Mohamed Babeker, Z. Iqbal, S. Hamad, Hassan Medawi, R. Omer, Mohamed Al Saikhan
Valorisation of raw foods can substantially improve the resilience of the food chain, thereby mitigating the escalating food crisis. As date fruits contain most of the essential ingredients, it could serve as an unprecedented source of functional food production. This study aimed at valorising the commercially less valued date fruit, reziz, to prepare a carbonated drink. The collected reziz date fruit was subjected to date syrup (dibs) extraction using a specifically designed apparatus, Dibsi 10101, at 4 different pressures, 1000, -1.4, -2.8 and -5.5 millibar (mbar). However, the dibs extracted at -5.5 mbar yielded better clear dibs and thus was used in downstream production. Hulu-Mur (sweet and sour), a nutrient-rich flavouring agent derived from sorghum and Sudanese spices extract, was used as a favour enhancer. To produce the carbonated drink "Abridate," a different proportion of Hulu-Mur extract (1:5 w/v) and carbon dioxide were blended and subjected to a 10-point hedonic organoleptic evaluation. The results demonstrated that the superior Abridate was obtained by blending 6.89% of Hulu-Mur flavour extract with 11.8 TSS dibs at 4-bar carbon dioxide pressure. Abridate was comparable to commercially available carbonated beverages and held a substantial advantage over hazardous carbonated drinks due to its organic nature. KEYWORDS Abridate, carbonated drink, date palm, dibs, Hulu-Mur, reziz, soft drink
{"title":"Production of Carbonated Drink Using Reziz Date Dibs and Hulu-Mur Flavour","authors":"Mohamed Babeker, Z. Iqbal, S. Hamad, Hassan Medawi, R. Omer, Mohamed Al Saikhan","doi":"10.37575/b/agr/220008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/220008","url":null,"abstract":"Valorisation of raw foods can substantially improve the resilience of the food chain, thereby mitigating the escalating food crisis. As date fruits contain most of the essential ingredients, it could serve as an unprecedented source of functional food production. This study aimed at valorising the commercially less valued date fruit, reziz, to prepare a carbonated drink. The collected reziz date fruit was subjected to date syrup (dibs) extraction using a specifically designed apparatus, Dibsi 10101, at 4 different pressures, 1000, -1.4, -2.8 and -5.5 millibar (mbar). However, the dibs extracted at -5.5 mbar yielded better clear dibs and thus was used in downstream production. Hulu-Mur (sweet and sour), a nutrient-rich flavouring agent derived from sorghum and Sudanese spices extract, was used as a favour enhancer. To produce the carbonated drink \"Abridate,\" a different proportion of Hulu-Mur extract (1:5 w/v) and carbon dioxide were blended and subjected to a 10-point hedonic organoleptic evaluation. The results demonstrated that the superior Abridate was obtained by blending 6.89% of Hulu-Mur flavour extract with 11.8 TSS dibs at 4-bar carbon dioxide pressure. Abridate was comparable to commercially available carbonated beverages and held a substantial advantage over hazardous carbonated drinks due to its organic nature. KEYWORDS Abridate, carbonated drink, date palm, dibs, Hulu-Mur, reziz, soft drink","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69891764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study aims to develop smart learning environments in Saudi universities in line with the future requirements of artificial intelligence. To achieve this goal, a systematic review was conducted on studies published on Scopus and Google Scholar databases from 1990 until 2021 on the development of e-learning in the light of artificial intelligence (in addition to the relevant Arab studies). First, a list of challenges and opportunities for developing smart learning environments according to the future requirements of artificial intelligence was composed. Then, a questionnaire was prepared and reviewed by several academic experts in educational technology in Saudi universities. The study results include many challenges expected to be encountered in the smart learning environments in Saudi universities concerning the future preconditions for artificial intelligence. It also presented a number of opportunities and procedures for facing such challenges and exploiting the opportunities. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions were presented.
{"title":"Developing Smart Learning Environments in Line with the Future Requirements of Artificial Intelligence: Saudi Universities","authors":"S. Alanazy","doi":"10.37575/h/edu/210079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/h/edu/210079","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aims to develop smart learning environments in Saudi universities in line with the future requirements of artificial intelligence. To achieve this goal, a systematic review was conducted on studies published on Scopus and Google Scholar databases from 1990 until 2021 on the development of e-learning in the light of artificial intelligence (in addition to the relevant Arab studies). First, a list of challenges and opportunities for developing smart learning environments according to the future requirements of artificial intelligence was composed. Then, a questionnaire was prepared and reviewed by several academic experts in educational technology in Saudi universities. The study results include many challenges expected to be encountered in the smart learning environments in Saudi universities concerning the future preconditions for artificial intelligence. It also presented a number of opportunities and procedures for facing such challenges and exploiting the opportunities. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions were presented.","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85001187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent technological developments have led to an increasingly wide use of electronic devices, platforms and applications. These technologies are now an important factor in the digital transformations taking place in many governmental agencies. In parallel with these technological advancements, new cybercrime techniques have been developed, making them a complex and highly prioritized national security issue for many countries around the world. To address this challenge, the Saudi Arabian government, through a royal decree, has urged government agencies to create internal cybersecurity departments to safeguard their information and technical assets. This makes cybersecurity a critical element of the Kingdom’s 2030 Vision. This study aims to shed light on the reality of cybersecurity and its challenges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researcher designed a questionnaire to measure several dimensions, including cybersecurity management, addressing cyber threats and risks, security techniques, and future (strategic) challenges. A sample of 98 IT employees working in different government agencies participated in this study. The results of the data analysis show that the level of cybersecurity against cyber threats and risks is high in the government agencies of Saudi Arabia. KEYWORDS Cybersecurity, cyberspace, cyber risks management, cyber threats and risks, cyber warfare
{"title":"The Reality of Cybersecurity and its Challenges in Saudi Arabia","authors":"S. Alsemairi","doi":"10.37575/b/cmp/210075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/b/cmp/210075","url":null,"abstract":"Recent technological developments have led to an increasingly wide use of electronic devices, platforms and applications. These technologies are now an important factor in the digital transformations taking place in many governmental agencies. In parallel with these technological advancements, new cybercrime techniques have been developed, making them a complex and highly prioritized national security issue for many countries around the world. To address this challenge, the Saudi Arabian government, through a royal decree, has urged government agencies to create internal cybersecurity departments to safeguard their information and technical assets. This makes cybersecurity a critical element of the Kingdom’s 2030 Vision. This study aims to shed light on the reality of cybersecurity and its challenges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researcher designed a questionnaire to measure several dimensions, including cybersecurity management, addressing cyber threats and risks, security techniques, and future (strategic) challenges. A sample of 98 IT employees working in different government agencies participated in this study. The results of the data analysis show that the level of cybersecurity against cyber threats and risks is high in the government agencies of Saudi Arabia. KEYWORDS Cybersecurity, cyberspace, cyber risks management, cyber threats and risks, cyber warfare","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses how the power of the free electron laser (FEL) beam was increased without increasing the size of the laser device by using a new model with a different technique for the undulator; the purpose of this technique is to make full use of the undulator magnets in a three-row system instead of the two-magnet system. This technique reduces the size of the laser device by decreasing the undulator’s length and controlling the path of electrons within the rows of the undulator magnets. From the analysis of the obtained simulation results, it can be concluded that it is possible to make the FEL device with double the power output without increasing the size of the device; this will increase future applications of the FEL in the civil and military fields. KEYWORDS Laser, coherent photons, wavelength, output power, magnets, SASE
{"title":"Design and Establishment of an Implementation to Simulate and Analyse the Tertiary Undulator of the FEL","authors":"T. Al-Aish, H. Kamil","doi":"10.37575/b/sci/220036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/220036","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses how the power of the free electron laser (FEL) beam was increased without increasing the size of the laser device by using a new model with a different technique for the undulator; the purpose of this technique is to make full use of the undulator magnets in a three-row system instead of the two-magnet system. This technique reduces the size of the laser device by decreasing the undulator’s length and controlling the path of electrons within the rows of the undulator magnets. From the analysis of the obtained simulation results, it can be concluded that it is possible to make the FEL device with double the power output without increasing the size of the device; this will increase future applications of the FEL in the civil and military fields. KEYWORDS Laser, coherent photons, wavelength, output power, magnets, SASE","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69895351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research looks at the extent to which Islamic education conveys awareness of contemporary issues. This examination is conducted on secondary school Islamic education textbooks in Egypt. A list of contemporary issues was first classified into four components: Scholarly, environmental, social, and economic. This was followed by analyzing the content of the targeted textbooks. The analysis revealed that those textbooks lacked information on contemporary issues. Following this, the perspectives of Islamic education teachers were surveyed, who stressed the necessity of shaping education to raise students’ awareness of the status quo. Some participants, however, remarked that there is no need to formally incorporate contemporary issues into curricula, although teachers should encourage students to make connections between what is taught and everyday life. The research develops a model for the integration of contemporary matters into Islamic education curricula. It also suggests ways in which teachers can be trained in this respect.
{"title":"Islamic Education and its Consideration of Contemporary Matters: An Enquiry into School Curricula","authors":"Hassan Shehata","doi":"10.37575/h/edu/220002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/h/edu/220002","url":null,"abstract":"This research looks at the extent to which Islamic education conveys awareness of contemporary issues. This examination is conducted on secondary school Islamic education textbooks in Egypt. A list of contemporary issues was first classified into four components: Scholarly, environmental, social, and economic. This was followed by analyzing the content of the targeted textbooks. The analysis revealed that those textbooks lacked information on contemporary issues. Following this, the perspectives of Islamic education teachers were surveyed, who stressed the necessity of shaping education to raise students’ awareness of the status quo. Some participants, however, remarked that there is no need to formally incorporate contemporary issues into curricula, although teachers should encourage students to make connections between what is taught and everyday life. The research develops a model for the integration of contemporary matters into Islamic education curricula. It also suggests ways in which teachers can be trained in this respect.","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89515296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to practically identify the reality of empowering Saudi women in leadership positions in higher education institutions, reveal the challenges that prevent their empowerment, and suggest some methods to overcome these challenges. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher used the descriptive survey method based on a questionnaire as a tool for the analysis. The researcher used a classified random sample of 376 faculty members in the following Saudi government universities: King Saud in Riyadh, King Abdulaziz in Jeddah, and Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal in the Eastern. The study reached several conclusions. The analysis indicates that there is empowerment of Saudi women in leadership positions in higher education institutions and that there is agreement among the study sample members on the challenges that prevent the empowerment of Saudi women in leadership positions in higher education institutions. Cultural challenges come first, followed by personal challenges, and finally, organizational challenges. There is strong agreement on ways to overcome challenges that prevent Saudi women from being empowered in leadership positions in higher education institutions. KEYWORDS Saudi universities, change, educational administration, leadership, equality, female
{"title":"Empowering Women in University Leadership Positions: The Saudi Context","authors":"Leena S. Alkhlewi","doi":"10.37575/h/edu/220010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/h/edu/220010","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to practically identify the reality of empowering Saudi women in leadership positions in higher education institutions, reveal the challenges that prevent their empowerment, and suggest some methods to overcome these challenges. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher used the descriptive survey method based on a questionnaire as a tool for the analysis. The researcher used a classified random sample of 376 faculty members in the following Saudi government universities: King Saud in Riyadh, King Abdulaziz in Jeddah, and Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal in the Eastern. The study reached several conclusions. The analysis indicates that there is empowerment of Saudi women in leadership positions in higher education institutions and that there is agreement among the study sample members on the challenges that prevent the empowerment of Saudi women in leadership positions in higher education institutions. Cultural challenges come first, followed by personal challenges, and finally, organizational challenges. There is strong agreement on ways to overcome challenges that prevent Saudi women from being empowered in leadership positions in higher education institutions. KEYWORDS Saudi universities, change, educational administration, leadership, equality, female","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74370150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amjad Al Ateyah, Mohammed Al Ali, Manaf Al Habshi, Hussain Alshoulah, Abdulkader Abdulmadzhid, Mohammed Al Bahrani
An odontogenic keratocyst is a common oral lesion with high recurrence rates. There is an absence of a solid treatment consensus. Recurrence rates are reported to be higher in conservative treatment options. In this case report, we present a new method, utilizing a specially fabricated acrylic stent-obturator, aiding the conservative treatment methods in order to minimize lesion recurrence. A 42-year-old Saudi male with a 3.5 x 2.5 keratocyst on the right mandibular angle was treated successfully and conservatively in full abidance by medical community standards using the stent-obturator after lesion curettage alone, with no recurrence at three year follow up. KEYWORDS Odontogenic keratocyst, conservative management, obturator, re-curettage
牙源性角化囊肿是一种常见的口腔病变，复发率高。目前还没有一个坚实的治疗共识。据报道，保守治疗方案的复发率较高。在这个病例报告中，我们提出了一种新的方法，利用特殊制造的丙烯酸支架-闭孔器，辅助保守治疗方法，以尽量减少病变复发。一例42岁沙特男性右下颌角3.5 x 2.5角化囊肿患者在单独刮除病变后使用支架-闭孔器成功保守治疗，完全遵守医学界标准，随访3年无复发。【关键词】牙源性角化囊肿;保守治疗;闭孔
{"title":"Conservative Treatment of Odontogenic Keratocyst Using a Specially Designed Acrylic Stent-Obturator: A Case Report","authors":"Amjad Al Ateyah, Mohammed Al Ali, Manaf Al Habshi, Hussain Alshoulah, Abdulkader Abdulmadzhid, Mohammed Al Bahrani","doi":"10.37575/b/med/210078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/b/med/210078","url":null,"abstract":"An odontogenic keratocyst is a common oral lesion with high recurrence rates. There is an absence of a solid treatment consensus. Recurrence rates are reported to be higher in conservative treatment options. In this case report, we present a new method, utilizing a specially fabricated acrylic stent-obturator, aiding the conservative treatment methods in order to minimize lesion recurrence. A 42-year-old Saudi male with a 3.5 x 2.5 keratocyst on the right mandibular angle was treated successfully and conservatively in full abidance by medical community standards using the stent-obturator after lesion curettage alone, with no recurrence at three year follow up. KEYWORDS Odontogenic keratocyst, conservative management, obturator, re-curettage","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69893699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review aims to investigate the rheological properties of date juice, pomegranate juice and their concentrates and to identify their flow behaviour. There are many rheological properties that have been studied, including viscosity, coefficient of flow behaviour index, type, and cohesion coefficient. Knowing the rheological properties of date juice and pomegranate and their concentrates is of paramount importance in various food processing operations. The flow behaviour index, activation energy and cohesion coefficient of date and pomegranate juices ranged between 0.605–0.988 and 0.776–1.45 J/mol, 1.9*104–3.3*104 and 32200–54430, 0.002–0.102 and 0.0013-0.075 Pa.sn, respectively. Both date juice and pomegranate juice with their distinct concentrations, have a non-Newtonian, semi-plastic behaviour that varies according to the type and variety of the fruit. There are several models have been used to describe the flow behaviour of date and pomegranate juices. The most important factors that affect the rheological properties and flow behaviour of the date and pomegranate juices are the temperature and the concentration of dissolved solids in the juice. Arrhenius equation is used to express the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of date and pomegranate juice and their various concentrates. Also, the apparent viscosity increases with rising concentration of dissolved solids and decreasing temperature. KEYWORDS Date juice, pomegranate juice, rheological properties, flow behaviour, cohesion coefficient
{"title":"Rheological Properties of Date Juice, Pomegranate Juice and their Concentrates: A Review","authors":"A. Hobani, M. Othman, Mahmoud Elamshity","doi":"10.37575/b/agr/220004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/220004","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims to investigate the rheological properties of date juice, pomegranate juice and their concentrates and to identify their flow behaviour. There are many rheological properties that have been studied, including viscosity, coefficient of flow behaviour index, type, and cohesion coefficient. Knowing the rheological properties of date juice and pomegranate and their concentrates is of paramount importance in various food processing operations. The flow behaviour index, activation energy and cohesion coefficient of date and pomegranate juices ranged between 0.605–0.988 and 0.776–1.45 J/mol, 1.9*104–3.3*104 and 32200–54430, 0.002–0.102 and 0.0013-0.075 Pa.sn, respectively. Both date juice and pomegranate juice with their distinct concentrations, have a non-Newtonian, semi-plastic behaviour that varies according to the type and variety of the fruit. There are several models have been used to describe the flow behaviour of date and pomegranate juices. The most important factors that affect the rheological properties and flow behaviour of the date and pomegranate juices are the temperature and the concentration of dissolved solids in the juice. Arrhenius equation is used to express the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of date and pomegranate juice and their various concentrates. Also, the apparent viscosity increases with rising concentration of dissolved solids and decreasing temperature. KEYWORDS Date juice, pomegranate juice, rheological properties, flow behaviour, cohesion coefficient","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69891695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integrity of bone mass depends on the balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclasts derived from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow via a mechanism mediated mainly by two cytokines: the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC‐STAMP) is a newly identified master fusogen that functions as a regulator of osteoclastogenesis. It is considered a key factor during macrophage fusion and differentiation. Osteoclast formation is mediated by a variety of factors and mechanisms other than OC-STAMP. Furthermore, numerous preclinical studies have investigated drugs that could target osteoclast differentiation, to allow better management of pathological bone metabolism. To improve understanding of osteoclast fusion and differentiation processes, this review will discuss recent findings on OC-STAMP and related signalling pathways.
{"title":"Osteoclast Stimulatory Transmembrane Protein (OC‐STAMP): A Key Regulator in Osteoclast Fusion","authors":"M. Alkuwayti","doi":"10.37575/b/sci/210071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/210071","url":null,"abstract":"The integrity of bone mass depends on the balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclasts derived from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow via a mechanism mediated mainly by two cytokines: the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC‐STAMP) is a newly identified master fusogen that functions as a regulator of osteoclastogenesis. It is considered a key factor during macrophage fusion and differentiation. Osteoclast formation is mediated by a variety of factors and mechanisms other than OC-STAMP. Furthermore, numerous preclinical studies have investigated drugs that could target osteoclast differentiation, to allow better management of pathological bone metabolism. To improve understanding of osteoclast fusion and differentiation processes, this review will discuss recent findings on OC-STAMP and related signalling pathways.","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69894775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modeling approach was applied for the study of the reactivity of pristine and the substitution and absorption of doped coronene nanocrystals with nitrogen and boron under different cases. The reactivity indices of doped coronene molecules were investigated by adopting the Density Function Theory (DFT) code under the SIESTA and Hückel method schemes, which were performed using WebMO. We calculated reactivity indices that were placed into an orbital molecular frame. The results showed that the replacement and absorption of the effects of the doped coronene molecule with nitrogen increased the reactivity of the coronene nanocrystals. The pure coronene molecule is the molecule that has the largest energy gap. The hardness value of doped coronene substituted with a nitrogen atom decreases. The magnitude of chemical potential and electrophilicity for doped coronene with a nitrogen molecule has higher values than all compound cases studied. Moreover, the reactivity indices for the para position are low, so the compound will be less stable and highly reactive compared to the other positions. Therefore, substitution and absorption of doped coronene nanocrystals with nitrogen, and also the para position for doping with nitrogen and boron cases, will be a candidate for studying reactivity in the future.
{"title":"Reactivity Indices for the Coronene Nanocrystals and Their Derivatives: Modeling Approach","authors":"","doi":"10.37575/b/sci/220011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/220011","url":null,"abstract":"The modeling approach was applied for the study of the reactivity of pristine and the substitution and absorption of doped coronene nanocrystals with nitrogen and boron under different cases. The reactivity indices of doped coronene molecules were investigated by adopting the Density Function Theory (DFT) code under the SIESTA and Hückel method schemes, which were performed using WebMO. We calculated reactivity indices that were placed into an orbital molecular frame. The results showed that the replacement and absorption of the effects of the doped coronene molecule with nitrogen increased the reactivity of the coronene nanocrystals. The pure coronene molecule is the molecule that has the largest energy gap. The hardness value of doped coronene substituted with a nitrogen atom decreases. The magnitude of chemical potential and electrophilicity for doped coronene with a nitrogen molecule has higher values than all compound cases studied. Moreover, the reactivity indices for the para position are low, so the compound will be less stable and highly reactive compared to the other positions. Therefore, substitution and absorption of doped coronene nanocrystals with nitrogen, and also the para position for doping with nitrogen and boron cases, will be a candidate for studying reactivity in the future.","PeriodicalId":39024,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69895149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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