Pub Date : 2017-01-24DOI: 10.1515/kadmos-2016-0001
Rostislav Oreshko
Abstract The paper presents results of collations of two Hieroglyphic-Luwian inscriptions of king Hartapu found in Central Anatolia and belonging to the post-Empire period (12th/11th century BC). In BURUNKAYA the improvements include: 1) identification of the first sign in the king’s name as a separate sign (instead of earlier ), probably L.417; 2) reading of one of the titles of the king as (DEUS)TONITRUS PURUS2-za/i (or EUNUCHUS2-za/i, phonetically kummaza) ‘priest of the Storm-God’; 3) identification of a part of the sign URBS/ REGIO in the second line of the inscription. In KIZILDAĞ 4 the discussion focuses on the central weathered part of the second line (§ 3); here, traces of two signs ANIMAL and of an animal head could be identified, which, in combination with other indications, allow the passage to be interpreted as an appeal to different visitors of the site to offer sacrificial animals to the Celestial Storm-God.
{"title":"New readings in the Hieroglyphic-Luwian inscriptions of BURUNKAYA and KIZILDAĞ 4","authors":"Rostislav Oreshko","doi":"10.1515/kadmos-2016-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kadmos-2016-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents results of collations of two Hieroglyphic-Luwian inscriptions of king Hartapu found in Central Anatolia and belonging to the post-Empire period (12th/11th century BC). In BURUNKAYA the improvements include: 1) identification of the first sign in the king’s name as a separate sign (instead of earlier ), probably L.417; 2) reading of one of the titles of the king as (DEUS)TONITRUS PURUS2-za/i (or EUNUCHUS2-za/i, phonetically kummaza) ‘priest of the Storm-God’; 3) identification of a part of the sign URBS/ REGIO in the second line of the inscription. In KIZILDAĞ 4 the discussion focuses on the central weathered part of the second line (§ 3); here, traces of two signs ANIMAL and of an animal head could be identified, which, in combination with other indications, allow the passage to be interpreted as an appeal to different visitors of the site to offer sacrificial animals to the Celestial Storm-God.","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"81 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77471493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-24DOI: 10.1515/kadmos-2016-0006
M. Lane
Abstract 1. Given the latest archaeological evidence, one should expect terms pertaining to water management and hydraulic engineering in the Linear B corpus. Identification of such terms will aid in current and future interpretations. 2. Archaeological context. 3. Four terms: (1) a-de-te /*arde(s)tḗr/ ‘irrigator’; (2) e-re-e-u /heleheu̯s/ ‘he pertaining to marshland’ (probably land improvement functionary in reciprocal management relationship with e-sa-re-u); (3) *po-te-re-u /*bothreu̯s/ (/*phothreus/?) ‘he pertaining to trenches’; (4) *u-do-no-o /(h)udr̥nohos/ ‘water-channeler’ (< IE *nei̯H-/*noi̯H- ‘channeling, directing, diverting, driving’, etc.). 4. Some possibilities: ko-ku-ro, pe-re-wa-ta, e-ko-me-no, and za-e-to-ro. 5. Discussion: water management and organization of labor recorded in the Linear B texts. 6. Conclusions.
{"title":"Four probable terms in Mycenaean Greek pertaining to water management, some possible references, and broader implications","authors":"M. Lane","doi":"10.1515/kadmos-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kadmos-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract 1. Given the latest archaeological evidence, one should expect terms pertaining to water management and hydraulic engineering in the Linear B corpus. Identification of such terms will aid in current and future interpretations. 2. Archaeological context. 3. Four terms: (1) a-de-te /*arde(s)tḗr/ ‘irrigator’; (2) e-re-e-u /heleheu̯s/ ‘he pertaining to marshland’ (probably land improvement functionary in reciprocal management relationship with e-sa-re-u); (3) *po-te-re-u /*bothreu̯s/ (/*phothreus/?) ‘he pertaining to trenches’; (4) *u-do-no-o /(h)udr̥nohos/ ‘water-channeler’ (< IE *nei̯H-/*noi̯H- ‘channeling, directing, diverting, driving’, etc.). 4. Some possibilities: ko-ku-ro, pe-re-wa-ta, e-ko-me-no, and za-e-to-ro. 5. Discussion: water management and organization of labor recorded in the Linear B texts. 6. Conclusions.","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"5 1","pages":"130 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85725785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.32859/kadmos/9/88-104
Ketevan Jishiashvili
The years between 1980-1990 is a transitional period in the history of Georgia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the urban space significantly changed, affecting the social and cultural life of the city. The aim of the study is to observe the spatial semantic models of this period in their sociocultural context and analyze the changes in traditional urban spaces. The art of Jemal Kukhalashvili is relevant material for such a study due to its varied city image scenes and social sensibility. The models discussed - yard, café, celebration, and market - are common for the Tbilisi urban space. Each spatial model is analyzed according to its social role for urban development and its culturological importance is also given. We have studied the coherence of visual images with the semantics of the urban model in the paintings of Jemal Kukhalashvili. The semiotic method made it possible to obtain results on two different levels: a) a wide sociocultural level, b) the level of the artwork’s message and content. The study of traditional spatial semantic models and correlated visual images describes a picture of the level of urban space transformation, culturally valuable semantic models, and the impact of socio-political changes on them.
{"title":"Semantic Models of Urban Space in the Paintings of Jemal Kukhalashvili","authors":"Ketevan Jishiashvili","doi":"10.32859/kadmos/9/88-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/9/88-104","url":null,"abstract":"The years between 1980-1990 is a transitional period in the history of Georgia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the urban space significantly changed, affecting the social and cultural life of the city. The aim of the study is to observe the spatial semantic models of this period in their sociocultural context and analyze the changes in traditional urban spaces. The art of Jemal Kukhalashvili is relevant material for such a study due to its varied city image scenes and social sensibility. The models discussed - yard, café, celebration, and market - are common for the Tbilisi urban space. Each spatial model is analyzed according to its social role for urban development and its culturological importance is also given. We have studied the coherence of visual images with the semantics of the urban model in the paintings of Jemal Kukhalashvili. The semiotic method made it possible to obtain results on two different levels: a) a wide sociocultural level, b) the level of the artwork’s message and content. The study of traditional spatial semantic models and correlated visual images describes a picture of the level of urban space transformation, culturally valuable semantic models, and the impact of socio-political changes on them.","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76108912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.32859/kadmos/9/105-155
Avtandil Jokhadze
This paper is an attempt to clarify the typological essence of the Georgian state at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. Ivane Javakhishvili believed that it was appropriate to describe the Georgian state of those times as a limited monarchy. Others (Professors S. Meskhia, I. Antelava, ...) did not share this opinion. They argued that autocracy was better matched to the kingdom of Queen Tamar's times. Primary sources and the analysis of scholars’ opinions have convinced us that Javakhishvili was right, although the system of power of any country cannot be fully placed within the frames of a specific stereotype of classification. The Georgian state of Queen Tamar's times can be classified as a limited monarchy, oligarchy, or timocracy, the choice depending on the emphasis placed. Despite the conflicts that took place in Georgian society at that time, Queen Tamar managed to direct all political forces into one millrace and achieve accord (unanimity) between elite groups. Her domestic policy can be assessed as an “act of sovereignty” of noblemen, members of landed gentry, clergymen, merchants, and craftsmen. “What, then, strictly speaking, is an act of Sovereignty? It is not a convention between a superior and an inferior, but a convention between the body and each of its members. It is legitimate, because [it is] based on the social contract, and equitable, because [it is] common to all; useful, because it can have no other object than the general good” (Rousseau 2017, 24).
{"title":"“Noblemen became enthroned”","authors":"Avtandil Jokhadze","doi":"10.32859/kadmos/9/105-155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/9/105-155","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an attempt to clarify the typological essence of the Georgian state at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. Ivane Javakhishvili believed that it was appropriate to describe the Georgian state of those times as a limited monarchy. Others (Professors S. Meskhia, I. Antelava, ...) did not share this opinion. They argued that autocracy was better matched to the kingdom of Queen Tamar's times. Primary sources and the analysis of scholars’ opinions have convinced us that Javakhishvili was right, although the system of power of any country cannot be fully placed within the frames of a specific stereotype of classification. The Georgian state of Queen Tamar's times can be classified as a limited monarchy, oligarchy, or timocracy, the choice depending on the emphasis placed. Despite the conflicts that took place in Georgian society at that time, Queen Tamar managed to direct all political forces into one millrace and achieve accord (unanimity) between elite groups. Her domestic policy can be assessed as an “act of sovereignty” of noblemen, members of landed gentry, clergymen, merchants, and craftsmen. “What, then, strictly speaking, is an act of Sovereignty? It is not a convention between a superior and an inferior, but a convention between the body and each of its members. It is legitimate, because [it is] based on the social contract, and equitable, because [it is] common to all; useful, because it can have no other object than the general good” (Rousseau 2017, 24).","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88011000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.32859/kadmos/8/110-157
Guliko Kvantidze
The article deals with two issues widely discussed in ethnological studies: gifts and clothing. Landmark theories on gift exchange were first propounded by Marcel Mauss and Claude Lévi-Strauss, who introduced a multi-perspective approach. The question was further explored by Russian scholars Aaron Gurevich, Elena Ilnitskaya and others. The function and symbolism of clothing were studied by Flugel, Hofmann, Bogatyrov and other researchers, who pointed out primary and secondary characteristics of garments. Likewise significant are works by Georgian scholars who focused on the utilitarian and aesthetic features of Georgian national costumes and their regional, age and gender specifics. This article discusses khalat as a gift in Medieval East Georgia according to the 17th-18th century Georgian historical sources. Gift is understood as having a symbolic value of reciprocity and reflecting the ongoing political situation in the country. Royal practices for accepting khalat as a gift can be classed into three types: a. when a king removed his national clothes and publicly vested himself in Iranian garments, thus recognizing full obedience, b. when a king put on Iranian clothes over his Georgian national costumes, thus expressing his partial obedience and c. when a king entered the borders of his country dressed in Iranian clothes, which indicated that he was granted the insignia of royalty. The comparative study of written sources reveals that the presentation of khalats was practiced in Georgia in the Middle Ages (the 9th-12th centuries) as well as in Antiquity (the 1st-2nd and 5th-6th centuries).
{"title":"The Khalat as a Gift and the Customs Connected to it in the Life of Eastern Georgia (According to the Georgian written sources)","authors":"Guliko Kvantidze","doi":"10.32859/kadmos/8/110-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/8/110-157","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with two issues widely discussed in ethnological studies: gifts and clothing. Landmark theories on gift exchange were first propounded by Marcel Mauss and Claude Lévi-Strauss, who introduced a multi-perspective approach. The question was further explored by Russian scholars Aaron Gurevich, Elena Ilnitskaya and others. The function and symbolism of clothing were studied by Flugel, Hofmann, Bogatyrov and other researchers, who pointed out primary and secondary characteristics of garments. Likewise significant are works by Georgian scholars who focused on the utilitarian and aesthetic features of Georgian national costumes and their regional, age and gender specifics. This article discusses khalat as a gift in Medieval East Georgia according to the 17th-18th century Georgian historical sources. Gift is understood as having a symbolic value of reciprocity and reflecting the ongoing political situation in the country. Royal practices for accepting khalat as a gift can be classed into three types: a. when a king removed his national clothes and publicly vested himself in Iranian garments, thus recognizing full obedience, b. when a king put on Iranian clothes over his Georgian national costumes, thus expressing his partial obedience and c. when a king entered the borders of his country dressed in Iranian clothes, which indicated that he was granted the insignia of royalty. The comparative study of written sources reveals that the presentation of khalats was practiced in Georgia in the Middle Ages (the 9th-12th centuries) as well as in Antiquity (the 1st-2nd and 5th-6th centuries).","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85969980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we illustrate the nature and significance of asemantic texts (vocables) within Svan songs. An interdisciplinary approach helped us interpret asemantic texts of so-called “wordless” songs and observe consistent verbal-musical formulae within a genre. Our study of the verbal texture of the Svan singing repertoire has revealed different distinct types and varieties of vocables. We identify both dialectic and interdialectic groups of vocables and outline the correlations between ethnological context and vocable groups. We further identify the peculiarities of some vocabelic groups and describe the rules, regulations and systems which govern their use in Svan songs.
{"title":"On the Problem of Asemantic Texts of Svan Songs","authors":"Nana Mzhavanadze, Madona Chamgeliani","doi":"10.32859/kadmos/8/7-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/8/7-109","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we illustrate the nature and significance of asemantic texts (vocables) within Svan songs. An interdisciplinary approach helped us interpret asemantic texts of so-called “wordless” songs and observe consistent verbal-musical formulae within a genre. Our study of the verbal texture of the Svan singing repertoire has revealed different distinct types and varieties of vocables. We identify both dialectic and interdialectic groups of vocables and outline the correlations between ethnological context and vocable groups. We further identify the peculiarities of some vocabelic groups and describe the rules, regulations and systems which govern their use in Svan songs.","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76678234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.32859/kadmos/8/158-188
M. Javakhishvili
In the Middle Ages, Christian Georgia and Western Europe were united in the fight against the Muslim East. On the one hand, Georgia, pressed by Muslims, sought assistance in Western European countries, whereas Christian Europe also considered Georgia an ally against the Islamic East. The object of my interest is the letter written by George V the Brilliant (1314-1346) to the King of France - Philip VI Valois (1328-1350) in which George the Brilliant agrees to participate in the Crusade campaign. The fact discussed in the letter is the initiative of Phillip de Valois regarding organising the Crusade with the participation of European kings and aristocracy against Muslims and, specifically, against the Egyptian sultan Mohammed An-Nasir (1229-1340). Having studied this important document (a letter by George V) I decided to research the historical context of the period, specifically, to explore the significance of the Crusade campaign initiated by Philippe de Valois. What was it caused by, when was it planned, why, by whom, and who took part in this venture and how was it being prepared, and more importantly, to explain a very interesting, although a lesser known issue to Georgian historiography: Why did the King of France decide to involve Georgia in this venture and why did Western European countries become interested in Georgia specifically during the period of late Crusades. And, finally, what was the Georgian interest in this campaign. In order to find answers to these questions and having studied the European sources and scholarly literature regarding the issue, I have tried to explain the reasons for the participation of the parties and their reasons for their expectations.
在中世纪，信奉基督教的格鲁吉亚和西欧联合起来对抗东方的穆斯林。一方面，受到穆斯林压迫的格鲁吉亚向西欧国家寻求援助，而基督教欧洲也将格鲁吉亚视为对抗伊斯兰东方的盟友。我感兴趣的对象是辉煌的乔治五世(1314-1346)写给法国国王菲利普六世(1328-1350)的信，辉煌的乔治同意参加十字军东征运动。信中讨论的事实是菲利普·德·瓦卢瓦(Phillip de Valois)倡议组织十字军东征，与欧洲国王和贵族一起反对穆斯林，特别是反对埃及苏丹穆罕默德·安·纳西尔(1229-1340)。在研究了这份重要的文件(乔治五世的一封信)之后，我决定研究这一时期的历史背景，特别是探索菲利普·德瓦卢瓦发起的十字军东征运动的意义。它是由什么引起的，什么时候计划的，为什么，由谁，谁参与了这次冒险，它是如何准备的，更重要的是，解释了一个非常有趣的问题，虽然格鲁吉亚史学不太为人所知:为什么法国国王决定让格鲁吉亚参与这次冒险，为什么西欧国家在十字军东征后期特别对格鲁吉亚感兴趣。最后，格鲁吉亚在这场战争中的利益是什么?为了找到这些问题的答案，并研究了有关该问题的欧洲资料和学术文献，我试图解释各方参与的原因及其期望的原因。
{"title":"Georgia and Western Europe at the Beginning of the 14th Century (The Later Crusades)","authors":"M. Javakhishvili","doi":"10.32859/kadmos/8/158-188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/8/158-188","url":null,"abstract":"In the Middle Ages, Christian Georgia and Western Europe were united in the fight against the Muslim East. On the one hand, Georgia, pressed by Muslims, sought assistance in Western European countries, whereas Christian Europe also considered Georgia an ally against the Islamic East. The object of my interest is the letter written by George V the Brilliant (1314-1346) to the King of France - Philip VI Valois (1328-1350) in which George the Brilliant agrees to participate in the Crusade campaign. The fact discussed in the letter is the initiative of Phillip de Valois regarding organising the Crusade with the participation of European kings and aristocracy against Muslims and, specifically, against the Egyptian sultan Mohammed An-Nasir (1229-1340). Having studied this important document (a letter by George V) I decided to research the historical context of the period, specifically, to explore the significance of the Crusade campaign initiated by Philippe de Valois. What was it caused by, when was it planned, why, by whom, and who took part in this venture and how was it being prepared, and more importantly, to explain a very interesting, although a lesser known issue to Georgian historiography: Why did the King of France decide to involve Georgia in this venture and why did Western European countries become interested in Georgia specifically during the period of late Crusades. And, finally, what was the Georgian interest in this campaign. In order to find answers to these questions and having studied the European sources and scholarly literature regarding the issue, I have tried to explain the reasons for the participation of the parties and their reasons for their expectations.","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82648964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationship between Crusaders and Georgians is insufficiently investigated in medieval studies and is mostly discussed by Georgian researchers. The aim of this article is to go into depths of military relations between Latin crusaders and Georgians in the 12th and 13th centuries and counter several findings circulating in the Georgian scholarly community.
{"title":"Crusaders and Georgia: A Critical Approach to Georgian Historiography","authors":"David Tinikashvili, I. Kazaryan","doi":"10.32859/kadmos/6/7-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/6/7-49","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between Crusaders and Georgians is insufficiently investigated in medieval studies and is mostly discussed by Georgian researchers. The aim of this article is to go into depths of military relations between Latin crusaders and Georgians in the 12th and 13th centuries and counter several findings circulating in the Georgian scholarly community.","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90917384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Catholic communities in Georgia were mostly comprised of Georgians and Armenians. Churches were central in their lives. More than twenty Catholic churches and chapels of both Latin and Armenian rites were built or reconstructed in Georgia during that period, mainly between 1860 and 1910. The paper discusses the difficult processes of financing church construction and the aspects of fundraising and patronage.
{"title":"Catholic Churches in Georgia: Builders and Benefactors (the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries)","authors":"N. Natsvlishvili","doi":"10.32859/kadmos/7/7-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/7/7-34","url":null,"abstract":"In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Catholic communities in Georgia were mostly comprised of Georgians and Armenians. Churches were central in their lives. More than twenty Catholic churches and chapels of both Latin and Armenian rites were built or reconstructed in Georgia during that period, mainly between 1860 and 1910. The paper discusses the difficult processes of financing church construction and the aspects of fundraising and patronage.","PeriodicalId":38825,"journal":{"name":"Kadmos","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75287856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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