Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774309982
M. Alamgir, M. Jashimuddin, M. Bhuiyan
An exploratory survey was carried out to assess employment generation and economics of cane-based furniture enterprises of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Multi-stage random sampling was adopted to carry out the study. Based on the total investment the enterprises were divided into large, medium and small. For the study, five enterprises from each category were selected at random. Most of the labour engaged in cane furniture making is skilled (67.21%). The main source of both skilled and unskilled labours is in rural areas, which is about 77%. The wage rate of unskilled workers varied from US$ 15 to 30 per month, whereas for skilled workers it varied from US$ 45 to more than 75 per month. Man-days required producing an article varied from 6.5 to 31.5 (dolna and dinning, respectively). Net average profit per article was the highest in Sofa (45 cm × 45 cm; US$ 20) and lowest in Dolna (US$ 2). Seven articles of 16 different sizes were identified made from cane, which are sofa (45 cm × 45 cm, 50 cm × 50 cm and 55 cm × 55 cm), dinning (4 chairs and 1 table, and 6 chairs and 1 table), Bed (1 m × 2 m, 1.3 m × 2.3 m and 1.5 m × 2.3 m), chair (45 cm × 45 cm and 50 cm × 50 cm), rocking chair (large, medium and small), dolna (hanging and running) and partition. The total net annual income from cane furniture is US$ 1381.
进行了一项探索性调查，以评估孟加拉国吉大港藤本家具企业的就业机会和经济效益。采用多阶段随机抽样进行研究。根据投资总额将企业分为大、中、小型。在研究中，从每个类别中随机选择五家企业。大部分从事藤制家具的劳工是熟练工人(67.21%)。熟练劳动力和非熟练劳动力的主要来源都在农村地区，约占77%。非技术工人的工资率从每月15美元到30美元不等，而技术工人的工资率从每月45美元到75美元以上不等。生产一篇文章所需的工时从6.5到31.5不等(分别为美元和晚餐)。每件物品净平均利润最高的是沙发(45 cm × 45 cm;20美元)和最低Dolna(2)美元。7文章确定了16个不同大小的甘蔗,这沙发(45厘米×45厘米,50厘米×50厘米,55厘米×55厘米),餐厅(4把椅子和1表,和6把椅子和1表),床(1 m×2 m, 1.3米×2.3米和1.5米×2.3米),椅子(45厘米×45厘米和50厘米×50厘米),摇椅(大、中、小),Dolna(挂和运行)和分区。甘蔗家具的年净收入总额为1381美元。
{"title":"Employment generation and economics of cane-based furniture enterprises of Chittagong, Bangladesh","authors":"M. Alamgir, M. Jashimuddin, M. Bhuiyan","doi":"10.1163/156915905774309982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774309982","url":null,"abstract":"An exploratory survey was carried out to assess employment generation and economics of cane-based furniture enterprises of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Multi-stage random sampling was adopted to carry out the study. Based on the total investment the enterprises were divided into large, medium and small. For the study, five enterprises from each category were selected at random. Most of the labour engaged in cane furniture making is skilled (67.21%). The main source of both skilled and unskilled labours is in rural areas, which is about 77%. The wage rate of unskilled workers varied from US$ 15 to 30 per month, whereas for skilled workers it varied from US$ 45 to more than 75 per month. Man-days required producing an article varied from 6.5 to 31.5 (dolna and dinning, respectively). Net average profit per article was the highest in Sofa (45 cm × 45 cm; US$ 20) and lowest in Dolna (US$ 2). Seven articles of 16 different sizes were identified made from cane, which are sofa (45 cm × 45 cm, 50 cm × 50 cm and 55 cm × 55 cm), dinning (4 chairs and 1 table, and 6 chairs and 1 table), Bed (1 m × 2 m, 1.3 m × 2.3 m and 1.5 m × 2.3 m), chair (45 cm × 45 cm and 50 cm × 50 cm), rocking chair (large, medium and small), dolna (hanging and running) and partition. The total net annual income from cane furniture is US$ 1381.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86663736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774309973
M. S. Galhiane, S. R. Rissato, M. A. Pereira, M. V. Almeida, L. C. Silva
Bambusa textilis is widely used in popular medicine to treat all kinds of wound inflammation, chronic fever, pulmonary and infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of the extracts of B. textilis leaves obtained by three different extraction methods: solid/liquid extraction, Soxhlet and Clevenger system using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The analytical characteristics of the extracts showed some differences and the GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of higher concentrations of nitro compounds and alkalis.
{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of different extraction methods for main volatile compounds from Bambusa textilis leaves","authors":"M. S. Galhiane, S. R. Rissato, M. A. Pereira, M. V. Almeida, L. C. Silva","doi":"10.1163/156915905774309973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774309973","url":null,"abstract":"Bambusa textilis is widely used in popular medicine to treat all kinds of wound inflammation, chronic fever, pulmonary and infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of the extracts of B. textilis leaves obtained by three different extraction methods: solid/liquid extraction, Soxhlet and Clevenger system using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The analytical characteristics of the extracts showed some differences and the GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of higher concentrations of nitro compounds and alkalis.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73832519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774309955
C. Krishnankutty
Bambusa bambos, the thorny bamboo, is the most common species found in the home gardens in Kerala. A sample survey was conducted to evaluate the current management and harvesting practices of bamboo clumps in home gardens. The survey revealed that most of the clumps were poorly managed and inappropriately harvested. This was due to the ignorance of the farmers on scientific clump management and harvesting techniques. Regeneration was adversely affected in the inappropriately harvested clumps and resulted in the depletion of the resource. Where clumps were well managed and scientifically harvested with a felling cycle of 6 to 8 years, culm production was higher, poles were longer and output was larger. Due to the higher proportion of high graded long poles, well-managed clumps fetched higher price and enhanced farm income. Poor clump management implies that there is considerable opportunity to develop the resource without incurring additional cost. For this, a package of scientific clump management and harvesting techniques is suggested.
{"title":"Bamboo (Bambusa bambos) resource development in home gardens in Kerala State in India: need for scientific clump management and harvesting techniques","authors":"C. Krishnankutty","doi":"10.1163/156915905774309955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774309955","url":null,"abstract":"Bambusa bambos, the thorny bamboo, is the most common species found in the home gardens in Kerala. A sample survey was conducted to evaluate the current management and harvesting practices of bamboo clumps in home gardens. The survey revealed that most of the clumps were poorly managed and inappropriately harvested. This was due to the ignorance of the farmers on scientific clump management and harvesting techniques. Regeneration was adversely affected in the inappropriately harvested clumps and resulted in the depletion of the resource. Where clumps were well managed and scientifically harvested with a felling cycle of 6 to 8 years, culm production was higher, poles were longer and output was larger. Due to the higher proportion of high graded long poles, well-managed clumps fetched higher price and enhanced farm income. Poor clump management implies that there is considerable opportunity to develop the resource without incurring additional cost. For this, a package of scientific clump management and harvesting techniques is suggested.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84564603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774310025
M. A. Hossain, M. S. Islam, M. Hossain
Untreated and treated (with 0.2% solution of rooting hormone IBA) branch cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Wendl. were allowed to root under four different light regimes, viz ., open sun, tree shade, partial shade and deep shade. Rooted cuttings were then grown under the open sun for 6 months to assess the performance of stecklings. Rooting ability of cuttings and growth performance of stecklings were found affected significantly both by light intensity and IBA treatment. Highest rooting percentage (84%) was in IBA treated cuttings rooted in the tree shade followed by untreated cuttings under the same light regime (73.3%) and the lowest (60%) was under the deep shade. The number of roots per cutting was also the highest (7.9) in the treated cuttings rooted under tree shade and the lowest (4.1) for untreated cuttings grown under the open sun. However, the longest root was in cuttings rooted under tree shade (17.1 cm) without IBA and the shortest (9 cm) was in deep shade regime. The highest survival percentage was 95.2% in treated cuttings rooted in the open sun and the lowest was in case of deep shade without IBA treatment, while maximum number of shoots were developed in treated cuttings rooted under tree shade. Shoot length was the highest in treated cuttings rooted under partial shade.
{"title":"Effect of light intensity and rooting hormone on propagation of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Wendl. by branch cutting","authors":"M. A. Hossain, M. S. Islam, M. Hossain","doi":"10.1163/156915905774310025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774310025","url":null,"abstract":"Untreated and treated (with 0.2% solution of rooting hormone IBA) branch cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Wendl. were allowed to root under four different light regimes, viz ., open sun, tree shade, partial shade and deep shade. Rooted cuttings were then grown under the open sun for 6 months to assess the performance of stecklings. Rooting ability of cuttings and growth performance of stecklings were found affected significantly both by light intensity and IBA treatment. Highest rooting percentage (84%) was in IBA treated cuttings rooted in the tree shade followed by untreated cuttings under the same light regime (73.3%) and the lowest (60%) was under the deep shade. The number of roots per cutting was also the highest (7.9) in the treated cuttings rooted under tree shade and the lowest (4.1) for untreated cuttings grown under the open sun. However, the longest root was in cuttings rooted under tree shade (17.1 cm) without IBA and the shortest (9 cm) was in deep shade regime. The highest survival percentage was 95.2% in treated cuttings rooted in the open sun and the lowest was in case of deep shade without IBA treatment, while maximum number of shoots were developed in treated cuttings rooted under tree shade. Shoot length was the highest in treated cuttings rooted under partial shade.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75752054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774309964
S. Deb, A. Arunachalam, K. Arunachalam
Decomposition dynamics, nutrient mineralization and cell-wall degradation of leaf litter of Bambusa tulda and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii were studied in bamboo-based traditional agroforestry systems of Arunachal Pradesh. Initial litter chemistry showed the identical leaf characteristics of both the species, but the species cannot be considered as good residue, as both of them had a greater initial C/N ratio (>25). The decay pattern showed three distinct phases during the field incubation period (0–90 days, 90–180 days and 180–270 days). The annual decay rate (k) varied from 3.34 in D. hamiltonii to 3.52 in B. tulda. N and P release from the decomposing litter was influenced by the seasonal cycle of mineralization and immobilization processes. Net mineralization was rapid during the later stage of decomposition. N and P remaining after 90% of decomposition in the decomposing leaf litter were 8.85–9.45% and 0.47–1.40%, respectively, in B. tulda and D. hamiltonii. The concentration of lignin increased, whereas cellulose and hemicellulose decreased during decomposition. Overall, the study revealed that Bambusa sp. have a higher N content and less lignin and carbon contents in their leaf litter and in addition they decomposed more rapidly than the residues of Dendrocalamus sp. Hence, B. tulda can be considered more suitable than D. hamiltonii for nutrient enrichment in traditional agroforestry and/or in the rehabilitation of the degraded jhum land.
{"title":"Cell-wall degradation and nutrient release pattern in decomposing leaf litter of Bambusa tulda Roxb. and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees. in a bamboo-based agroforestry system in north-east India","authors":"S. Deb, A. Arunachalam, K. Arunachalam","doi":"10.1163/156915905774309964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774309964","url":null,"abstract":"Decomposition dynamics, nutrient mineralization and cell-wall degradation of leaf litter of Bambusa tulda and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii were studied in bamboo-based traditional agroforestry systems of Arunachal Pradesh. Initial litter chemistry showed the identical leaf characteristics of both the species, but the species cannot be considered as good residue, as both of them had a greater initial C/N ratio (>25). The decay pattern showed three distinct phases during the field incubation period (0–90 days, 90–180 days and 180–270 days). The annual decay rate (k) varied from 3.34 in D. hamiltonii to 3.52 in B. tulda. N and P release from the decomposing litter was influenced by the seasonal cycle of mineralization and immobilization processes. Net mineralization was rapid during the later stage of decomposition. N and P remaining after 90% of decomposition in the decomposing leaf litter were 8.85–9.45% and 0.47–1.40%, respectively, in B. tulda and D. hamiltonii. The concentration of lignin increased, whereas cellulose and hemicellulose decreased during decomposition. Overall, the study revealed that Bambusa sp. have a higher N content and less lignin and carbon contents in their leaf litter and in addition they decomposed more rapidly than the residues of Dendrocalamus sp. Hence, B. tulda can be considered more suitable than D. hamiltonii for nutrient enrichment in traditional agroforestry and/or in the rehabilitation of the degraded jhum land.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79201307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774309991
M. S. Venkatesh, B. Bhatt, Kailash Kumar, B. Majumdar, Kundan Singh
Soil profile samples collected from 11 different locations of edible bamboo growing areas in the Meghalaya and Manipur states of the North Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region of India were analysed to study the effect of different bamboo species on soil properties. The clump density was noticed highest in Teinostachyum wightii, followed by Melocanna baccifera. The highest number of culms per clump has also been recorded in M. baccifera. The highest average culm height and diameter, however, was recorded in Bambusa balcooa. All the bamboo species showed varying effects on soil properties. The highest increase in soil pH was observed in Dendrocalamus giganteus, followed by D. hookerii. Organic carbon increased in soils under all the species of bamboo. The highest increase of available N content was recorded in B. multiplex (126.5 kg/ha), followed by D. giganteus (94.0 kg/ha). The maximum build-up of exchangeable Ca + Mg was found in D. giganteus and D. hookerii. There was a reduction in available P in most of the species, the maximum being in D. hamiltonii (4.4 kg P/ha), followed by B. multiplex (3.9 kg/ha). The highest increase of available K was observed in D. hookerii (207.2 kg/ha), followed by B. multiplex. On average, D. giganteus, D. hookerii and B. nutans were found to be the better species for restoring soil fertility status in humid tropics of the NEH region, India.
{"title":"Soil properties influenced by some important edible bamboo species in the North Eastern Himalayan region, India","authors":"M. S. Venkatesh, B. Bhatt, Kailash Kumar, B. Majumdar, Kundan Singh","doi":"10.1163/156915905774309991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774309991","url":null,"abstract":"Soil profile samples collected from 11 different locations of edible bamboo growing areas in the Meghalaya and Manipur states of the North Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region of India were analysed to study the effect of different bamboo species on soil properties. The clump density was noticed highest in Teinostachyum wightii, followed by Melocanna baccifera. The highest number of culms per clump has also been recorded in M. baccifera. The highest average culm height and diameter, however, was recorded in Bambusa balcooa. All the bamboo species showed varying effects on soil properties. The highest increase in soil pH was observed in Dendrocalamus giganteus, followed by D. hookerii. Organic carbon increased in soils under all the species of bamboo. The highest increase of available N content was recorded in B. multiplex (126.5 kg/ha), followed by D. giganteus (94.0 kg/ha). The maximum build-up of exchangeable Ca + Mg was found in D. giganteus and D. hookerii. There was a reduction in available P in most of the species, the maximum being in D. hamiltonii (4.4 kg P/ha), followed by B. multiplex (3.9 kg/ha). The highest increase of available K was observed in D. hookerii (207.2 kg/ha), followed by B. multiplex. On average, D. giganteus, D. hookerii and B. nutans were found to be the better species for restoring soil fertility status in humid tropics of the NEH region, India.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83183675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774310034
R. Wahab, A. Mohamad, H. W. Samsi, O. Sulaiman
This paper investigates the effect of heat treatment on Semantan bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) with emphasis given to their properties and durability. Matured four-year-old bamboo culms were harvested and subjected to high temperature condition using palm oil as a heating media. Two groups of samples, green and air-dried, were used. The temperatures applied were 140°C, 180°C and 220°C, with exposure duration of 30, 60 and 90 min, respectively. The results of the investigations show that the heat-treated bamboos retained most of their original physical and strength properties after undergoing the heat treatment. Green or air-dried bamboo culms can be dried to an MC of 6-7% within 2-3 h of treatment. The basic densities of bamboo were found to improve slightly by the heat application. The overall strengths properties of the heat-treated bamboo were found to decrease. The modulus of elasticity in the bending strengths was reduced between 2 and 33% in the green- and 6-9% in the air-dried conditions. For the modulus of rupture in the bending strengths, the value was reduced between 1 and 23% in green- and 4-16% in air-dried conditions. The compression strengths were reduced in the range between 2 and 3% in green- and 2-35% in air-dried conditions. The shear strengths were reduced in the range between 16 and 24% and 12-24% in in green- and air-dried conditions, respectively.
{"title":"Effect of heat treatment using palm oil on properties and durability of Semantan bamboo","authors":"R. Wahab, A. Mohamad, H. W. Samsi, O. Sulaiman","doi":"10.1163/156915905774310034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774310034","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effect of heat treatment on Semantan bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) with emphasis given to their properties and durability. Matured four-year-old bamboo culms were harvested and subjected to high temperature condition using palm oil as a heating media. Two groups of samples, green and air-dried, were used. The temperatures applied were 140°C, 180°C and 220°C, with exposure duration of 30, 60 and 90 min, respectively. The results of the investigations show that the heat-treated bamboos retained most of their original physical and strength properties after undergoing the heat treatment. Green or air-dried bamboo culms can be dried to an MC of 6-7% within 2-3 h of treatment. The basic densities of bamboo were found to improve slightly by the heat application. The overall strengths properties of the heat-treated bamboo were found to decrease. The modulus of elasticity in the bending strengths was reduced between 2 and 33% in the green- and 6-9% in the air-dried conditions. For the modulus of rupture in the bending strengths, the value was reduced between 1 and 23% in green- and 4-16% in air-dried conditions. The compression strengths were reduced in the range between 2 and 3% in green- and 2-35% in air-dried conditions. The shear strengths were reduced in the range between 16 and 24% and 12-24% in in green- and air-dried conditions, respectively.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82802577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1163/156915905774310016
N. Lyngdoh, S. Santosh, B. Ramesha, M. N. Rao, G. Ravikanth, B. Narayani, K. Ganeshaiah, R. U. Ganeshaiah
Rattans, the climbing palms, are one of the most important non-wood forest produce supporting the livelihood of many forest dwelling communities in India. However, extensive harvest, loss of habitat and poor regeneration has resulted in dwindling of rattan populations necessitating an urgent need to conserve the existing rattan genetic resources. In this study, using GIS tools, an attempt has been made to develop species richness maps of rattans in the North-Eastern Himalaya, a mega-diversity region in India. At least four sites of extremely high species richness were identified that could be prioritized for in situ conservation. Further, using molecular tools, genetic variability was assessed in six populations of an economically important rattan, Calamus flagellum. The population that was least disturbed or harvested maintained comparatively higher levels of genetic diversity than those that were disturbed. The study, perhaps the first in the region, emphasizes the need for developing strategies for the long-term conservation of rattans in the North-Eastern Himalaya.
{"title":"Rattan species richness and population genetic structure of Calamus flagellum in North-Eastern Himalaya, India","authors":"N. Lyngdoh, S. Santosh, B. Ramesha, M. N. Rao, G. Ravikanth, B. Narayani, K. Ganeshaiah, R. U. Ganeshaiah","doi":"10.1163/156915905774310016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156915905774310016","url":null,"abstract":"Rattans, the climbing palms, are one of the most important non-wood forest produce supporting the livelihood of many forest dwelling communities in India. However, extensive harvest, loss of habitat and poor regeneration has resulted in dwindling of rattan populations necessitating an urgent need to conserve the existing rattan genetic resources. In this study, using GIS tools, an attempt has been made to develop species richness maps of rattans in the North-Eastern Himalaya, a mega-diversity region in India. At least four sites of extremely high species richness were identified that could be prioritized for in situ conservation. Further, using molecular tools, genetic variability was assessed in six populations of an economically important rattan, Calamus flagellum. The population that was least disturbed or harvested maintained comparatively higher levels of genetic diversity than those that were disturbed. The study, perhaps the first in the region, emphasizes the need for developing strategies for the long-term conservation of rattans in the North-Eastern Himalaya.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83595368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1163/1569159054699362
C. Mohanan
A disease survey in rattan nurseries, plantations and natural stands in Kerala State, India, revealed that Calamus dransfieldii, C. gamblei, C. hookerianus, C. pseudotenuis, C. rotang, C. thwaitesii, C. travancoricus and C. vattayila are susceptible to various fungal pathogens in different growth phases. In nurseries, seedlings are affected with diseases caused by Bipolaris ellisii, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Corynespora cassiicola, Fusarium longipes, Guignardia calami, Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani. Of these, seedling blight caused by Guignardia calami and seedling collar rot caused by Fusarium longipes are the most important diseases. In plantations and natural stands, rattans are affected by various foliage pathogens, such as Bipolaris ellisii, Colletotrichum crassipes, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Glomerella cingulata, Pestalotiopsis theae, Phomopsis palmicola, Phyllachora calamigena and Sphaerodothis. Among these, Colletotrichum infection on unopened spear (frond) and Sphaerodothis foliage blight caused severe damage to young as well as mature plants. Stem rot and staining, caused by Pellicularia filamentosa and Botryodiplodia theobromae, respectively, are the other important diseases. Nursery diseases can be effectively controlled by application of fungicides, viz., carboxin, mancozeb, carbendazim by seed dressing, soil drenching or by foliar spraying.
{"title":"Diseases of rattan in nurseries, plantations and natural stands in Kerala, India","authors":"C. Mohanan","doi":"10.1163/1569159054699362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1569159054699362","url":null,"abstract":"A disease survey in rattan nurseries, plantations and natural stands in Kerala State, India, revealed that Calamus dransfieldii, C. gamblei, C. hookerianus, C. pseudotenuis, C. rotang, C. thwaitesii, C. travancoricus and C. vattayila are susceptible to various fungal pathogens in different growth phases. In nurseries, seedlings are affected with diseases caused by Bipolaris ellisii, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Corynespora cassiicola, Fusarium longipes, Guignardia calami, Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani. Of these, seedling blight caused by Guignardia calami and seedling collar rot caused by Fusarium longipes are the most important diseases. In plantations and natural stands, rattans are affected by various foliage pathogens, such as Bipolaris ellisii, Colletotrichum crassipes, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Glomerella cingulata, Pestalotiopsis theae, Phomopsis palmicola, Phyllachora calamigena and Sphaerodothis. Among these, Colletotrichum infection on unopened spear (frond) and Sphaerodothis foliage blight caused severe damage to young as well as mature plants. Stem rot and staining, caused by Pellicularia filamentosa and Botryodiplodia theobromae, respectively, are the other important diseases. Nursery diseases can be effectively controlled by application of fungicides, viz., carboxin, mancozeb, carbendazim by seed dressing, soil drenching or by foliar spraying.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91026410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1163/1569159054699380
A. Olorunnisola, A. Pitman, H. Mansfield-William
This work examines the effect of CaCl 2 on the hydration of rattan ( Laccosperma secundiflorum ) and coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) husk particles mixed with Portland cement. Hydration tests were conducted in sealed thermally insulated containers using an aggregate/cement/water ratio of 15 g : 200 g : 90.5 ml. CaCl 2 was added at four concentrations (by weight of cement): 0 (control) 1, 2 and 3% for the rattan and coconut husk particles, and at 0 (control) and 3% for a 50:50 mixture (by weight) of rattan and coconut husk. Hydration temperature was monitored on-line over a period of 23 h. The compatibility of both aggregates and their 50:50 mixture with Portland cement was assessed using the parameters of time to maximum hydration temperature, maximum hydration temperature, inhibitory index, and rate of heat generation. Findings showed that without CaCl 2 both aggregates exhibited relatively low level of compatibility with Portland cement, with the rattan particles exhibiting relatively higher degree of inhibition. The addition resulted in reduced setting time (about 60%), increased hydration temperature (50–80%), lower inhibitory index and higher rate of heat generation in all the aggregate/cement mixtures. Recommendations for further research include the identification of the cement-inhibitory chemicals present in coconut husk and rattan and investigations on the mechanism of CaCl 2 interaction with rattan/cement and coconut husk/cement systems.
{"title":"Hydration characteristics of cement-bonded composites made from rattan cane and coconut husk","authors":"A. Olorunnisola, A. Pitman, H. Mansfield-William","doi":"10.1163/1569159054699380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1569159054699380","url":null,"abstract":"This work examines the effect of CaCl 2 on the hydration of rattan ( Laccosperma secundiflorum ) and coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) husk particles mixed with Portland cement. Hydration tests were conducted in sealed thermally insulated containers using an aggregate/cement/water ratio of 15 g : 200 g : 90.5 ml. CaCl 2 was added at four concentrations (by weight of cement): 0 (control) 1, 2 and 3% for the rattan and coconut husk particles, and at 0 (control) and 3% for a 50:50 mixture (by weight) of rattan and coconut husk. Hydration temperature was monitored on-line over a period of 23 h. The compatibility of both aggregates and their 50:50 mixture with Portland cement was assessed using the parameters of time to maximum hydration temperature, maximum hydration temperature, inhibitory index, and rate of heat generation. Findings showed that without CaCl 2 both aggregates exhibited relatively low level of compatibility with Portland cement, with the rattan particles exhibiting relatively higher degree of inhibition. The addition resulted in reduced setting time (about 60%), increased hydration temperature (50–80%), lower inhibitory index and higher rate of heat generation in all the aggregate/cement mixtures. Recommendations for further research include the identification of the cement-inhibitory chemicals present in coconut husk and rattan and investigations on the mechanism of CaCl 2 interaction with rattan/cement and coconut husk/cement systems.","PeriodicalId":39305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bamboo and Rattan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90380556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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