Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2021.1947054
K. Quinn
ABSTRACT The US presidential election of 1880 provides an opportunity to examine the dynamic role of the nineteenth-century press in defining the candidates, implementing campaign tactics, and constructing an ideological battlefield for the campaign. The coverage demonstrates that the press engaged in tactics that remain staples of electoral communication strategy: constructing candidates via a campaign biography, engineering a bandwagon effect by repeatedly invoking the popularity of the candidate, disseminating qualified endorsements, calling for voter turnout, and adopting a rhetoric of victory. It was also in 1880, the research shows, that the construct of the Solid South came to the fore, denoting, in the case of the Democratic press, the political and economic reemergence of the region in the wake of Reconstruction or, in the case of the Republican press, a reactionary crystallization of Southern interests.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2021.1947646
Wing-kin Puk
ABSTRACT The student protest in Peking (Beijing) on May 4, 1919, was one of the most influential events in modern Chinese political and cultural history. This study examines how the North China Herald covered the event in the immediate two months after it occurred. It examines the history of this famous English press in treaty-port Shanghai and highlights its semi-colonial nature. The North China Herald treated the Chinese students with a mixture of sympathy and suspicion, and counted on US and UK alliances to rescue China from its own weakness and from Japanese imperialism. The Herald’s coverage was influenced by its awareness of the rise of Chinese nationalism that would inevitably challenge the colonial and semi-colonial presence of the West in China, including the paper itself.
1919年5月4日发生在北京的学生抗议事件是中国近代政治史和文化史上影响最大的事件之一。本研究考察了《华北先驱报》在事件发生后两个月内的报道方式。它考察了这家著名的英国出版社在通商口岸上海的历史，并突出了它的半殖民地性质。《华北先驱报》(North China Herald)对中国学生既同情又怀疑，并指望美英联盟将中国从自身的软弱和日本帝国主义手中解救出来。《先驱报》的报道受到其意识到中国民族主义崛起的影响，这将不可避免地挑战西方在中国的殖民地和半殖民地存在，包括报纸本身。
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Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2021.1949240
Mary M. Cronin
ABSTRACT Little research has been undertaken that examines editors’ views on freedom of the press during wartime. This research explores how and why editors in the far Western states and territories supported, encouraged, and rationalized press suppression during the American Civil War. Despite their distance from the fighting, the majority of the West’s Republican editors believed passionately in the Union cause and pledged their loyalty to the nation. Many members of the Democratic press did, as well. But two-party partisan hostilities motivated editors to encourage press suppression, as did fear of the opposition press’s power. Economic concerns also proved a motivating factor for press suppression in some communities. Western press members often used popular, rather than Constitutional, definitions of treason to support, explain, and encourage suppression of fellow editors whose newspapers appeared disloyal.
{"title":"“Free Speech Is Sometimes a Dangerous Privilege”: Western Editors’ Support for Press Suppression during the US Civil War","authors":"Mary M. Cronin","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1949240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1949240","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Little research has been undertaken that examines editors’ views on freedom of the press during wartime. This research explores how and why editors in the far Western states and territories supported, encouraged, and rationalized press suppression during the American Civil War. Despite their distance from the fighting, the majority of the West’s Republican editors believed passionately in the Union cause and pledged their loyalty to the nation. Many members of the Democratic press did, as well. But two-party partisan hostilities motivated editors to encourage press suppression, as did fear of the opposition press’s power. Economic concerns also proved a motivating factor for press suppression in some communities. Western press members often used popular, rather than Constitutional, definitions of treason to support, explain, and encourage suppression of fellow editors whose newspapers appeared disloyal.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"47 1","pages":"263 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45371757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2021.1900664
Pete Smith, Hazel James Cole
On September 11, 2001, a GTE Airfone supervisor took a call from United Flight 93 passenger Todd Beamer, who said the airplane had been highjacked. Supervisor Lisa Jefferson, a Black woman, stayed on the line with Beamer for thirteen minutes, until just before Beamer and his fellow passengers staged an attempted revolt and the plane crashed in a field just outside of Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The goal of this essay is to identify how the press framed Jefferson and her phone call with Beamer on September 11, 2001. After a newspaper database search, the analysis includes the following publications: the (Chicago) Daily Herald, the Chicago Tribune, and the (Tinley Park, Illinois) Sunday Star (as Jefferson was a Chicago native); the Somerset Daily American (serving Shanksville); the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (seventyfive miles from Shanksville); the (New Brunswick) Central New Jersey Home News (serving Beamer’s home); the Washington Post (which provided extensive coverage of 9/11); and the (Fort Lauderdale) South Florida Sun-Sentinel (which carried articles from a correspondent covering 9/11). The examination involves articles, headlines, and photos published in September 2001 through the end of the year and those published on the one-year and every five-year anniversary through 2016. This analysis uses framing theory to reveal one significant news frame: the “praying woman,” a Black woman of quiet strength whose religious faith helps her endure in a time of crisis. This frame is noteworthy, as it draws on and adds to the research that has recorded the use of news frames to depict Black women in stereotypical ways.
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Pub Date : 2021-04-09DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2021.1909936
Will Mari
Since the early 2000s, media historians have grappled with how to teach the memory and continuing legacy of 9/11 through the journalism produced on that tragic day. Not unlike previous generations of teacherscholars, journalism history professors face the unique challenge of framing conversations about 9/11 in both respectful and complicating terms, challenging media narratives while also centering the value of journalism during national tragedies. And yet a typical media-history course ends at some point around or just after Watergate, a generation before 9/11. The ambitious among us may push on into the 1980s and 1990s. But most stop before the events of September 11, 2001, during which even our seniors and first-year graduate students were young children, toddlers, or, in some cases, infants. Starting last year, many of our first-year students will have been born long afterward. But there is so much to cover in a media-history class, especially if you start “at the beginning” with the American War for Independence (presuming that your course is about American media history). For some time, I have resigned myself to not getting there—after all, in history departments, surveys of U.S. history are routinely broken up into two or even three courses. But whether you teach an advanced group of students, first-year students, those in a dedicated media-history class, or in some other kind of class with a media history unit, including 9/11 is not just a wise investment of time, but critical for understanding the rest of this century.
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Pub Date : 2021-04-09DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2021.1908811
Carolyn L. Kitch
With the passage of two decades, the story of September 11, 2001, is moving out of living memory and into recorded history. This essay considers the place of journalism within this transition, focusing on the uses of news media inside the 9/11 Museum in New York City, which has drawn more than 17 million visitors since its May 2014 opening. For years after the attacks, journalism was central to public retellings of the 9/11 story. Many of those accounts came from journalism itself, as major news organizations created special supplements, issues, programs, and books, repackaging their own original coverage of the event and recalling journalists’ memories of covering the story. In 2008, the first permanent exhibit about 9/11 opened as part of the Newseum, a Washington, DC, institution funded by news corporations. Journalism was obviously its main focus, with interpretation including newspaper front pages, a film in which reporters shared their terrifying experiences, and an enormous artifact, part of the broadcast antenna that once topped World Trade Center Tower One. When New York’s 9/11 Museum opened six years later, in 2014, its most powerful artifact was its site, the cement foundation of the former Twin Towers. Within their footprints are thousands of other material artifacts that Marita Sturken calls “survivor objects,” from the mundane (paper memos) and personal (shoes) to the structural (twisted steel) and heroic (a crushed fire truck). Most scholarship about this site focuses on these kinds of objects, but the museum also contains news-media survivors. News photographs are plentiful among the digital mediation that visitors encounter as they descend wide ramps to the main displays below ground. While they are documentary images, they are similar in perspective, showing people on the streets of Manhattan looking forward in tears or upward in horror. In the weeks after the attacks, many of these pictures appeared in national newsmagazines and in photography exhibits through which New Yorkers processed the catastrophe. In the museum today, they are displayed at eye level as the visitor walks among them; they are indexical in a way that obscures mediation, inviting visitors into a relay of seeing that makes us forget that someone took the picture. News media are mentioned, however, in audio and written words projected around these “Dark City,” by Dennis Leung (CC BY 2.0)
随着二十年的过去，2001年9月11日的故事正在从人们的记忆中走出来，进入有记录的历史。本文考虑了新闻业在这一转变中的地位，重点关注纽约市9/11博物馆内新闻媒体的使用，自2014年5月开放以来，该博物馆已吸引了1700多万游客。袭击事件发生后的几年里，新闻业一直是公众复述911事件的核心。其中许多报道来自新闻业本身，因为主要新闻机构制作了特别的增刊、期刊、节目和书籍，重新包装了他们自己对这一事件的原始报道，并回忆起记者对报道这一故事的记忆。2008年，第一个关于9/11的永久性展览作为新闻博物馆的一部分开幕，新闻博物馆是华盛顿特区一家由新闻公司资助的机构。新闻业显然是它的主要关注点，包括报纸头版、一部记者分享恐怖经历的电影，以及一个巨大的人工制品，这是曾经登上世贸中心一号楼的广播天线的一部分。六年后的2014年，当纽约9/11博物馆开幕时，它最强大的文物是它的遗址，前双子塔的水泥地基。在他们的足迹中还有成千上万的其他物质文物，玛丽塔·斯特肯称之为“幸存者物品”，从平凡的（纸质备忘录）和个人的（鞋子）到结构的（扭曲的钢）和英雄的（被压碎的消防车）。关于这个网站的大多数学术都集中在这类物品上，但博物馆也有新闻媒体的幸存者。在游客从宽阔的坡道下到地面下的主要显示器时遇到的数字调解中，有大量的新闻照片。虽然它们是纪录片，但视角相似，显示了曼哈顿街头的人们泪流满面或惊恐地向上看。在袭击发生后的几周里，这些照片中的许多出现在全国性的新闻杂志和摄影展览上，纽约人通过这些展览处理了这场灾难。在今天的博物馆里，当游客走在它们中间时，它们与眼睛齐平；它们是指数化的，以一种模糊调解的方式，邀请游客观看，让我们忘记是有人拍的照片。然而，新闻媒体在Dennis Leung（CC by 2.0）围绕这些“黑暗城市”投影的音频和书面文字中被提及
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Pub Date : 2021-01-25DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2020.1866405
J. Gorbach, Michael Fuhlhage
ABSTRACT In early 1864, Civil War correspondent Thomas W. Knox nearly gave his life for a brave experiment to prove the labor of freedmen could be just as profitable as that of slaves on a cotton farm. Ironically, in the years that followed, Knox traveled the world writing guidebooks for boys that served to teach all the ways the developing world was inferior to American culture, and sought to indoctrinate young American readers into their role as colonizers. What appear initially to be a correspondent’s enlightened, forward-thinking attitudes turn out to be deeply problematic in ways that raise profound questions about the American discourse on race. For the past thirty years, postcolonial studies have moved into “low,” popular literature. This study attempts to push the field into a new direction: the examination of American correspondents beyond canonical figures like Mark Twain, Richard Harding Davis, Jack London, and Stephen Crane.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-25DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2020.1866409
Lindsay Hargrave, Carolyn L. Kitch
ABSTRACT From its start in 1936, Life magazine offered a portrait of the nation that blended the ideal with the typical through certain kinds of recurring characters. One was “the college girl,” the subject of Life’s first “photo-essay,” a 1937 feature on Vassar students. Such “girls” were more than a curiosity: in this era, women students constituted 40% of college enrollment. This paper analyzes their representation in more than one hundred articles and advertisements published between 1936 and 1941, the magazine’s first five years. It concludes that these characters served as symbols—of regional identity, of American superiority, of Life’s self-proclaimed wholesomeness—yet they also validated the real-life experience of many young women, whose presence in higher education would plummet after the war. One of the most visible media characters of her time, Life’s 1930s “college girl” illuminates a part of women’s history largely forgotten today.
自1936年创刊以来，《生活》杂志通过某些反复出现的人物形象，展现了理想与典型的融合。其中一个是《女大学生》(the college girl)，这是《生活》杂志1937年第一篇“摄影文章”的主题，拍摄的是瓦萨学院的学生。这样的“女孩”不仅仅是一种好奇:在那个时代，女学生占大学入学人数的40%。本文分析了他们在1936年至1941年(该杂志创刊的头五年)期间发表的一百多篇文章和广告中的表现。它的结论是，这些角色是地区身份、美国优越性和自我宣称的健康生活的象征，但他们也证实了许多年轻女性的现实经历，她们在战后接受高等教育的人数急剧下降。作为她那个时代最引人注目的媒体人物之一，《生活》杂志20世纪30年代的“大学女孩”照亮了一段今天几乎被遗忘的女性历史。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2020.1866406
Dale L. Cressman
ABSTRACT In 1954, the New York Times began receiving letters from residents of California, requesting that the newspaper begin publishing a Western edition. After the Times began using tele-typesetting to publish same-day editions of its European edition, it was persuaded to publish an edition in California. Beginning in October 1962, publishers printed the Times in Los Angeles and distributed it throughout the Western United States. However, financial losses suffered because of the New York newspaper strike, the difficulty in attracting advertisers, and the death of the project’s sponsor led to the edition’s demise in January 1964. Using archival sources, this article describes the development of the short-lived West Coast edition, a signature project for Times publisher Orvil Dryfoos. Use of tele-typesetting and the publication’s effect on the Los Angeles Times are considered.
{"title":"Project Westward Ho: The First New York Times West Coast Edition","authors":"Dale L. Cressman","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2020.1866406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866406","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1954, the New York Times began receiving letters from residents of California, requesting that the newspaper begin publishing a Western edition. After the Times began using tele-typesetting to publish same-day editions of its European edition, it was persuaded to publish an edition in California. Beginning in October 1962, publishers printed the Times in Los Angeles and distributed it throughout the Western United States. However, financial losses suffered because of the New York newspaper strike, the difficulty in attracting advertisers, and the death of the project’s sponsor led to the edition’s demise in January 1964. Using archival sources, this article describes the development of the short-lived West Coast edition, a signature project for Times publisher Orvil Dryfoos. Use of tele-typesetting and the publication’s effect on the Los Angeles Times are considered.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"47 1","pages":"135 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48615701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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