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Between East and West. The Formation of the Moscow State, written by Marat Shaikhutdinov 在东西方之间。《莫斯科国家的形成》,作者是马拉特·谢赫季诺夫
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1163/24685623-20220134
Lorenzo Pubblici
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引用次数: 0
Language Revitalization: Challenges for Kazakh in Higher Education 语言复兴:哈萨克语在高等教育中的挑战
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231189326
Dina Kucherbayeva, J. Smagulova
This paper is an initial attempt to evaluate the challenges of promoting a new national language as a medium of instruction (MOI) in a post-socialist higher education (HE) context. In the case of Kazakhstan, the choice of MOI is perceived as a key tool to strengthen national identity and resist domination of Russian; in higher education sector language policies are constructed to foster cultural independence which translates into establishing Kazakh as a full-fledged medium of academia. Drawing on the historical-structural approach (Tollefson, 1991, 2013), we analyze the ideologies and practices of university students studying in Kazakh. Findings from audio-recorded interviews suggest that implementing Kazakh-medium instruction policies face numerous pragmatic and ideological challenges, such as a dearth of teaching and learning resources in Kazakh and lack of Kazakh-speaking faculty. This study contributes to scholarship on language revitalization in the context of tertiary education.
本文是对后社会主义高等教育背景下推广新的民族语言作为教学媒介(MOI)所面临的挑战的初步尝试。在哈萨克斯坦的情况下,MOI的选择被认为是加强民族认同和抵制俄语统治的关键工具;在高等教育部门,语言政策的制定是为了促进文化独立,这意味着将哈萨克语确立为一种成熟的学术媒介。借鉴历史结构方法(Tollefson, 1991,2013),我们分析了在哈萨克学习的大学生的意识形态和实践。录音采访的结果表明,实施哈萨克语教学政策面临着许多实际和意识形态方面的挑战,例如哈萨克语教学资源的缺乏和说哈萨克语的教师的缺乏。本研究为高等教育背景下的语言复兴研究做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges and Reasons of Using a Passively Known Language in Daily Practice: Cases of Belarusian and Ukrainian 在日常实践中使用被动认知语言的挑战和原因:白俄罗斯语和乌克兰语的案例
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231188381
Irina Liskovets
The paper attempts to describe, discuss and analyse the situation of rapid and spontaneous transfer to practical usage of a language which speakers know only passively in the situation of stable closely related bilingualism. Such a transfer – from native Russian to Belarusian – has been taking place in the Republic of Belarus due to various reasons. Partly, this process was connected to the political situation in the country and around it; at the same time, a part of Russian-speaking intelligentsia (mostly residing in the country capital, Minsk) was in the process of reshaping of their national identity. The paper discusses in details both those reasons, as well as the peculiarities of the language situation promoting this process, its linguistic features and their difference from those of an interlanguage which arises in the situation of a foreign language acquisition and from those of trasyanka, the code in-between Russian and Belarusian. The phenomenon in the focus is also compared with the newest tendency of Russian-speaking Ukrainians to transit to using Ukrainian instead of Russian in their everyday communication and in social media. The paper is based on the data obtained in the course of longitude field study conducted in Minsk in 1999–2022 and the data derived from media and internet sources.
本文试图描述、讨论和分析在稳定的密切相关双语情况下,说话者被动地掌握一种语言,并迅速自发地转化为实际使用的情况。由于各种原因,白俄罗斯共和国一直在发生这种从俄语母语向白俄罗斯语母语的转移。部分原因是,这一进程与该国及其周围的政治局势有关;与此同时,一部分讲俄语的知识分子(主要居住在首都明斯克)正在重塑他们的民族认同。本文详细讨论了这些原因,以及促进这一过程的语言情境的特殊性,它的语言特征及其与外语习得情境中出现的中介语和介于俄语和白俄罗斯语之间的特拉斯扬卡语的语言特征的区别。这一现象也与讲俄语的乌克兰人在日常交流和社交媒体上使用乌克兰语而不是俄语的最新趋势进行了比较。本文基于1999-2022年在明斯克进行的经度实地研究过程中获得的数据以及媒体和互联网来源的数据。
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引用次数: 0
Treatment of and Attitudes Towards ‘Other’ Languages in Modern Russia: Evidence from Metalinguistic Discourse 现代俄罗斯对“他者”语言的对待和态度:来自元语言话语的证据
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231186636
Nam Hye Hyun, Fedorova Kapitolina
Russian Federation, being de jure and de facto linguistically diverse multilingual country, can be described, at the same time, as being under a strong influence of monolingual language ideology, with Russian totally domineering in most public spheres. Minority languages and especially languages of migrants lack official recognition and support, and their speakers often have to face prejudices and negative stereotypes. The paper aims at revealing language ideology prevailing in modern Russia through analysis of attitudes to languages other than Russian as they are expressed in discourse about language, i.e. metadiscourse. When approaching it, it is important to distinguish state discourse (manifestation of official language policy) and public discourse (collective attitudes towards certain sublanguages and their users expressed more or less directly). The analysis shows that over the past two decades, official language ideology in Russia has shifted from guaranteeing linguistic equality and diversity to having an emphasis on unity and purity and giving support to the Russian language. This reorientation is realized through status planning, corpus planning, and acquisition planning. At the level of public discourse, analysis of collective attitudes towards the languages used by non-native speakers demonstrates that a significant part of the Russian-speaking population express negative attitudes towards non-native speakers and their poor Russian language skills, which once again confirms that there is dominant monolingualism and purism in public discourse. However, language practices in Russia are gradually becoming more diverse which can become a challenge for monolingualism and purism in future.
俄罗斯联邦在法律上和事实上都是语言多样化的多语言国家,同时也受到单语语言意识形态的强烈影响,俄语在大多数公共领域完全霸道。少数民族语言,特别是移民语言缺乏官方承认和支持,其使用者往往不得不面对偏见和负面的陈规定型观念。本文旨在通过分析人们对俄语以外的语言在语言话语中所表现出的态度,即元话语,来揭示现代俄罗斯盛行的语言意识形态。在接近它时,重要的是要区分国家话语(官方语言政策的表现)和公共话语(或多或少直接表达对某些次语言及其使用者的集体态度)。分析表明,近二十年来,俄罗斯官方语言意识形态从保证语言的平等和多样性,转向强调统一和纯粹,支持俄语。这种重新定位是通过状态规划、语料规划和获取规划来实现的。在公共话语层面,对非母语者使用语言的集体态度的分析表明,很大一部分俄语人口对非母语者及其俄语技能低下表示消极态度,这再次证实了公共话语中的单语主义和纯粹主义占主导地位。然而,俄罗斯的语言实践正逐渐变得更加多样化,这可能成为未来单一语言主义和纯粹主义的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Towards Understanding Tajikistan’s Sociolinguistically Complex Language Ecology: Historical Development, Current Status, Issues, Research, Policy and Practice 了解塔吉克斯坦复杂的社会语言学语言生态:历史发展、现状、问题、研究、政策与实践
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231185795
S. Bahry, Tojiniso Olimnazarova
Tajikistan, at the heart of Central Eurasia, had a population of 7,563,687 in 2010, estimated recently to be almost 10,084,935. Named for its majority nationality, Tajikistan has many other nationalities, most with their own language. This article explores what is known about the historical, development and current status of multiple languages in Tajikistan’s linguistic tapestry. We provide a tentative overview of Tajikistan’s evolving language ecology from earliest times when a range of Eastern Iranian languages were dominant, to the reduced use of Eastern Iranian languages following the entry of Arabic and New Persian (a western Iranian language) into the ecology with the Arab conquest, and the subsequent entry of Turkic languages, and more recently the entry of Russian under the late Russian empire and its spread under the Soviet Union. Following independence in 1991, a shift in balance among domains of use of Tajik and Russian has been ongoing at the same time as international languages, especially English, have entered Tajikistan’s language ecology. We review the current state of knowledge about contemporary sociolinguistic dynamics, monolingualism and plurilingualism in society, where the titular language, Tajik/Persian, is in interaction with local, regional and global languages. Against the background of changing post-independence language and language-in-education policies, we discuss the prospects for monolingual, multilingual and plurilingual education in Tajikistan among efforts to promote the official language, Tajik, and to provide minority language education, while also developing proficiency in foreign languages in Tajikistan, through initiatives such as English-medium instruction.
塔吉克斯坦位于欧亚大陆中部的心脏地带,2010年人口为7,563,687人,最近估计为近10,084,935人。塔吉克斯坦因其多数民族而得名,它有许多其他民族,大多数都有自己的语言。本文探讨了塔吉克斯坦多种语言的历史、发展和现状。我们对塔吉克斯坦语言生态的演变进行了初步概述,从最早的时期,一系列东伊朗语言占主导地位,到阿拉伯语和新波斯语(一种西伊朗语言)进入阿拉伯征服后,东伊朗语言的使用减少,以及随后突厥语言的进入,以及最近俄罗斯帝国晚期俄语的进入及其在苏联的传播。自1991年独立以来,塔吉克语和俄语使用领域之间的平衡一直在发生变化,同时国际语言,特别是英语已进入塔吉克斯坦的语言生态。我们回顾了关于当代社会语言学动态,单语和多语社会中的知识现状,其中名义语言塔吉克语/波斯语与当地,区域和全球语言相互作用。在独立后语言和教育语言政策不断变化的背景下,我们讨论了塔吉克斯坦单语、多语和多语教育的前景,同时努力推广官方语言塔吉克语,并提供少数民族语言教育,同时通过英语教学等举措提高塔吉克斯坦的外语水平。
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引用次数: 0
Coexistence of Multiple Writing Systems: Classifying Digraphia in Post-Socialist Countries 多种书写系统的共存:后社会主义国家的双向书写分类
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231188380
Youngjo Jung, Bora Kim
This study aims to specify the definitions of two terms, bigraphia and digraphia, and examine how these phenomena appear in post-socialist countries. It is currently a global phenomenon to use two or more writing systems in one country, due to the spread of English and the Internet. Bigraphia means when the function and prestige of two writing systems (or two varieties of one system) are equal. On the other hand, when there is a difference in the function and/or prestige between two writing systems, it is defined as digraphia. The paper examines the combination of writing systems in post-socialist countries such as Russia, Belarus, Serbia, and Uzbekistan. In-digraphia refers to a situation in which variations of one writing system coexist, and out-digraphia refers to a situation in which two different writing systems coexist. A narrower sense of digraphia is observed in Belarus today: Belarusian Cyrillic-Т(BC-T) is used to write Tarashkievitsa and Belarusian Cyrillic-N (BC-N) is used to write Narkamaŭka. Out-digraphia is observed in Serbia and Uzbekistan. In these countries, Cyrillic and Latin scripts are used to write Serbian and Uzbek. Out-digraphia is also confirmed in Russian texts: It is commonly thought that only Cyrillic letters are used to write Russian, but recently the use of the so-called “macaronic alphabet,” which is a mix of Cyrillic and Latin letters, has become common.
本研究的目的是明确两个术语的定义,bigraphia和digraphia,并研究这些现象在后社会主义国家是如何出现的。由于英语和互联网的普及,目前在一个国家使用两种或两种以上的书写系统是一种全球现象。两种文字系统(或一种文字系统的两种变体)的功能和声望相等。另一方面,当两种书写系统在功能和/或威望上存在差异时,它被定义为双写法。本文考察了俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、塞尔维亚和乌兹别克斯坦等后社会主义国家的文字系统组合。双向写法内指的是一种书写系统的变体共存的情况,而双向写法外指的是两种不同书写系统共存的情况。在今天的白俄罗斯,有一种狭义的双写法:白俄罗斯西里尔字母-Т(BC-T)被用来写Tarashkievitsa,白俄罗斯西里尔字母n (BC-N)被用来写Narkamaŭka。在塞尔维亚和乌兹别克斯坦观察到外翻。在这些国家,西里尔字母和拉丁字母被用来书写塞尔维亚语和乌兹别克语。在俄语文本中也证实了外向写法:人们通常认为只有西里尔字母被用来写俄语,但最近使用所谓的“马卡罗尼字母表”,它是西里尔字母和拉丁字母的混合体,已经变得普遍。
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引用次数: 0
Language situation in dynamic Eurasian region: Introducing the special issue 动态欧亚地区的语言状况:特刊介绍
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231189322
K. Fedorova
Eurasia is vast, covering enormous territories with distinctly different landscapes, climates, and time zones. Throughout the centuries, the inhabitants of these territories have moved, encountered various challenges and threats, adapted to new living conditions, changed their accustomed ways of life, and consistently had to communicate with both fellow inhabitants and strangers. The languages spoken in this region have also undergone constant changes, adapting to the communicative needs of their speakers. Stretching from Eastern Europe to Central Asia and the Far East, Eurasia holds a unique position as a convergence point for diverse linguistic traditions. The languages spoken within this region belong to numerous language families, including IndoEuropean, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Tungusic, Mongolic, and several others, forming a rich tapestry of histories, cultural interactions, and linguistic evolution. Furthermore, the socio-political developments have had a significant impact on the language situations in different regions. Some languages or language variants have gained prestige and influence, while others have fallen into disuse and disappeared. State authorities have actively promoted languages they deem strategically advantageous and have sometimes attempted to suppress those they perceive as threats to national unity or independence. Political, religious, and cultural activists have pursued their own agendas, contributing to the complex mosaic of efforts aimed at managing language situations. In recent years, the Eurasian region has undergone substantial socio-political and economic transformations, which have had far-reaching effects on linguistic diversity and language practices within the region. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the emergence of independent nationstates, and the growing interconnectedness of the global community have all contributed to remarkable changes in the linguistic landscape. This special issue seeks to offer a comprehensive exploration of these shifts and their implications for language usage, identity, and intercultural communication within the Eurasian context. The primary focus is on the Eurasian region as a linguistically diverse, multiethnic, and multicultural setting, providing a lens through which to examine these phenomena. Multilingualism, language contacts, and socially loaded linguistic variation form an integral part of everyday life within diverse linguistic communities across the globe. The capacity to speak multiple languages or navigate various linguistic registers equips individuals with a wider array of communicative tools and facilitates intercultural comprehension and access to opportunities. People often adjust their language use to align with specific social contexts, adhering to linguistic norms or indicating their affiliation with particular groups. These linguistic variations can bear cultural significance and serve as markers of identity and belonging. This phenomenon is particularl
欧亚大陆幅员辽阔,幅员辽阔,地貌、气候和时区各不相同。几个世纪以来,这些领土上的居民不断迁移,遇到了各种挑战和威胁,适应了新的生活条件,改变了他们习惯的生活方式,并且必须始终与同胞和陌生人交流。该地区使用的语言也经历了不断的变化,以适应其使用者的交际需要。欧亚大陆从东欧延伸到中亚和远东,作为不同语言传统的交汇点,欧亚大陆具有独特的地位。该地区使用的语言属于许多语族,包括印欧语、突厥语、芬兰-乌戈尔语、通古斯语、蒙古语和其他几个语族,形成了丰富的历史、文化互动和语言演变的挂毯。此外,社会政治发展对不同区域的语言状况产生了重大影响。一些语言或语言变体获得了声望和影响,而另一些则被废弃和消失。国家当局积极推广它们认为具有战略优势的语言,有时试图压制它们认为对国家统一或独立构成威胁的语言。政治、宗教和文化活动家都有自己的议程,为管理语言状况的复杂努力做出了贡献。近年来,欧亚地区经历了重大的社会政治和经济变革,这对该地区的语言多样性和语言实践产生了深远的影响。苏联的解体,独立民族国家的出现,以及全球社会日益紧密的联系,都促成了语言格局的显著变化。本期特刊旨在全面探讨这些变化及其对欧亚语境下语言使用、身份认同和跨文化交流的影响。主要的焦点是欧亚地区作为一个语言多样,多民族和多元文化的设置,提供了一个镜头,通过它来检查这些现象。多语、语言接触和社会负载的语言变化构成了全球不同语言社区日常生活的组成部分。会说多种语言或掌握不同语言域的能力,为个人提供了更广泛的交际工具,并促进了跨文化理解和获得机会。人们经常调整自己的语言使用来配合特定的社会背景,坚持语言规范或表明自己与特定群体的隶属关系。这些语言变异具有文化意义,是身份和归属的标志。这种现象在以语言多样性为特征的地区尤其明显,例如欧亚地区。由于许多原因,认识到使用多种语言的重要性是至关重要的。首先,它是有效沟通的催化剂,促进了不同社会中的跨文化理解。通过精通多种语言,个人可以建立联系,弥合文化差距,并对不同的观点获得更深层次的欣赏。此外,研究多语使用和语言接触对少数民族语言的保护和振兴起着至关重要的作用。通过积极支持和推广这些语言,我们为维护文化遗产和多样性做出了贡献。语言的选择和变化也具有社会意义。它们可以表明社会地位、团结或抵抗,从而塑造互动和社会等级。承认和尊重这些差异对于促进包容性、打击基于语言的歧视至关重要
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引用次数: 0
Linguistic In/Exclusion in Medicine: Multilingual COVID-19 Communication in Russia 医学中的语言融入/排斥:俄罗斯的多语言COVID-19交流
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-08 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231185792
Vlada V. Baranova
The paper discusses providing (or not) information about coronavirus during the pandemics of COVID-19 in minority languages in Russia. It explores different minority languages, indigenous, and migrant, in the announcements and doctor-patient communications. The study is based on the observation of the linguistic landscape in 4 Russian cities (N=150) and on materials from semi-structured interviews. According to the data, Russian has been the preferred language for communicating official information about COVID-19. Doctor-patient communication in the multilingual regions was also predominantly in Russian, but there is a tendency to use another, minority native language in communication with mid-level medical staff and with all other actors in the rural area. The paper discusses creation of a more trusting relationship between a doctor and a patient by using the native language.
本文讨论了在俄罗斯的少数民族语言中提供(或不提供)关于COVID-19大流行期间冠状病毒的信息。它在公告和医患交流中探索了不同的少数民族语言,土著和移民。该研究基于对俄罗斯4个城市(N=150)的语言景观的观察和半结构化访谈的材料。数据显示,俄语一直是沟通COVID-19官方信息的首选语言。多语地区的医患交流也主要使用俄语,但在与中级医务人员和农村地区的所有其他行为者交流时,有使用另一种少数民族母语的趋势。本文讨论了通过使用母语在医生和病人之间建立更加信任的关系。
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引用次数: 0
East vs West: Geopolitical Orientations and Language Practices of Residents of Central and Southern Ukraine 东方vs西方:乌克兰中南部居民的地缘政治取向和语言实践
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231185794
O. Palinska
The paper based on quantitative and qualitative analysis on data on language attitudes and geopolitical orientations obtained in Central and Southern Ukraine shows significant differences between two regions. The assessment of linguistic changes occurred after the collapse of the USSR in both regions is unequivocal: most participants in open interviews noted a positive trend for the Ukrainian language, including the expansion of functional spheres of its use (on television, in politics, in education) and its higher prestige in society. Post-Soviet changes toward the expansion of the use of the Ukrainian language were viewed positively even by predominantly Russian-speaking respondents, who opposed “Ukrainization” in other aspects. Based on the answers to the questions in the “Geopolitics” and “Identity” blocks of questionnaire, two types of respondents were identified using cluster analysis: (1) “pro-European” and (2) “pro-Russian.” The language preferences of respondents belonging to different clusters differed in the regions studied: while more Ukrainian speakers, both in the Center and in the South, mainly belonged to the first cluster, and more Russian speakers (to a somewhat lesser extent) to the second, speakers who used a mixed idiom known as Surzhik in the Center, were more “pro-Russian,” and in the South, more “pro-European” oriented. That can signal of differences in language attitudes and labeling regarding Surzhik in those regions of Ukraine.
本文通过对乌克兰中部和南部获得的语言态度和地缘政治取向数据进行定量和定性分析,发现两个地区之间存在显著差异。对这两个地区在苏联解体后发生的语言变化的评估是明确的:大多数公开采访的参与者注意到乌克兰语的积极趋势,包括其使用的功能领域的扩大(在电视上,在政治上,在教育中)及其在社会上的更高声望。苏联解体后乌克兰语使用范围扩大的变化,即使是主要讲俄语的受访者也认为是积极的,他们在其他方面反对“乌克兰化”。根据问卷“地缘政治”和“身份认同”部分的回答,通过聚类分析确定了两种类型的受访者:(1)“亲欧”和(2)“亲俄”。在研究的地区,属于不同群体的受访者的语言偏好有所不同:在中部和南部,更多说乌克兰语的人主要属于第一个群体,更多说俄语的人(在较小程度上)属于第二个群体,在中部使用一种被称为苏尔日克的混合成语的人更“亲俄”,在南部,更“亲欧”。这可能表明乌克兰这些地区对苏尔日克语的语言态度和标签存在差异。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: The Dawn of Eurasia: On the trail of the new world order, by Bruno Macaeas 书评:《欧亚大陆的黎明:新世界秩序之路》,布鲁诺·马卡亚斯著
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/18793665231183980
A. Abhijeet
The idea of Eurasia is reemerging as the main focus in contemporary politics, and certainly, Bruno Macaeas has become one of the first writers to predict it in recent times. He also shows how both China and Russia are seeing and engaging with Eurasia with the Belt and Road Initiative and Eurasian Economic Union respectively. On the other hand, he says that the EU’s idea towards Eurasia as many of the threats the union is facing today has been indirectly the result of breaking up of the firm border of Asia and Europe. The book explores the idea of an emergent Eurasia. Bruno Macaeas believes that the Eurasian region will re-emerge as the most important factor leaving the American and the Asians in the 21 century. He also exerts on the interplay among China, Russia, and the European Union. This according to him is a simple return to the history; he mentions that “Eurasia happens to be the largest landmass on earth, the place where most of the great civilizations of human history were developed.” He says that “As Europe disappears, Eurasia coheres” (Pg 9). The author gives an example of the spectacular rise of Singapore and Hong Kong. In the book, the author uses the termEurasia to denotemuchmore than the geographical entity. The book is divided into two parts. In the first part, “The Map,” the author explains the origins of the divide between Europe and Asia and what are the factors that are helping to collapse that divide. This part puts forward how a new world order, Eurasian, is taking shape on the ruins of the old order. The second part of the book, “The Journey,” is the travelogue of the author. The part introduces the readers with minute and lesserknown details about the region. He mentions his observations while traveling in the Xinjiang region of China that, “it is difficult to see how China will be able to solve the contradiction between the desire to facilitate trade and movement while closing borders and subjecting everyone to permanent surveillance.” The first part has three chapters. The first chapter of the book tries to explain how the borders of the two continents, Asia and Europe, were defined historically. The authors say that now it is easier to trace the border as it is getting diminished. The chapter concludes an attempt of finding Eurasia in history. While the second chapter explains the present events which often show contradictory views on an issue, the third chapter looks the new Eurasian continent using three players, where the author sees Russia oscillating between Asia and Europe. The second part which has six chapters provides support to author’s argument in the previous part by the help of his travel accounts. The author started his journey from theCaucasus, then traveled to Armenia and Iran, and covered the parts of Central Asia, China, and Russia. The fourth chapter of the book starts the travel details of author. The travel starts with Azerbaijan. In the chapter, the author uses the conversation to show what people t
欧亚大陆的概念正在重新成为当代政治的主要焦点,当然,布鲁诺·马卡亚斯已经成为近年来最早预测到这一点的作家之一。他还展示了中俄如何通过“一带一路”倡议和欧亚经济联盟来看待和接触欧亚大陆。另一方面,他说,欧盟对欧亚大陆的看法,正如欧盟今天面临的许多威胁一样,都是亚洲和欧洲牢固边界破裂的间接结果。这本书探讨了新兴欧亚大陆的概念。Bruno Macaeas认为,欧亚地区将重新成为21世纪离开美洲和亚洲的最重要因素。他还对中国、俄罗斯和欧盟之间的相互作用施加影响。在他看来,这是对历史的简单回归;他提到“欧亚大陆恰好是地球上最大的大陆,人类历史上大多数伟大的文明都是在这里发展起来的。”他说:“随着欧洲的消失,欧亚大陆的融合”(第9页)。作者以新加坡和香港的惊人崛起为例。在这本书中,作者使用“欧亚大陆”一词来表示远不止地理实体。这本书分为两部分。在第一部分“地图”中,作者解释了欧洲和亚洲之间鸿沟的起源,以及哪些因素有助于打破这一鸿沟。这一部分提出了一个新的世界秩序,即欧亚秩序是如何在旧秩序的废墟上形成的。书的第二部分“旅程”是作者的游记。这部分向读者介绍了有关该地区的细微和鲜为人知的细节。他提到了他在中国新疆地区旅行时的观察,“很难看出中国将如何能够解决促进贸易和流动的愿望与关闭边境和使每个人都受到永久监视之间的矛盾。”第一部分分为三章。这本书的第一章试图解释亚洲和欧洲两大洲的边界是如何在历史上确定的。作者说,现在追踪边界变得更容易了,因为它正在减少。这一章结束了在历史上寻找欧亚大陆的尝试。第二章解释了在一个问题上经常表现出相互矛盾的观点的当前事件,而第三章用三个角色来看待新的欧亚大陆,作者看到俄罗斯在亚洲和欧洲之间摇摆。第二部分共分六章,通过作者的游记来支持前一部分的论点。作者的旅程从高加索开始,然后前往亚美尼亚和伊朗,并覆盖了中亚,中国和俄罗斯的部分地区。书的第四章开始了作者的旅行细节。这次旅行从阿塞拜疆开始。在本章中,作者用对话来展示人们对他们的位置以及该地区的管道项目的看法。下一章讲述了中国和俄罗斯,其中作者还讲述了一位俄罗斯外交官对中国在中亚的存在表示担忧。第七章叙述了作者在俄罗斯东部的经历,甚至给出了卡尔梅克人等微小的细节。在结语中,作者描述了他写这本书时发生的事件,比如英国脱欧和特朗普的到来,他认为这是全球大国在亚洲崛起的结果。在这本书中,作者既介绍了他在政府中的经历,也介绍了一个强大而翔实的游记,帮助读者理解政府和基层的问题和反应。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Eurasian Studies
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