sacrificial and two-dimensional layer selection and transfer methodologies, and provide perspectives on future research directions to guide the development of high performance next-generation flexible electronics.
{"title":"Recent advances in the transfer of functional oxide thin films: A review","authors":"Sanghun Kim , Yeomin Yoon , Dong Hun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thin films used in advanced flexible devices must not only exhibit mechanical flexibility but also maintain stability against moisture and high temperatures while retaining their functional properties. This review focuses on the recent progress in replacing conventional organic-based flexible devices with high-performance inorganic thin-film devices fabricated via high-temperature deposition. As most flexible substrates cannot withstand the high temperatures required for the direct deposition of epitaxial or highly crystallized films, alternative strategies, such as the use of chemically etchable sacrificial layers or physically separable two-dimensional materials, have been developed to enable high-quality thin-film transfer onto flexible substrates. In this review, we systematically summarize the types of sacrificial and two-dimensional layers applied in transfer methods that have been explored to date, including both chemical and physical approaches. This review also highlights the functional properties of the transferred inorganic thin films, including their stability, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, multiferroicity, and optical and electrical characteristics, and discusses their potential for novel device applications. Finally, we address the current limitations of sacrificial and two-dimensional layer selection and transfer methodologies, and provide perspectives on future research directions to guide the development of high performance next-generation flexible electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101186"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101198
Yang Li , Lejuan Cai , Nan Cui , Xiaoru Li , Tinghe Yun , Bohan Wei , Youchen Chen , Hua Yu , Zhenhe Zhao , Yun Li , Nianqing Fu , Lede Xian , Qingqing Ke , Wenlong Wang , Shusheng Pan , Guangyu Zhang , Shenghuang Lin
Transparent flexible field-effect transistors (FETs) are increasingly desired for cutting-edge electronics, but the performance of flexible two-dimensional (2D) FETs still lags behind traditional rigid 2D devices. This study addresses this issue by introducing lithographically defined poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes to fabricate high-performance 2D transistors via a transfer method. Both flexible MoS₂ FET and its rigid counterpart demonstrated impressive electron mobility values of 154 ± 20.4 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and 155 ± 15.9 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ , respectively. The PEDOT:PSS/MoS₂ interface interaction was meticulously characterized and computationally analyzed to elucidate the operational mechanisms. A fully transparent flexible 2D transistor with 71 % transmittance over the visible spectrum and robust FET performance under mechanical bending was also demonstrated. This work highlights the significant potential of integrating organic polymer electrodes with advanced 2D materials for novel high-performance device applications.
{"title":"Fully transparent flexible 2D molybdenum disulfide transistors","authors":"Yang Li , Lejuan Cai , Nan Cui , Xiaoru Li , Tinghe Yun , Bohan Wei , Youchen Chen , Hua Yu , Zhenhe Zhao , Yun Li , Nianqing Fu , Lede Xian , Qingqing Ke , Wenlong Wang , Shusheng Pan , Guangyu Zhang , Shenghuang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transparent flexible field-effect transistors (FETs) are increasingly desired for cutting-edge electronics, but the performance of flexible two-dimensional (2D) FETs still lags behind traditional rigid 2D devices. This study addresses this issue by introducing lithographically defined poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes to fabricate high-performance 2D transistors via a transfer method. Both flexible MoS₂ FET and its rigid counterpart demonstrated impressive electron mobility values of 154 ± 20.4 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and 155 ± 15.9 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ , respectively. The PEDOT:PSS/MoS₂ interface interaction was meticulously characterized and computationally analyzed to elucidate the operational mechanisms. A fully transparent flexible 2D transistor with 71 % transmittance over the visible spectrum and robust FET performance under mechanical bending was also demonstrated. This work highlights the significant potential of integrating organic polymer electrodes with advanced 2D materials for novel high-performance device applications<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101198"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2026.101205
Lixing Tan , Zhenmin Zhao , Jingrong Zhang , Hongxiang Li , Min Zhang , Jingjing Zhao , Yuan Liu , Liang Bai , Tao Jia , Zhipeng Kan
Extensive traps in organic solar cells cause severe charge recombination, limiting the performance. However, traps are inherent in bulk heterojunctions, obstructing the efficiency and stability. Herein, we propose a bilayer structure that allows for the independent fine-tuning of donor and acceptor molecular packings to alleviate the recombination. We selected polymer donor PTO2, having a broad absorption range and structural similarity to PM6, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, with excellent electrical conductivity, to enhance the properties of PM6. The combination modulated the aggregation of PM6, improving the layer crystallinity and hole mobility. Additionally, incorporating an acceptor o-BTP-eC9, offering complementary absorption and shallower highest occupied molecular orbital levels, optimized the fiber structure of L8-BO, producing narrower yet longer fibrils and facilitating electron transport. Bilayer devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 20.18% (certified 19.78%), with an enhanced fill factor. Our findings highlight the potential of molecular-level morphology engineering to advance the performance of bilayer organic solar cells.
{"title":"Stepwise donor aggregation and acceptor fibrillization achieve 20% efficiency in bilayer organic solar cells by reducing trap states and balancing charge mobility","authors":"Lixing Tan , Zhenmin Zhao , Jingrong Zhang , Hongxiang Li , Min Zhang , Jingjing Zhao , Yuan Liu , Liang Bai , Tao Jia , Zhipeng Kan","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2026.101205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive traps in organic solar cells cause severe charge recombination, limiting the performance. However, traps are inherent in bulk heterojunctions, obstructing the efficiency and stability. Herein, we propose a bilayer structure that allows for the independent fine-tuning of donor and acceptor molecular packings to alleviate the recombination. We selected polymer donor PTO2, having a broad absorption range and structural similarity to PM6, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, with excellent electrical conductivity, to enhance the properties of PM6. The combination modulated the aggregation of PM6, improving the layer crystallinity and hole mobility. Additionally, incorporating an acceptor o-BTP-eC9, offering complementary absorption and shallower highest occupied molecular orbital levels, optimized the fiber structure of L8-BO, producing narrower yet longer fibrils and facilitating electron transport. Bilayer devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 20.18% (certified 19.78%), with an enhanced fill factor. Our findings highlight the potential of molecular-level morphology engineering to advance the performance of bilayer organic solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 101205"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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