Early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases is hampered by subtle symptoms and limited access to advanced testing. To address this challenge, we used, for the first time, 3D-printed electrodes made from laboratory-produced filaments to construct an electromedical immunosensor for detecting clusterin (CLU), a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases. We also investigated direct detection of a second biomarker, dopamine (DA), using the same platform. The electrochemical (bio)sensors offered strong performance, cost-effectiveness, and portability. We prepared the electrodes by dispersing graphite powder (GR) (45 % w/w) in a mixture of castor oil (CO) (15 % w/w) with polylactic acid (PLA). For DA detection, we performed CV and DPV in 0.1 mol L−1 PBS at pH 7.0. The LOD was 0.399 μmol L−1, with a sensitivity of 1.295 μA μmol L−1 cm−2 by CV, and the LOD was 0.938 μmol L−1, with a sensitivity of 1.752 μA μmol L−1 cm−2 by DPV. For CLU determination, anti-CLU antibodies were covalently immobilized on the electrode surface, allowing efficient detection by CV. The approach was linear from 100 to 650 nmol L−1 of CLU, with a LOD of 26.8 nmol L−1, LOQ of 89.3 nmol L−1, and a sensitivity of 123.2 nA nmol L−1 cm−2. Notably, the electrochemical immunosensor performed well in complex matrices, with recoveries from 88.1 % to 106.2 % in human plasma samples. Overall, our results demonstrate that 3D-printed electrodes made from GR, CO, and PLA are practical and cost-effective for developing electrochemical detection platforms that are adaptable to other clinically and environmentally important analytes.
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