Magdalena Golędzinowska, M. Sawicka, Agnieszka Żochowska
Introduction: Worrying is a cognitive process observed both in healthy people and those who suffer from mental disorders. The analyses of its relevance to coping with difficult situations can be found in the literature but there is little information on its significance and extent in the lives of people who suffer from schizophrenia. Purpose: The aim of the study was to define the prevalence of worrying and its relationship to the social functioning of people suffering from schizophrenia, compared to the worrying experienced by healthy subjects. Methods: The study involved 37 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-10), currently hospitalized in rehabilitation day wards, and 38 healthy subjects. The following research tools were used: the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Social Functioning Questionnaire, and the Global Assessment of Functioning and Socio-demographic Background Questionnaire. The control group comprised healthy subjects matched for age and sex with the clinical group of patients with schizophrenia. Results: The degree of worrying exhibited by people with schizophrenia differed from that obtained in the analysis of healthy subjects. The difference occurred at the level of statistical tendency. The worrying experienced by people in the clinical group was related to various areas of functioning: social functioning, communication, building interpersonal relationships or effective ways of spending leisure time. Conclusions: Our results show a statistical tendency towards people with schizophrenia worrying more often than people in the control group. A significant and negative covariance was noted in the clinical group between the tendency to worry, communication skills and building interpersonal relationships as well as effective leisure time management.
{"title":"Worrying in people with schizophrenia","authors":"Magdalena Golędzinowska, M. Sawicka, Agnieszka Żochowska","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2018.74324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2018.74324","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Worrying is a cognitive process observed both in healthy people and those who suffer from mental disorders. The analyses of its relevance to coping with difficult situations can be found in the literature but there is little information on its significance and extent in the lives of people who suffer from schizophrenia. Purpose: The aim of the study was to define the prevalence of worrying and its relationship to the social functioning of people suffering from schizophrenia, compared to the worrying experienced by healthy subjects. Methods: The study involved 37 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-10), currently hospitalized in rehabilitation day wards, and 38 healthy subjects. The following research tools were used: the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Social Functioning Questionnaire, and the Global Assessment of Functioning and Socio-demographic Background Questionnaire. The control group comprised healthy subjects matched for age and sex with the clinical group of patients with schizophrenia. Results: The degree of worrying exhibited by people with schizophrenia differed from that obtained in the analysis of healthy subjects. The difference occurred at the level of statistical tendency. The worrying experienced by people in the clinical group was related to various areas of functioning: social functioning, communication, building interpersonal relationships or effective ways of spending leisure time. Conclusions: Our results show a statistical tendency towards people with schizophrenia worrying more often than people in the control group. A significant and negative covariance was noted in the clinical group between the tendency to worry, communication skills and building interpersonal relationships as well as effective leisure time management.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2018.74324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48617962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychometric properties of childhood experiences questionnaire (CEQ-58) used to assess the intensity of traumatic experiences from childhood and adolescence – preliminary elaboration","authors":"R. Styła, Oksana Makoveychuk","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2018.75538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2018.75538","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2018.75538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The aim of this paper is a synthetic presentation of the latest research results on the components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Views: Emotion dysregulation constitutes one of the most serious problems in BPD and manifests itself in numerous aspects of emotional functioning. Studies on BPD emotion dysregulation concern its various components, distinguished in different theoretical models. Based on a review of the empirical literature, we differentiate three main components of emotion dysregulation in BPD: (1) emotional sensitivity, (2) abnormal course of emotions in terms of: (a) emotional reactivity, (b) slow return to emotional baseline, (c) intensity of negative emotions, (d) lability of negative emotions, and (3) maladaptive aspects of applying emotion regulation strategies (described on the examples of the selected strategies: cognitive, interpersonal, and self-injury). Conclusions: Although a large number of issues pertaining to emotion dysregulation in BPD require further explanation, researchers agree that this phenomenon is characterized by a complex clinical presentation. A review of the recent studies on emotional sensitivity in BPD indicates mixed results when it comes to sensitivity to a certain kind of stimuli (i.e., facial expressions), but suggests consistently greater sensitivity in response to another (i.e., emotional scenes). The findings on reactivity and the speed of return to emotional baseline point to the significance of emotion-inducing stimuli in shaping these processes. Research results on the use of cognitive and interpersonal strategies of emotion regulation and on the predictors of self-injury are, however, not consistent. Future studies should therefore focus on identifying factors that might be affecting the differences in the outcomes of research on various components of emotion dysregulation. In order to be able to better adjust psychotherapy to the actual needs of patients with BPD, we suggest a need for combining two approaches in future research on emotion dysregulation in this disorder: within-group individual differences (considering differences within the group of patients with BPD) and a specific-transdiagnostic approach (directed at identifying differences between BPD and other mental disorders as well as their shared characteristics).
{"title":"Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: A review of recent research","authors":"P. Grzegorzewski, K. Kucharska","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2018.77033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2018.77033","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of this paper is a synthetic presentation of the latest research results on the components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Views: Emotion dysregulation constitutes one of the most serious problems in BPD and manifests itself in numerous aspects of emotional functioning. Studies on BPD emotion dysregulation concern its various components, distinguished in different theoretical models. Based on a review of the empirical literature, we differentiate three main components of emotion dysregulation in BPD: (1) emotional sensitivity, (2) abnormal course of emotions in terms of: (a) emotional reactivity, (b) slow return to emotional baseline, (c) intensity of negative emotions, (d) lability of negative emotions, and (3) maladaptive aspects of applying emotion regulation strategies (described on the examples of the selected strategies: cognitive, interpersonal, and self-injury). Conclusions: Although a large number of issues pertaining to emotion dysregulation in BPD require further explanation, researchers agree that this phenomenon is characterized by a complex clinical presentation. A review of the recent studies on emotional sensitivity in BPD indicates mixed results when it comes to sensitivity to a certain kind of stimuli (i.e., facial expressions), but suggests consistently greater sensitivity in response to another (i.e., emotional scenes). The findings on reactivity and the speed of return to emotional baseline point to the significance of emotion-inducing stimuli in shaping these processes. Research results on the use of cognitive and interpersonal strategies of emotion regulation and on the predictors of self-injury are, however, not consistent. Future studies should therefore focus on identifying factors that might be affecting the differences in the outcomes of research on various components of emotion dysregulation. In order to be able to better adjust psychotherapy to the actual needs of patients with BPD, we suggest a need for combining two approaches in future research on emotion dysregulation in this disorder: within-group individual differences (considering differences within the group of patients with BPD) and a specific-transdiagnostic approach (directed at identifying differences between BPD and other mental disorders as well as their shared characteristics).","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2018.77033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Konopko, A. Antosik-Wójcińska, Ł. Święcicki, M. Wojnar, P. Bieńkowski, H. Sienkiewicz-Jarosz
Purpose: Over the recent years, the number of people over 54 years of age, who decide to make use of early retirement, has systematically increased. Economic inactivation is also an emerging problem in the group of younger adults. Depression or depressive symptoms should be taken into consideration in analysing variables that may play a role in the decisional process regarding occupational activities. The aim of the present work is to summarise the role of depression or depressive symptoms in the process of decision-making to continue occupational activities or to quit them. Review: The authors listed and discussed the most recent and representative surveys and studies regarding causes of retirement, concentrating especially on depression and depressive symptoms. The studies summarised here include the Health and Retirement Study, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and WHO’s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. It has been shown, that prevalence of depressive symptoms of different severity in professionally active people may range from 6% to 32%. Depressive symptoms significantly increase the chance for retirement. Conclusions: Depressive disorders can affect people in all age categories and are one of the main cause of early disability retirement or early retirement tendencies. It is important to consider depressive disorders in policies supporting labour force participation.
{"title":"Depression and depressive symptoms as risk factors of labour deactivation and early or disability retirement in economically active adults in different age groups","authors":"M. Konopko, A. Antosik-Wójcińska, Ł. Święcicki, M. Wojnar, P. Bieńkowski, H. Sienkiewicz-Jarosz","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2018.75540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2018.75540","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Over the recent years, the number of people over 54 years of age, who decide to make use of early retirement, has systematically increased. Economic inactivation is also an emerging problem in the group of younger adults. Depression or depressive symptoms should be taken into consideration in analysing variables that may play a role in the decisional process regarding occupational activities. The aim of the present work is to summarise the role of depression or depressive symptoms in the process of decision-making to continue occupational activities or to quit them. Review: The authors listed and discussed the most recent and representative surveys and studies regarding causes of retirement, concentrating especially on depression and depressive symptoms. The studies summarised here include the Health and Retirement Study, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and WHO’s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. It has been shown, that prevalence of depressive symptoms of different severity in professionally active people may range from 6% to 32%. Depressive symptoms significantly increase the chance for retirement. Conclusions: Depressive disorders can affect people in all age categories and are one of the main cause of early disability retirement or early retirement tendencies. It is important to consider depressive disorders in policies supporting labour force participation.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2018.75540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Current review is designated to present novel therapeutic options in anxiety disorders, especially in generalized anxiety disorder. Views: Recently we have observed progress in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder based mainly on advances in modern technology. There is still no definite answer to the question if technology could replace classic psychotherapy in the future. In the current article authors present novel technical opportunities appearing in therapy but at the same time they doubt about some optimistic views in this regard. It would not be possible to conform entirely psychiatry and psychology to economic factors, high society demands and lack of sufficient number of health professionals. Conclusions: After comprehensive analysis of currently available literature we appreciate technologic advance in anxiety disorders. Younger patients would be probably more prone to use computers in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Nonetheless modern methods of treatment will demand participation, monitoring or supervision of experienced physicians and therapist. This two professions will be difficult to replace with technology in the nearer and further future. Further studies and advances in neurobiology of anxiety disorders and novel technological solutions in brain stimulation will make therapy more effective. This form of treatment also will demand participation of health professionals.
{"title":"Generalised anxiety disorder – modern treatment options. Will technological advances replace classic psychotherapy?","authors":"Marlena Sokół-Szawłowska, A. Poleszczyk","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2018.77031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2018.77031","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Current review is designated to present novel therapeutic options in anxiety disorders, especially in generalized anxiety disorder. Views: Recently we have observed progress in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder based mainly on advances in modern technology. There is still no definite answer to the question if technology could replace classic psychotherapy in the future. In the current article authors present novel technical opportunities appearing in therapy but at the same time they doubt about some optimistic views in this regard. It would not be possible to conform entirely psychiatry and psychology to economic factors, high society demands and lack of sufficient number of health professionals. Conclusions: After comprehensive analysis of currently available literature we appreciate technologic advance in anxiety disorders. Younger patients would be probably more prone to use computers in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Nonetheless modern methods of treatment will demand participation, monitoring or supervision of experienced physicians and therapist. This two professions will be difficult to replace with technology in the nearer and further future. Further studies and advances in neurobiology of anxiety disorders and novel technological solutions in brain stimulation will make therapy more effective. This form of treatment also will demand participation of health professionals.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2018.77031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Sikorska, Katarzyna Szaulińska, H. Dudek, A. Wichniak
Purpose: Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) based on ECG is a non-invasive method which assesses the activity of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic part of autonomic nervous system. HRV measurement describes time differences between consecutive heartbeats – intervals between the R waves of the QRS complex. The aim of the article is to present results of research on HRV in selected mental disorders. Views: People with mental disorders have reduced HRV, especially components dependent on parasympathetic activity, and more often than healthy subjects develop cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, drugs psychiatric drugs can also have negative influence on HRV. Reduction of HRV, dependent on sympathetic predominance, has been described in numerous mental disorders – schizophrenia, affective and anxiety disorders, insomnia. Among the antipsychotics, the least favorable for heart is the effect of clozapine, treatment with amisulpride and risperidone seems safe. Antidepressants also have a different cardiological safety profile. The least beneficial is the action of tricyclic antidepressants. Venlafaxine and mirtazapine also lower HRV, while SSRIs, including paroxetine which has the largest in this group cholinolytic action, seem to be safe. In the case of HRV-reducing drugs it is advisable to use the lowest effective dose, as the HRV parameters are reduced with increasing the dose of the drug. Conclusions: HRV analysis is reliable and technically easy to perform. The results of presented studies indicate that HRV assessment may be widely used in psychiatry as a biological marker of an autonomic excitation and to evaluate cardiological safety of drugs.
{"title":"Heart rate variability as a method of autonomic nervous system assessment in selected psychiatric disorders","authors":"O. Sikorska, Katarzyna Szaulińska, H. Dudek, A. Wichniak","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2018.78716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2018.78716","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) based on ECG is a non-invasive method which assesses the activity of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic part of autonomic nervous system. HRV measurement describes time differences between consecutive heartbeats – intervals between the R waves of the QRS complex. The aim of the article is to present results of research on HRV in selected mental disorders. Views: People with mental disorders have reduced HRV, especially components dependent on parasympathetic activity, and more often than healthy subjects develop cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, drugs psychiatric drugs can also have negative influence on HRV. Reduction of HRV, dependent on sympathetic predominance, has been described in numerous mental disorders – schizophrenia, affective and anxiety disorders, insomnia. Among the antipsychotics, the least favorable for heart is the effect of clozapine, treatment with amisulpride and risperidone seems safe. Antidepressants also have a different cardiological safety profile. The least beneficial is the action of tricyclic antidepressants. Venlafaxine and mirtazapine also lower HRV, while SSRIs, including paroxetine which has the largest in this group cholinolytic action, seem to be safe. In the case of HRV-reducing drugs it is advisable to use the lowest effective dose, as the HRV parameters are reduced with increasing the dose of the drug. Conclusions: HRV analysis is reliable and technically easy to perform. The results of presented studies indicate that HRV assessment may be widely used in psychiatry as a biological marker of an autonomic excitation and to evaluate cardiological safety of drugs.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2018.78716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Internalizing problems are emotional and behavioural difficulties characterized by a dominant sense of mental and physical discomfort. These problems, with more or less severity, can occur during adolescence. For this reason it is important to broaden our knowledge of the factors associated with these kinds of difficulties. The aim of the study was to analyse the risk and protective factors associated with the development of internalizing problems such as symptoms of depression, low self-esteem and negative emotional states in late adolescence. Methods: Longitudinal studies were conducted among students attending Warsaw high schools (N = 511). The baseline was carried out in 2013 and the follow-up in 2015. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was completed during school lessons to that end. Results: The results of generalized linear models (GENLIN) with gamma distribution indicated a statistically significant relationship between the internalization problems of 18 year-olds and the predictors measured two years earlier. Risk factors for depression were gender (female), stress in the family and excessive internet use. Protective factors were physical activity and parental support. Low self-esteem was associated with gender (female) and stress in the family. Higher self-esteem was associated with parental support, good relations with peers and physical activity. Experiencing negative emotional states were associated with gender (female), excessive use of the internet, stress at school and at home as well as the use of sedatives and sleeping pill. Physical activity turned out to be a factor protecting against negative emotional states. Conclusions: The results showing the importance of physical activity indicate that encouraging adolescents to be active could be a valuable strategy in the prevention of depression and other youth internalizing problems.
{"title":"Risk and protector factors associated with internalizing problems in late adolescence","authors":"A. Pisarska, K. Ostaszewski, Krzysztof Bobrowski","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2018.80880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2018.80880","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Internalizing problems are emotional and behavioural difficulties characterized by a dominant sense of mental and physical discomfort. These problems, with more or less severity, can occur during adolescence. For this reason it is important to broaden our knowledge of the factors associated with these kinds of difficulties. The aim of the study was to analyse the risk and protective factors associated with the development of internalizing problems such as symptoms of depression, low self-esteem and negative emotional states in late adolescence. Methods: Longitudinal studies were conducted among students attending Warsaw high schools (N = 511). The baseline was carried out in 2013 and the follow-up in 2015. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was completed during school lessons to that end. Results: The results of generalized linear models (GENLIN) with gamma distribution indicated a statistically significant relationship between the internalization problems of 18 year-olds and the predictors measured two years earlier. Risk factors for depression were gender (female), stress in the family and excessive internet use. Protective factors were physical activity and parental support. Low self-esteem was associated with gender (female) and stress in the family. Higher self-esteem was associated with parental support, good relations with peers and physical activity. Experiencing negative emotional states were associated with gender (female), excessive use of the internet, stress at school and at home as well as the use of sedatives and sleeping pill. Physical activity turned out to be a factor protecting against negative emotional states. Conclusions: The results showing the importance of physical activity indicate that encouraging adolescents to be active could be a valuable strategy in the prevention of depression and other youth internalizing problems.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2018.80880","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Review of the literature on the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis of the chosen neurodegenerative diseases – Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The review also includes multiple sclerosis (MS), where the neurodegenerative process is secondary to inflammatory-autoimmune processes. Views: The retina is an integral part of the central nervous system (CNS), so neurodegenerative processes also affect it. The transparency of the eyeball causes the retina to be a “window into the brain” and by using OCT we can look at the CNS. Thanks to the specific structure of the retina – its lack of myelin and small number of glial cells – the progress of neurodegenerative diseases can be assessed at a very early stage and, thanks to OCT, quantified. The parameters associated in the literature with OCT – RNFL (retinal nerve fiber layer) and GCL (ganglion cell layer) – were analysed in correlation to other diagnostic examinations and functional tests in chosen diseases (AD, PD, MS). Multiple studies have also evaluated the efficacy of OCT in patients with stroke, spinal-cerebellar ataxia, obstructive sleep apnea, congenital diseases of CNS, and with prion diseases. Conclusions: OCT is a precise additional examination that allows to assess the process of neurodegeneration at a very early stage. The results should be interpreted with reference to clinical symptoms and other diagnostic techniques.
{"title":"Optical coherence tomography in the diagnostics of neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Magdalena Torbus-Paluszczak, B. Łabuz-Roszak","doi":"10.5114/ppn.2018.80885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2018.80885","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Review of the literature on the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis of the chosen neurodegenerative diseases – Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The review also includes multiple sclerosis (MS), where the neurodegenerative process is secondary to inflammatory-autoimmune processes. Views: The retina is an integral part of the central nervous system (CNS), so neurodegenerative processes also affect it. The transparency of the eyeball causes the retina to be a “window into the brain” and by using OCT we can look at the CNS. Thanks to the specific structure of the retina – its lack of myelin and small number of glial cells – the progress of neurodegenerative diseases can be assessed at a very early stage and, thanks to OCT, quantified. The parameters associated in the literature with OCT – RNFL (retinal nerve fiber layer) and GCL (ganglion cell layer) – were analysed in correlation to other diagnostic examinations and functional tests in chosen diseases (AD, PD, MS). Multiple studies have also evaluated the efficacy of OCT in patients with stroke, spinal-cerebellar ataxia, obstructive sleep apnea, congenital diseases of CNS, and with prion diseases. Conclusions: OCT is a precise additional examination that allows to assess the process of neurodegeneration at a very early stage. The results should be interpreted with reference to clinical symptoms and other diagnostic techniques.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/ppn.2018.80885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-motor symptoms are more frequent in women than in men with Parkinson’s disease","authors":"M. Michałowska, Tomasz Szatanowski, U. Fiszer","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2018.75539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2018.75539","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2018.75539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The study focused on the functional character of humour, especially on its role in coping with stress. The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in humour coping by gender and age; to recognize the nature of the relationship between humour coping and coping styles, coping strategies and sense of stress; to recognize the mediating role of coping humour in relationship between coping with stress styles and sense of stress. Method: A total of 199 persons (113 females and 86 males) were included in the study, aged from 20 to 60 years. Mean age in the study group was 37.76 (SD = 12.04). The following methods was used in the study: CISS, Mini-COPE, Stress Sense Questionnaire (KPS), Coping Humour Scale (CHS) and socio-demographic questionnaire. Results: Data analysis show that women were less likely than men to cope with stress using humour. Younger people less likely than older to cope with stress using humour. There are positive correlations between humour coping with stress and coping styles and strategy – positive reinterpretation and growth and a sense of humour. Conclusions: Coping with stress using humour depends on gender and age and is positively correlated with adaptive coping stress style and coping strategies and negatively with sense of stress.
{"title":"Humour, stress and coping in adults","authors":"Agnieszka Kruczek, M. Basińska","doi":"10.5114/PPN.2018.78712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/PPN.2018.78712","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The study focused on the functional character of humour, especially on its role in coping with stress. The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in humour coping by gender and age; to recognize the nature of the relationship between humour coping and coping styles, coping strategies and sense of stress; to recognize the mediating role of coping humour in relationship between coping with stress styles and sense of stress. Method: A total of 199 persons (113 females and 86 males) were included in the study, aged from 20 to 60 years. Mean age in the study group was 37.76 (SD = 12.04). The following methods was used in the study: CISS, Mini-COPE, Stress Sense Questionnaire (KPS), Coping Humour Scale (CHS) and socio-demographic questionnaire. Results: Data analysis show that women were less likely than men to cope with stress using humour. Younger people less likely than older to cope with stress using humour. There are positive correlations between humour coping with stress and coping styles and strategy – positive reinterpretation and growth and a sense of humour. Conclusions: Coping with stress using humour depends on gender and age and is positively correlated with adaptive coping stress style and coping strategies and negatively with sense of stress.","PeriodicalId":39142,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/PPN.2018.78712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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