Purpose: The article provides information about the current state of knowledge regarding EFhd2/Swiprosin-1, i.e. a protein that may be associated with the process of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Views: Alzheimer’s disease is a commonly occurring debilitating disorder, the prevalence of which increases gradually with age – from below 1% at 65 years of age to as high as 40% over the age of 90. Genes are said to have a significant impact on the development of AD. EFhd2, also referred to as Swiprosin-1, is a calcium-binding protein, which is highly expressed in the central nervous system and linked with various pathological forms of tau proteins in tauopathies. EFhd2 is expressed in all sections of the brain. The physiological or pathological roles of EFhd2 have not yet been investigated thoroughly, and hence are not well understood. Studies show that EFhd2 is linked with the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) in a tauopathy mouse model (JNPL3), and in humans suffering from tauopathies, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions: The process of neuronal death which accompanies tauopathies is induced by the abnormal modification and gene expression of the tau protein. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism responsible for neurotoxicity is still unknown. Various research results demonstrate that EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein connected with the pathological form of the tau protein in the brain in AD and that the process of calcium binding may regulate the formation of the amyloid structures of EFhd2.
{"title":"Is the EFHD2/Swiprosin-1 protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease?","authors":"Marta Broniarczyk-Czarniak, P. Gałecki","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2019.89137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2019.89137","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article provides information about the current state of knowledge regarding EFhd2/Swiprosin-1, i.e. a protein that may be associated with the process of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Views: Alzheimer’s disease is a commonly occurring debilitating disorder, the prevalence of which increases gradually with age – from below 1% at 65 years of age to as high as 40% over the age of 90. Genes are said to have a significant impact on the development of AD. EFhd2, also referred to as Swiprosin-1, is a calcium-binding protein, which is highly expressed in the central nervous system and linked with various pathological forms of tau proteins in tauopathies. EFhd2 is expressed in all sections of the brain. The physiological or pathological roles of EFhd2 have not yet been investigated thoroughly, and hence are not well understood. Studies show that EFhd2 is linked with the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) in a tauopathy mouse model (JNPL3), and in humans suffering from tauopathies, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions: The process of neuronal death which accompanies tauopathies is induced by the abnormal modification and gene expression of the tau protein. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism responsible for neurotoxicity is still unknown. Various research results demonstrate that EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein connected with the pathological form of the tau protein in the brain in AD and that the process of calcium binding may regulate the formation of the amyloid structures of EFhd2.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2019.89137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kluczyńska, E. Witkowska, L. Zabłocka-Żytka, E. Sokołowska
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to assess young adults’ mental health. Bearing in mind that mental health and mental disorders can be regarded as two independent dimensions rather than aspects of the same dimension, the article considers both negative and positive attributes of mental health. Methods: The participants were 533 students from eight state universities in Warsaw – 309 women and 224 men. The respondents’ average age was 22. The study was based on a questionnaire consisting of 20 closed questions. Results: The results obtained on positive indicators of mental health show that the vast majority of students like themselves, know how to enjoy life, have plans for the future and declare the ability to concentrate and work effectively. Such answers were given by 80% of the respondents. More than 75% – both women and men – declared their ease in establishing relationships as well as their openness to challenges and unusual tasks. The most common negative indicators of mental health reported by the students were fatigue, pain, sleep problems, irritability, and unfounded fears. As for problematic behaviours, 12% of the respondents admitted to binge drinking, 10% were affected by nicotinism, and 9% reported using marijuana. Conclusions: The assessment of both negative and positive aspects of mental health in this age group is necessary before any measures aimed at reducing the risk of mental health disorders and exploring young people’s potential more effectively are taken.
{"title":"The mental health of Polish students – selected positive and negative indicators","authors":"S. Kluczyńska, E. Witkowska, L. Zabłocka-Żytka, E. Sokołowska","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2019.92484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2019.92484","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of the study is to assess young adults’ mental health. Bearing in mind that mental health and mental disorders can be regarded as two independent dimensions rather than aspects of the same dimension, the article considers both negative and positive attributes of mental health. Methods: The participants were 533 students from eight state universities in Warsaw – 309 women and 224 men. The respondents’ average age was 22. The study was based on a questionnaire consisting of 20 closed questions. Results: The results obtained on positive indicators of mental health show that the vast majority of students like themselves, know how to enjoy life, have plans for the future and declare the ability to concentrate and work effectively. Such answers were given by 80% of the respondents. More than 75% – both women and men – declared their ease in establishing relationships as well as their openness to challenges and unusual tasks. The most common negative indicators of mental health reported by the students were fatigue, pain, sleep problems, irritability, and unfounded fears. As for problematic behaviours, 12% of the respondents admitted to binge drinking, 10% were affected by nicotinism, and 9% reported using marijuana. Conclusions: The assessment of both negative and positive aspects of mental health in this age group is necessary before any measures aimed at reducing the risk of mental health disorders and exploring young people’s potential more effectively are taken.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2019.92484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Despite progress in the treatment of schizophrenia, treatment resistance is reported in about 30% of patients. Various forms of treatment augmentation are used, but clozapine is generally considered to be the gold standard of care. In the management of patients with clozapine resistance adjunctive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) courses have been proposed. In recent years particular attention has been paid to augmentation of clozapine with the maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (M-ECT). Case description: The paper presents a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and chronic psychotic symptoms leading to self-destructive and suicidal behaviors. After concurrent treatment with clozapine and M-ECT her clinical status and functioning have improved. Comment: Maintenance-ECT used to augment clozapine in drug-resistant schizophrenia seems to be a safe and promising management option.
{"title":"Clozapine and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in a 35-year-old patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and chronic imperative auditory hallucinations","authors":"P. Zakowicz, P. Wójciak, S. Dziuda, F. Rybakowski","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2019.84356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2019.84356","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Despite progress in the treatment of schizophrenia, treatment resistance is reported in about 30% of patients. Various forms of treatment augmentation are used, but clozapine is generally considered to be the gold standard of care. In the management of patients with clozapine resistance adjunctive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) courses have been proposed. In recent years particular attention has been paid to augmentation of clozapine with the maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (M-ECT). Case description: The paper presents a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and chronic psychotic symptoms leading to self-destructive and suicidal behaviors. After concurrent treatment with clozapine and M-ECT her clinical status and functioning have improved. Comment: Maintenance-ECT used to augment clozapine in drug-resistant schizophrenia seems to be a safe and promising management option.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2019.84356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: In benzodiazepine (BZD)-addicted patients, as in alcohol-dependent ones, the complicated withdrawal syndrome may be efficiently treated with accumulated long-acting benzodiazepine. The following work presents an alternative that can be used when the procedure fails. Case description: A midazolam-dependent patient (1500 mg/d) was admitted to the hospital due to a withdrawal-induced status epilepticus. After treatment with barbiturates and megadoses of diazepam, the seizures subsided, but during the continuation of BZD (diazepam, clorazepate), consciousness disorders gradually developed culminating in a full loss of contact with the patient. The breakthrough occurred when lorazepam was used instead of previously administered substitute BZDs. Comment: Extreme midazolam abuse (with a possible contribution of barbiturates at emergency admission) induced hydroxylating liver enzymes. This meant a rapid conversion of nominally long-acting substitutes, as those are similarly metabolized. This extremely facilitated elimination hindered their accumulation to the needed satiation level. Lorazepam, short-acting but bypassing the accelerated metabolic pathway, at sufficient doses provided the satiation necessary to stabilize the patient.
{"title":"Steering the pharmacological treatment along different metabolic pathways in response to outlying complicated benzodiazepine withdrawal – a case study","authors":"Urszula Cieślak, Anna Basińska-Szafrańska","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2019.92491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2019.92491","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: In benzodiazepine (BZD)-addicted patients, as in alcohol-dependent ones, the complicated withdrawal syndrome may be efficiently treated with accumulated long-acting benzodiazepine. The following work presents an alternative that can be used when the procedure fails. Case description: A midazolam-dependent patient (1500 mg/d) was admitted to the hospital due to a withdrawal-induced status epilepticus. After treatment with barbiturates and megadoses of diazepam, the seizures subsided, but during the continuation of BZD (diazepam, clorazepate), consciousness disorders gradually developed culminating in a full loss of contact with the patient. The breakthrough occurred when lorazepam was used instead of previously administered substitute BZDs. Comment: Extreme midazolam abuse (with a possible contribution of barbiturates at emergency admission) induced hydroxylating liver enzymes. This meant a rapid conversion of nominally long-acting substitutes, as those are similarly metabolized. This extremely facilitated elimination hindered their accumulation to the needed satiation level. Lorazepam, short-acting but bypassing the accelerated metabolic pathway, at sufficient doses provided the satiation necessary to stabilize the patient.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2019.92491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bartosz Osuch, Teresa Kucharska, N. Chmielewska, P. Maciejak, J. Szyndler, A. Płażnik
Purpose: Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy, associated with degradation of inefficient mitochondria. The modulation of mitophagy seems to be one of the most important solutions for key factors in the maintenance of neuronal cell homeostasis. This paper overviews the role of mitochondria and mitophagy in the etiology of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases, i.e. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Views: In recent years, the role of mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases has been given more attention. It has been shown that disturbed mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons may contribute to the cell death. In AD and PD, a number of abnormalities related to the expression and function of proteins involved in the process have been revealed. Because mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the origin/etiology of those diseases, possible therapeutic strategies aiming to improve quality control systems of mitochondria are also presented. Nowadays, these are mainly strategies improving the energy efficiency and facilitating induction of mitophagy. Conclusions: Recent reports suggest that abnormal function of proteins involved in mitophagy may be an important etiological factor in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, these findings may become the basis for the development of more effective thera pies preventing or alleviating the disease symptoms.
{"title":"The role of mitophagy in selected neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Bartosz Osuch, Teresa Kucharska, N. Chmielewska, P. Maciejak, J. Szyndler, A. Płażnik","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2019.86258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2019.86258","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy, associated with degradation of inefficient mitochondria. The modulation of mitophagy seems to be one of the most important solutions for key factors in the maintenance of neuronal cell homeostasis. This paper overviews the role of mitochondria and mitophagy in the etiology of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases, i.e. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Views: In recent years, the role of mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases has been given more attention. It has been shown that disturbed mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons may contribute to the cell death. In AD and PD, a number of abnormalities related to the expression and function of proteins involved in the process have been revealed. Because mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the origin/etiology of those diseases, possible therapeutic strategies aiming to improve quality control systems of mitochondria are also presented. Nowadays, these are mainly strategies improving the energy efficiency and facilitating induction of mitophagy. Conclusions: Recent reports suggest that abnormal function of proteins involved in mitophagy may be an important etiological factor in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, these findings may become the basis for the development of more effective thera pies preventing or alleviating the disease symptoms.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2019.86258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The article has two main objectives: firstly, to present major issues concerning e-health, with particular emphasis on characteristics of this paradigm, patient involvement in interventions used within the e-health framework, and their effectiveness. The other aim was to discuss the e-health paradigm aspects important in diagnostics and treatment of the mentally ill. Views: As reported in the literature, e-health paradigm solutions turned out to be highly effective in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of not only somatic conditions including cardiovascular diseases, sickle cell anemia, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial cystitis, hearing impairment and osteoporosis, but also mental disorders such as substance dependence, depression, bipolar affective disorder, anxiety, distress, mental suffering, suicidal thoughts, or obsessive-compulsive behaviors. E-interventions were also used to prepare patients for surgery and to support their postoperative recovery. Conclusions: Recognition of diverse applications of e-health tools can help design psychological interventions targeting vulnerable patient populations. This approach allows reducing costs and improving effectiveness of psychotherapy via e.g. increasing treatment intensity using digital technologies, or helping patients to integrate therapeutic strategies in their daily life between sessions. The benefits of e-health technologies implementation include increased patient participation in healthcare decision making. However, there are some limitations: financial, language and literacy barriers, power supply issues, data security and privacy issues.
{"title":"E-health – modern technologies in mental health care","authors":"Agnieszka Kruczek","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2019.86256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2019.86256","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article has two main objectives: firstly, to present major issues concerning e-health, with particular emphasis on characteristics of this paradigm, patient involvement in interventions used within the e-health framework, and their effectiveness. The other aim was to discuss the e-health paradigm aspects important in diagnostics and treatment of the mentally ill. Views: As reported in the literature, e-health paradigm solutions turned out to be highly effective in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of not only somatic conditions including cardiovascular diseases, sickle cell anemia, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial cystitis, hearing impairment and osteoporosis, but also mental disorders such as substance dependence, depression, bipolar affective disorder, anxiety, distress, mental suffering, suicidal thoughts, or obsessive-compulsive behaviors. E-interventions were also used to prepare patients for surgery and to support their postoperative recovery. Conclusions: Recognition of diverse applications of e-health tools can help design psychological interventions targeting vulnerable patient populations. This approach allows reducing costs and improving effectiveness of psychotherapy via e.g. increasing treatment intensity using digital technologies, or helping patients to integrate therapeutic strategies in their daily life between sessions. The benefits of e-health technologies implementation include increased patient participation in healthcare decision making. However, there are some limitations: financial, language and literacy barriers, power supply issues, data security and privacy issues.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2019.86256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) is a relatively new technology that has been used in psychiatric research on various types of mental disorders, including psychotic disorders, for over 25 years. The authors of this article present the aims and assumptions of virtual reality use, its most important theoretical concepts, key concepts, technology characteristics, as well as virtual environments, social interactions that occur within them, ethical aspects, safety issues and adverse effects related to VR. Views: The authors discuss basic concepts of the VR environment and its impact on the users. They remain sensitive to ethical aspects related to research that use this technology. They describe certain specificities of virtual environments, the impact of their quality on the recipients and the conditions that have to be met in order to have an effective impact on them. They analyse research on the safety of VR for healthy individuals and psychiatric patients and present possible side effects. They discuss virtual embodiment techniques, the characteristics of social interactions in the virtual world and the possibilities of conducting research with the use of this environment. Conclusions: Virtual reality is a relatively safe method, not causing many undesirable effects. However, ethical aspects related to long-term threats require further research. It enables ecologically valid research to be conducted while maintaining a high level of standardization. The mapping of simple social interactions is relatively accurate, even with the use of non-photorealistic virtual environments. The possibility of creating virtual embodiment illusions opens new research perspectives.
{"title":"A paradigm description of virtual reality and its possible applications in psychiatry","authors":"Dawid Kruk, Dagmara Mętel, A. Cechnicki","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2019.86255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2019.86255","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) is a relatively new technology that has been used in psychiatric research on various types of mental disorders, including psychotic disorders, for over 25 years. The authors of this article present the aims and assumptions of virtual reality use, its most important theoretical concepts, key concepts, technology characteristics, as well as virtual environments, social interactions that occur within them, ethical aspects, safety issues and adverse effects related to VR. Views: The authors discuss basic concepts of the VR environment and its impact on the users. They remain sensitive to ethical aspects related to research that use this technology. They describe certain specificities of virtual environments, the impact of their quality on the recipients and the conditions that have to be met in order to have an effective impact on them. They analyse research on the safety of VR for healthy individuals and psychiatric patients and present possible side effects. They discuss virtual embodiment techniques, the characteristics of social interactions in the virtual world and the possibilities of conducting research with the use of this environment. Conclusions: Virtual reality is a relatively safe method, not causing many undesirable effects. However, ethical aspects related to long-term threats require further research. It enables ecologically valid research to be conducted while maintaining a high level of standardization. The mapping of simple social interactions is relatively accurate, even with the use of non-photorealistic virtual environments. The possibility of creating virtual embodiment illusions opens new research perspectives.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2019.86255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: A systematic review of literature was conducted in order to characterize the modified Stroop test in the psychological diagnosis of pedophilia. Views: Clinicians’ testing for sexual preferences, both at the request of the patient and for sexual jurisprudence, lack objective diagnostic tools that have been scientifically verified. In the literature, tasks based on response time are presented, as they allow an indirect conclusion to be made on the presence of pedophilic preferences. These tasks include the Stroop test on emotions. It is indicated that in the future the test may facilitate the diagnostic process conducted for sexual jurisprudence. It has been repeatedly shown that persons who have committed sexual crimes against children have a longer response time when presented stimuli associated with children. The results suggest statistically significant differences in response times between sexual offenders and control groups. In a sexual offender group, a longer response time for sexual stimuli is noted, moreover; sexual offenders against children present a longer response time for words associated with children. Conclusions: The emotional Stroop test can be regarded as a promising diagnostic tool, with further research necessary for the normalization assessment that will enable the test to be used in clinical practice. A significant limitation of the studies analyzed here is their lack of differentiation between persons with diagnosed pedophilic disorder and other offenders. The introduction of such differentiation may enable us in the future to refine the diagnostic process for sexual jurisprudence of sexual offenders against minors.
{"title":"Modified Stroop test in psychological diagnosis of pedophilia. a systematic review","authors":"W. Oronowicz-Jaśkowiak, M. Lew-Starowicz","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2019.84355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2019.84355","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: A systematic review of literature was conducted in order to characterize the modified Stroop test in the psychological diagnosis of pedophilia. Views: Clinicians’ testing for sexual preferences, both at the request of the patient and for sexual jurisprudence, lack objective diagnostic tools that have been scientifically verified. In the literature, tasks based on response time are presented, as they allow an indirect conclusion to be made on the presence of pedophilic preferences. These tasks include the Stroop test on emotions. It is indicated that in the future the test may facilitate the diagnostic process conducted for sexual jurisprudence. It has been repeatedly shown that persons who have committed sexual crimes against children have a longer response time when presented stimuli associated with children. The results suggest statistically significant differences in response times between sexual offenders and control groups. In a sexual offender group, a longer response time for sexual stimuli is noted, moreover; sexual offenders against children present a longer response time for words associated with children. Conclusions: The emotional Stroop test can be regarded as a promising diagnostic tool, with further research necessary for the normalization assessment that will enable the test to be used in clinical practice. A significant limitation of the studies analyzed here is their lack of differentiation between persons with diagnosed pedophilic disorder and other offenders. The introduction of such differentiation may enable us in the future to refine the diagnostic process for sexual jurisprudence of sexual offenders against minors.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2019.84355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sławomir Waligóra, A. Waligóra, A. Damasiewicz-Bodzek, P. Gorczyca, K. Tyrpień-Golder
Purpose: Autism is described as a developmental disorder with numerous impairments in the functioning of the central nervous system. Contact with poisonous chemicals present in the environment and food is a major factor which interferes with attempts to minimize the symptoms of this disorder. Thus, the effectiveness of the use of natural mechanisms for the elimination of toxins from organisms in the case of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may not be sufficient. As part of the evaluation of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mercury compounds, the determination of the presence of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine samples and total mercury in the hair and urine of children with ASD and a control group originating from the Upper Silesian region was carried out. Methods: Thermal decomposition of mercury compounds, amalgamation and determination of its total concentration by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was carried out. 1-OHP was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector after prior sample preparation by solid phase extraction (SPE). Results: The median mercury concentration was 0.142 μg/g for hair samples and 0.165 μg/g creatinine for urine samples in the group of children with ASD, while for the control group 0.102 μg/g of hair and 0.140 μg/g creatinine were obtained respectively. The median concentration of 1-OHP in urine for the ASD group was 173.769 ng/g creatinine, while for the control group it was 124.157 ng/g creatinine. Conclusions: No significant difference in the concentrations of both total mercury and 1-OHP between the test and control groups were observed. There was no increased exposure of children with ASD to environmental factors compared to healthy children.
{"title":"Exposure of children with autism spectrum disorders to mercury and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","authors":"Sławomir Waligóra, A. Waligóra, A. Damasiewicz-Bodzek, P. Gorczyca, K. Tyrpień-Golder","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2019.89128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2019.89128","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Autism is described as a developmental disorder with numerous impairments in the functioning of the central nervous system. Contact with poisonous chemicals present in the environment and food is a major factor which interferes with attempts to minimize the symptoms of this disorder. Thus, the effectiveness of the use of natural mechanisms for the elimination of toxins from organisms in the case of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may not be sufficient. As part of the evaluation of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mercury compounds, the determination of the presence of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine samples and total mercury in the hair and urine of children with ASD and a control group originating from the Upper Silesian region was carried out. Methods: Thermal decomposition of mercury compounds, amalgamation and determination of its total concentration by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was carried out. 1-OHP was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector after prior sample preparation by solid phase extraction (SPE). Results: The median mercury concentration was 0.142 μg/g for hair samples and 0.165 μg/g creatinine for urine samples in the group of children with ASD, while for the control group 0.102 μg/g of hair and 0.140 μg/g creatinine were obtained respectively. The median concentration of 1-OHP in urine for the ASD group was 173.769 ng/g creatinine, while for the control group it was 124.157 ng/g creatinine. Conclusions: No significant difference in the concentrations of both total mercury and 1-OHP between the test and control groups were observed. There was no increased exposure of children with ASD to environmental factors compared to healthy children.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2019.89128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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