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Guardian of Eden, Guardian of the City: The Lost Mosaic of the Archangel Michael in Hagia Sophia of Constantinople 伊甸园的守护者,城市的守护者:在君士坦丁堡的圣索菲亚大教堂遗失的大天使迈克尔的马赛克
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.1163/24685623-12340110
Andrea Torno Ginnasi
This contribution aims to shed light on the lost mosaic of the Archangel Michael with a drawn sword once set, according to Niketas Choniates, in a πρόναος of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. After an overview of previous hypotheses, I will argue for a position just outside of the south-west vestibule of the church in the 10th century. Such a location and dating would be in line with the connotation of the Archangel as defender of a sacred space, perceived as a sort of Eden in Byzantine textual and visual sources. The spread of similar representations confirms the role of a reference point that the mosaic soon acquired by virtue of its position at the ceremonial entrance of the most important church of the Empire, not to mention its political importance. The ideological character of the Archangel went a step further during the last centuries of the Empire. A unique use of the First Arab Siege of Constantinople as a stage for St. Michael’s role as sword-wielding guardian in a 14th century Serbian painting is more broadly reflective of a theme throughout Byzantine artistic tradition in varied media. This representation reflected the duty of the Archangel not just as guardian of Hagia Sophia, but also of the emperor, Constantinople and the Empire in a broader sense.
根据Niketas Choniates的说法,这项贡献的目的是为了揭示在君士坦丁堡圣索菲亚大教堂的πρό αος中曾经镶嵌的一幅遗失的大天使米迦勒与拔出的剑的马赛克。在概述了之前的假设之后,我将论证一个位置,就在10世纪教堂的西南前厅外面。这样的位置和日期将符合大天使作为神圣空间的捍卫者的内涵,在拜占庭文本和视觉来源中被视为一种伊甸园。类似图案的传播证实了马赛克作为参考点的作用,由于它在帝国最重要的教堂的仪式入口处的位置,更不用说它的政治重要性了。大天使的意识形态特征在帝国的最后几个世纪里进一步发展。在一幅14世纪的塞尔维亚绘画中,第一次阿拉伯人围攻君士坦丁堡时,圣迈克尔作为佩剑守护者的角色的独特使用,更广泛地反映了拜占庭艺术传统在各种媒体中的主题。这种表现反映了大天使的职责,不仅是圣索菲亚大教堂的守护者,而且是更广泛意义上的皇帝、君士坦丁堡和帝国的守护者。
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引用次数: 0
Middle Byzantine Parekklesia of Constantinople: Their History, Purpose, and New Data 君士坦丁堡的中拜占庭Parekklesia:他们的历史,目的和新数据
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.1163/24685623-12340109
H. Ceti̇nkaya
Recent restoration projects in Istanbul have brought to light new evidence related to the middle Byzantine (843–1204) churches of Istanbul. In particular, archaeological excavations have exposed previously unknown parts of the monastic churches. This article provides a brief construction history of the middle Byzantine churches of Istanbul and their later additions, and elucidates the purpose for which the latter were built. Thus, together with written sources, archaeological data may improve our understanding of these constructions. In particular, this article discusses the recent discovery of a funerary chapel outside the Pantokrator complex and the parekklesia unearthed at Vefa Kilise Camii.
最近在伊斯坦布尔的修复工程带来了与伊斯坦布尔拜占庭中期(843-1204)教堂有关的新证据。特别是,考古发掘已经暴露了修道院教堂以前不为人知的部分。本文简要介绍了伊斯坦布尔中期拜占庭式教堂的建设历史及其后来的补充,并阐明了后者建造的目的。因此,结合书面资料,考古资料可以提高我们对这些建筑的理解。本文特别讨论了最近在Pantokrator建筑群外发现的一个葬礼礼拜堂,以及在Vefa Kilise Camii出土的parkklesia。
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引用次数: 0
The Sekbanbaşı Mescidi or a Lesser-Known Middle Byzantine Church Typology at Constantinople 在君士坦丁堡的sekbanbamescidi或一个不太为人所知的中拜占庭教堂类型
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.1163/24685623-12340108
A. Taddei
Cross-in-square churches are an exceptional feature for the middle Byzantine architecture of Constantinople. The simpler variant of this architectural type is widely known from ‘provincial’ contexts but appears seldomly throughout the city. It should not be absent from modern scholarship, since some few examples of this type of church had survived well into the early 20th century. Because of this paucity of scholarship, the history, functions, and phases of these small edifices are mostly unknown. The now lost Sekbanbaşı Mescidi is a case in point.
方形十字教堂是君士坦丁堡中期拜占庭式建筑的一大特色。这种建筑类型的简单变体在“省级”环境中广为人知,但很少在整个城市出现。它不应该在现代学术中缺席,因为这种类型的教堂的一些例子一直保存到20世纪初。由于缺乏学术研究,这些小建筑的历史、功能和阶段大多是未知的。现在失去的塞克班·梅斯迪就是一个很好的例子。
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引用次数: 0
Dropping the Base: Why Does Follis Production at Constantinople Appear to Cease for 24 Years between 842–866? 放弃基地:为什么842-866年间君士坦丁堡的Follis生产似乎停止了24年?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.1163/24685623-12340107
M. Vrij
This article considers a period of Byzantine numismatic history where production at its main mint, in Constantinople, appears to cease altogether for at least 24 years, and arguably 26 or more years. It almost needs no stating that this is extraordinarily unusual in the numismatic record, and yet the topic has never been covered in more than a paragraph before. In this article, based upon my paper of the same title given to the International Congress of Byzantine Studies in Nicosia in January 2020, I will explore the problem, setting it in its historical context and contrasting this cessation with others that scholars are aware of. I will argue that the pause in production was not accidental and can neither be explained in the context of the monetary contraction of the late seventh to early ninth centuries, nor by archaeological quirk. Rather, I will contend that this apparent cessation was a deliberate policy of the Empress Theodora and the regency council for Michael III, and that its subsequent continuation under the Caesar Bardas was perhaps more incidental, until the coronation of Basil brought the drive to restart production in Michael and Basil’s names.
这篇文章考虑了拜占庭钱币历史上的一段时期,在君士坦丁堡的主要造币厂,生产似乎完全停止了至少24年,可以说是26年或更长时间。不用说,这在钱币记录中是非常不寻常的,然而这个话题在以前从来没有超过一段的篇幅。在本文中,基于我在2020年1月尼科西亚拜占庭研究国际大会上发表的同名论文,我将探讨这个问题,将其置于历史背景中,并将这一停止与学者们所知道的其他停止进行对比。我认为,生产的停顿并非偶然,既不能用7世纪末至9世纪初的货币紧缩来解释,也不能用考古学上的怪癖来解释。相反,我认为,这种明显的停止是狄奥多拉皇后和米迦勒三世摄政委员会有意为之的政策,而在凯撒巴达斯的统治下,它的延续可能更偶然,直到巴西尔的加冕带来了以米迦勒和巴西尔的名义重新开始生产的驱动。
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引用次数: 0
Reinventing the Capital: The Ideological Use of Monumental Architecture in Michael VIII Palaiologos’ Constantinople (1261–1282) 重塑首都:迈克尔八世君士坦丁堡纪念性建筑的意识形态运用(1261-1282)
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.1163/24685623-12340113
Jessica Varsallona
After the recapture of Constantinople (1261), Michael VIII Palaiologos (1259–82) re-shaped the city through extensive building activities. Though scholars have previously considered the involvement of Emperor Michael in the urban restoration of the capital, no attention has been devoted to the links between the different aspects of this programme of renewal. This paper advocates for the presence of an ambitious and systematic urban plan behind Michael VIII’s commissions focussed on the restoration of the southern shore of Constantinople and related to the political, religious, ideological, and aesthetic policies of this emperor.
在收复君士坦丁堡(1261)后,米迦勒八世(1259 - 1282)通过大规模的建筑活动重新塑造了这座城市。虽然学者们以前认为米迦勒皇帝参与了首都的城市修复,但没有人注意到这个更新计划的不同方面之间的联系。本文主张在米迦勒八世的委员会背后存在一个雄心勃勃的、系统的城市规划,重点是君士坦丁堡南岸的修复,并与这位皇帝的政治、宗教、意识形态和美学政策有关。
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引用次数: 0
A stepping-stone in exploring the narrative about the “Silk Road” in Central Asia 探索中亚“丝绸之路”叙事的踏脚石
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.1177/18793665211050645
E. Varpahovskis
Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Timur Dadabaev, Transcontinental Silk Road Strategies: Comparing China, Japan and South Korea in Uzbekistan. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2019; 180 pp., ISBN 9780367206734. £120.00.
知识共享非商业性CC BY-NC:本文在知识共享署名-非商业4.0许可(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)的条款下发布,该许可允许非商业用途,复制和分发作品,无需进一步许可,前提是原始作品的署名与SAGE和开放获取页面(https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)上指定的一致。铁木尔·达达巴耶夫:《跨大陆丝绸之路战略:中国、日本和韩国在乌兹别克斯坦的比较》。阿宾顿,奥克森,英国:劳特利奇出版社,2019;180页,ISBN 9780367206734。£120.00。
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引用次数: 0
The concept of “Greater Eurasia”: The Russian “turn to the East” and its consequences for the European Union from the geopolitical angle of analysis “大欧亚”概念:从地缘政治角度分析俄罗斯“东转”及其对欧盟的影响
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/18793665211034183
M. Glaser (Kukartseva), P. Thomann
This article examines the Russian project of Greater Eurasia, the reasons for launching such an initiative, and its possible influence on the current regional and global trends in the field of geopolitics, security policy, and relations between Russia and the European Union. The article argues that Greater Eurasia, as a developing geo-economic and geostrategic community, opens up opportunities for Russia and the European project to reset their relationship by creating new zones of mutual development.
本文探讨了俄罗斯的大欧亚项目,发起这一倡议的原因,以及它对当前地缘政治、安全政策和俄罗斯与欧盟关系领域的区域和全球趋势可能产生的影响。文章认为,大欧亚大陆作为一个发展中的地缘经济和地缘战略共同体,为俄罗斯和欧洲项目提供了通过建立新的共同发展区来重新确立彼此关系的机会。
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引用次数: 8
Societal fragilities and resilience: The emergence of peoplehood in Belarus 社会脆弱性和复原力:白俄罗斯民族的出现
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/18793665211037835
I. Petrova, E. Korosteleva
The article examines societal fragilities and local resilience strategies in Belarus with a particular focus on the notion of peoplehood. Premised on the idea of evolving forms of agency under the Anthropocene, and the emergent complexity-thinking in International Relations, the article draws on these approaches to societal fragilities and community resilience to understand and explain the unprecedented levels of mobilization occurring in Belarus since the disputed presidential election in August 2020. To this end, the article zooms onto the local communities to provide an analytical perspective on the study of resilience as self-organization. In line with complexity-thinking, it argues in favor of history-specific processual identities, shaped by the aspirations of a “good life,” and realized via local support infrastructures which lie at the heart of societal resilience in Belarus. Yet, the potential of all these elements to actualize into a sweeping transformative force, referred to as “peoplehood” in this article, is rare, and comes at a time of unprecedented crises and existential threats to the life of a community. The Belarusian society seems to be undergoing such a moment that not only makes it more resilient and adaptive to change; it also transforms it into a new form of societal being, self-aware of its worth, self-organized, and self-reliant on its inner capabilities to fight for a life of excellence. The article traces these moments of becoming with, and societal being, via a critical discussion of fragilities and the elements of resilience, actualized into peoplehood.
本文考察了白俄罗斯的社会脆弱性和地方复原力战略,特别关注了民族概念。本文以“人类世”下机构形式的演变以及国际关系中新兴的复杂性思维为前提,利用这些研究社会脆弱性和社区复原力的方法,来理解和解释白俄罗斯自2020年8月有争议的总统选举以来前所未有的动员水平。为此,本文将目光聚焦于当地社区,为弹性作为自组织的研究提供了一个分析视角。与复杂性思维相一致,它支持特定于历史的过程身份,由“美好生活”的愿望塑造,并通过当地支持基础设施实现,这是白俄罗斯社会恢复力的核心。然而,所有这些因素实现为一种全面变革力量的潜力,在本文中被称为“民性”,是罕见的,而且是在一个社区生活面临前所未有的危机和生存威胁的时候出现的。白俄罗斯社会似乎正在经历这样一个时刻,它不仅使它更有弹性和适应变化;它还将其转变为一种新的社会存在形式,自我意识到自己的价值,自我组织,并依靠其内在能力为卓越的生活而奋斗。这篇文章通过对脆弱性和恢复力要素的批判性讨论,追溯了这些成为社会存在的时刻,并将其实现为人格。
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引用次数: 8
The United States in Kazakhstani public opinion: Double-edged cultural influence and the collateral damage of foreign policy 美国在哈萨克斯坦的舆论:双刃剑文化影响和外交政策的附带损害
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/18793665211030937
M. Laruelle, Dylan Royce
This article employs surveys by Gallup, the Central Asia Barometer, and the Barometer of Eurasian Integration, as well as focus groups that were commissioned as part of this research, to argue (1) that Kazakhstani perceptions of the United States compare unfavorably to perceptions of China and especially of Russia; (2) that Russian influence is a minor or nonexistent cause of the United States’ poor image; (3) that US cultural influence has an ambiguous effect on the country’s image in Kazakhstan, due to a “clash of values” between conservative Kazakhstani society and relatively liberal US cultural exports; (4) that the United States’ foreign policy, especially its violation of other states’ sovereignty, has an unambiguously negative effect on its image among Kazakhstanis; and (5) that the resulting relatively negative image of the United States translates into reluctance to build or maintain ties with it. In conclusion, we highlight areas in which the United States–Kazakhstan cooperation is likely to receive a better reception.
本文采用盖洛普、中亚晴雨表和欧亚一体化晴雨表以及作为本研究一部分委托的焦点小组的调查来论证:(1)哈萨克斯坦人对美国的看法与对中国,特别是对俄罗斯的看法相比是不利的;(2)俄罗斯的影响是美国形象不佳的一个次要原因或根本不存在的原因;(3)由于保守的哈萨克斯坦社会与相对自由的美国文化出口之间的“价值观冲突”,美国文化影响对该国在哈萨克斯坦的形象产生了模糊的影响;(4)美国的外交政策,尤其是侵犯他国主权的政策,对其在哈萨克斯坦人心目中的形象产生了明确的负面影响;(5)由此产生的美国相对负面的形象,会导致中国不愿与美国建立或维持关系。最后,我们强调美国- -哈萨克斯坦合作可能得到更好接待的领域。
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引用次数: 0
Towards local sustainability: Social capital as a community insurance in Kazakhstan 迈向地方可持续性:社会资本作为哈萨克斯坦的社区保险
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/18793665211038143
Yuliya Darmenova, E. Koo
This article focuses on how social capital, in the form of trust, reciprocal relations, and networks, has contributed to the sustainability of local communities in Kazakhstan in the face of various political and socioeconomic challenges. Drawing on qualitative data, we provide historical evidence of the persistence of locally derived social capital and investigate the ways in which it contributed to local sustainability in Kazakhstan. We first discuss how people in Kazakhstan have historically built and developed networks, reciprocal relations, and mutual trust under different political and economic institutions, for example, in the form of reciprocal labor aid as part of nomadic culture (e.g., “Asar”) and collective funds (e.g., “Kotel”) during Soviet times. We then offer an in-depth understanding of social capital as a form of insurance for local communities, and how it facilitates socioeconomic interactions in contemporary Kazakh society. This study contributes to the understanding of this traditional sense of trust and communal cooperation, as well as its viability in the context of a market economy.
本文关注的是,在面对各种政治和社会经济挑战时,社会资本如何以信任、互惠关系和网络的形式为哈萨克斯坦当地社区的可持续性做出贡献。利用定性数据,我们提供了当地衍生社会资本持续存在的历史证据,并调查了它对哈萨克斯坦当地可持续性的贡献方式。我们首先讨论哈萨克斯坦人在历史上是如何在不同的政治和经济制度下建立和发展网络、互惠关系和相互信任的,例如,在苏联时期,作为游牧文化(例如“Asar”)和集体基金(例如“Kotel”)一部分的互惠劳动援助的形式。然后,我们深入了解社会资本作为当地社区的一种保险形式,以及它如何促进当代哈萨克社会的社会经济互动。这项研究有助于理解这种传统的信任和社区合作意识,以及它在市场经济背景下的可行性。
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引用次数: 2
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Journal of Eurasian Studies
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