Pub Date : 2013-11-28DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.6
T. Sugama, T. Pyatina, A. Muraca
We investigated the effect of flakes of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on the self-degradation of sodium metasilicate (SMS)-activated slag/Class C fly ash cement, which is used as temporary sealer for fractures in Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) wells under a hydrothermal environment at ³150°C and at pressure of 1000 psi. The reactions between PVA and SMS dissolved in an aqueous medium at 85°C led to the formation of a colloidal hydroxylated silicate-cross-linked PVA gel in the cement body. This gel-incorporated cement had a compressive strength >2000 psi, so ensuring that it adequately plugs the fractures. Increasing the hydrothermal temperature to ³150°C triggered the transformation of the gel into a sol. This in-situ gel®sol phase transition played a pivotal role in promoting the cement’s self-degradation because of the extensive spreading of sol in the cement body, and its leaching from the cement. In contrast, when gel was dry heated at ³150°C, the gel®xerogel phase transformation engendered the molecular fragmentation of PVA. This fragmentation yielded polysilicate cross-linked PVA derived from the combination of extended-chain scission, carboxylation and condensation, so that it no longer served as a self-degrading promoter of cement..
{"title":"Role of PVA Flakes in Promoting Self-Degradation of Sodium Metasilicate-Activated Cement under a Hydrothermal Environment at 150°C","authors":"T. Sugama, T. Pyatina, A. Muraca","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.6","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effect of flakes of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on the self-degradation of sodium metasilicate (SMS)-activated slag/Class C fly ash cement, which is used as temporary sealer for fractures in Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) wells under a hydrothermal environment at ³150°C and at pressure of 1000 psi. The reactions between PVA and SMS dissolved in an aqueous medium at 85°C led to the formation of a colloidal hydroxylated silicate-cross-linked PVA gel in the cement body. This gel-incorporated cement had a compressive strength >2000 psi, so ensuring that it adequately plugs the fractures. Increasing the hydrothermal temperature to ³150°C triggered the transformation of the gel into a sol. This in-situ gel®sol phase transition played a pivotal role in promoting the cement’s self-degradation because of the extensive spreading of sol in the cement body, and its leaching from the cement. In contrast, when gel was dry heated at ³150°C, the gel®xerogel phase transformation engendered the molecular fragmentation of PVA. This fragmentation yielded polysilicate cross-linked PVA derived from the combination of extended-chain scission, carboxylation and condensation, so that it no longer served as a self-degrading promoter of cement..","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114505073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-28DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.7
Rashad A. Hegazy
This paper presents a general view about biomass production in India and its potential energy for use in different fields. India has tremendous potential for energy generation through biomass and its residues. Biomass energy is normally produced from firewood, agricultural residues such as bagasse, crop stalks, animal dung and wastes generated from agro-based industries. With the estimated and predicted values, the generating power from the surplus biomass in India was significant and it will continue to be more effective in future. Residue use as a fuel in India is estimated to be 216 Mt as projected value in 2010, recently, around 605 MW of electricity is being produced from biomass firing and 720 MW from cogeneration activities for residue. About 185 Mt (40%) of the dung collected is used as fuel in cook stoves. The potential for biogas production annually is 8750 million m 3 from 251 Mt of dung. The amount of fuel-wood consumption during year 2004 was 205 million tonnes used as fuel for traditional cook stoves with low efficiency, 16 Mt used in industrial sector producing 10 PJ, and it was estimated that the production of fuel wood and charcoal increased to the rate of 1.98 per cent per annum. The total quantity of solid wastes generated in larger towns and cities has been estimated at 40 Mt in 2001, and in 2005 the average MSW generation in overall India was approximately 100,000 Mt/day. For the wastewater in India, in 2010, the energy estimated to be around 3929.8 TJ as energy value of CH4.
{"title":"Biomass Production for Energy in India: Review","authors":"Rashad A. Hegazy","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a general view about biomass production in India and its potential energy for use in different fields. India has tremendous potential for energy generation through biomass and its residues. Biomass energy is normally produced from firewood, agricultural residues such as bagasse, crop stalks, animal dung and wastes generated from agro-based industries. With the estimated and predicted values, the generating power from the surplus biomass in India was significant and it will continue to be more effective in future. Residue use as a fuel in India is estimated to be 216 Mt as projected value in 2010, recently, around 605 MW of electricity is being produced from biomass firing and 720 MW from cogeneration activities for residue. About 185 Mt (40%) of the dung collected is used as fuel in cook stoves. The potential for biogas production annually is 8750 million m 3 from 251 Mt of dung. The amount of fuel-wood consumption during year 2004 was 205 million tonnes used as fuel for traditional cook stoves with low efficiency, 16 Mt used in industrial sector producing 10 PJ, and it was estimated that the production of fuel wood and charcoal increased to the rate of 1.98 per cent per annum. The total quantity of solid wastes generated in larger towns and cities has been estimated at 40 Mt in 2001, and in 2005 the average MSW generation in overall India was approximately 100,000 Mt/day. For the wastewater in India, in 2010, the energy estimated to be around 3929.8 TJ as energy value of CH4.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127790954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-28DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.3
A. Mwakaje
This study examined the socio-economic and environmental impact of the adoption of gasfier stoves by households in Arusha and Moshi towns in Tanzania. A total of 55 respondents were selected purposely from the gasfier stoves. For comparative purposes another 55 charcoal users were selected randomly for interview making a total sample of 110. There were also focus group consultations and key informant interviews. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data, which were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The results show that the respondents who were using gasfier stoves had significant reduction (p=0.001) in the cost of energy for cooking compared to charcoal stove users by spending only T.shs 13,396 per month compared to T.shs 36,932 for charcoal users. The use of gasfier stoves also had a positive impact on the environment. Findings show that by using gasfier stoves 15.4 ha were saved from deforestation per annum and about 365.4.tonnes of carbon were saved for sequestration an act that reduces carbon emissions and global warming. Nevertheless, despite the impressive performance of gasfier stoves for cooking, the rate of adoption has remained low. The main reason for this was reported to be the high price, poor quality of the pellets and unfriendly usability. The adoption of gasfier stoves could only be enhanced by addressing these constraining factors.
{"title":"The Impact of Gasfier Stoves Use on Socio-Economic and Environment in Tanzania: The Case of Arusha and Moshi Municipalities","authors":"A. Mwakaje","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.04.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the socio-economic and environmental impact of the adoption of gasfier stoves by households in Arusha and Moshi towns in Tanzania. A total of 55 respondents were selected purposely from the gasfier stoves. For comparative purposes another 55 charcoal users were selected randomly for interview making a total sample of 110. There were also focus group consultations and key informant interviews. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data, which were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The results show that the respondents who were using gasfier stoves had significant reduction (p=0.001) in the cost of energy for cooking compared to charcoal stove users by spending only T.shs 13,396 per month compared to T.shs 36,932 for charcoal users. The use of gasfier stoves also had a positive impact on the environment. Findings show that by using gasfier stoves 15.4 ha were saved from deforestation per annum and about 365.4.tonnes of carbon were saved for sequestration an act that reduces carbon emissions and global warming. Nevertheless, despite the impressive performance of gasfier stoves for cooking, the rate of adoption has remained low. The main reason for this was reported to be the high price, poor quality of the pellets and unfriendly usability. The adoption of gasfier stoves could only be enhanced by addressing these constraining factors.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127569460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-31DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.4
T. Ngo, H. T. N. Bui
Biohydrogen fermentation using immobilized cells of Thermotoga neapolitana on porous glass beads was successfully performed in a continuously stirring anaerobic bioreactor (CSABR) system operated under the conditions of temperature 75 o C, pH 7.0 and 5.0 g/L pentose (xylose) and/or hexose (glucose). The results showed that both batch and fed-batch cultivations of the immobilized cells were effective for high-rate and high-yield H 2 production compared with those from the free cells. In the batch cultivation, the H 2 production rate and H 2 production yield of the immobilized cells, respectively achieved the highest values of 5.64 ± 0.19 mmol-H 2 L -1 h -1 and 1.84 ± 0.1 mol H 2 /mol xylose, which were almost 1.7-fold and 1.3-fold higher than those with free cells. The maximum H 2 production rate (6.91 mmol L -1 h -1 ) in this proposed method was 1.5-fold higher than that of free cells in the fed-batch cultivation.
在连续搅拌厌氧生物反应器(CSABR)系统中，在温度75℃，pH 7.0和5.0 g/L戊糖(木糖)和/或己糖(葡萄糖)的条件下，成功地利用固定化热toga neapolitana细胞在多孔玻璃微珠上进行了生物氢发酵。结果表明，与游离细胞相比，固定化细胞分批培养和补料分批培养均能产生高效率高产的h2。在批量培养中，固定化细胞的H产率和H产率最高，分别为5.64±0.19 mmol-H 2 L -1 H -1和1.84±0.1 mol H 2 /mol木糖，分别是游离细胞的1.7倍和1.3倍。该方法的最大产氢率- (6.91 mmol L -1 H -1)比分批喂料培养的游离细胞高1.5倍。
{"title":"Biohydrogen Production Using Immobilized Cells of Hyperthermophilic Eubacterium Thermotoga neapolitana on Porous Glass Beads","authors":"T. Ngo, H. T. N. Bui","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.4","url":null,"abstract":"Biohydrogen fermentation using immobilized cells of Thermotoga neapolitana on porous glass beads was successfully performed in a continuously stirring anaerobic bioreactor (CSABR) system operated under the conditions of temperature 75 o C, pH 7.0 and 5.0 g/L pentose (xylose) and/or hexose (glucose). The results showed that both batch and fed-batch cultivations of the immobilized cells were effective for high-rate and high-yield H 2 production compared with those from the free cells. In the batch cultivation, the H 2 production rate and H 2 production yield of the immobilized cells, respectively achieved the highest values of 5.64 ± 0.19 mmol-H 2 L -1 h -1 and 1.84 ± 0.1 mol H 2 /mol xylose, which were almost 1.7-fold and 1.3-fold higher than those with free cells. The maximum H 2 production rate (6.91 mmol L -1 h -1 ) in this proposed method was 1.5-fold higher than that of free cells in the fed-batch cultivation.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116519373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-31DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.6
A. Belonio, J. Ramos, M. Regalado, Victoriano B. Ocon
An overview of the downdraft rice husk gasifier (DDRHG) for thermal and power applications is herein presented. The different designs of the downdraft rice husk gasifier with reactor diameter ranging from 0.10 meter to 1.20 meter are discussed in detail. Smaller units of the DDRHG were found to have performed well in fixed bed. Larger units of the gasifier, on the other hand, are suited for moving-bed type making possible continuous operation without discharging and recharging the reactor. Present thermal applications of the gasifier includes: domestic cookstove, bakery oven, dryers, rotary kiln, steam boiler, and torrefyer. The DDRHG is also used to run surplus gasoline engines for driving water pump, micro-mill, and electric generator without any modification. The advantages and limitations of the gasifier as well as its environmental and socio-economic benefits over the use of conventional fossil-fueled systems are enumerated. At present, the investment cost for the gasifier ranges from PHP2,000 to 2,500.00 (USD 1 = PHP40.00) per kWt for thermal application and PHP20,000.00 to 30,000 per kWe for power generation. The cost of using the gasifier is much cheaper than that of the conventional fossil fuel and the investment can be recovered in a shorter period.
{"title":"An Overview of the Downdraft Rice Husk Gasifier Technology for Thermal and Power Applications","authors":"A. Belonio, J. Ramos, M. Regalado, Victoriano B. Ocon","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.6","url":null,"abstract":"An overview of the downdraft rice husk gasifier (DDRHG) for thermal and power applications is herein presented. The different designs of the downdraft rice husk gasifier with reactor diameter ranging from 0.10 meter to 1.20 meter are discussed in detail. Smaller units of the DDRHG were found to have performed well in fixed bed. Larger units of the gasifier, on the other hand, are suited for moving-bed type making possible continuous operation without discharging and recharging the reactor. Present thermal applications of the gasifier includes: domestic cookstove, bakery oven, dryers, rotary kiln, steam boiler, and torrefyer. The DDRHG is also used to run surplus gasoline engines for driving water pump, micro-mill, and electric generator without any modification. The advantages and limitations of the gasifier as well as its environmental and socio-economic benefits over the use of conventional fossil-fueled systems are enumerated. At present, the investment cost for the gasifier ranges from PHP2,000 to 2,500.00 (USD 1 = PHP40.00) per kWt for thermal application and PHP20,000.00 to 30,000 per kWe for power generation. The cost of using the gasifier is much cheaper than that of the conventional fossil fuel and the investment can be recovered in a shorter period.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126768787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-31DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.7
Barun Das, N. Mustafi, S. Hoque
Electricity is the basic requirement to promote socio-economic development. In recent years, Bangladesh is facing severe power crisis all over the country, but the rural areas are the most vulnerable. This acute electricity crisis along with the conventional fuel crunch is affecting every sector of the country and economy is being crippled. To reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, rice husk which are widely abundant agricultural waste from rice industry could play a vital role in this regards. Bangladesh is an agricultural country and produces huge quantity of rice every year. In the year 2011, the total rice production was around 50.63 million tones. Husk is the waste biomass produce during the rice processing, on average it accounts around 20% of the rice produced on weight basis (10.12 million tones). The potential of power generation from rice husk by gasification is around 310 MWe in Bangladesh. The power plant to be installed near the large rice mills `cluster areas’ in Dinajpur, Bogra, Naogaon, Chapainawabganj and Ishwardi with the surplus rice husk. This paper consolidates information from various studies on the availability of rice husk, its characterization and estimates possible power potential that can be realized.
{"title":"Prospects of Rice Husk Gasification for Power Generation in Bangladesh","authors":"Barun Das, N. Mustafi, S. Hoque","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.7","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity is the basic requirement to promote socio-economic development. In recent years, Bangladesh is facing severe power crisis all over the country, but the rural areas are the most vulnerable. This acute electricity crisis along with the conventional fuel crunch is affecting every sector of the country and economy is being crippled. To reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, rice husk which are widely abundant agricultural waste from rice industry could play a vital role in this regards. Bangladesh is an agricultural country and produces huge quantity of rice every year. In the year 2011, the total rice production was around 50.63 million tones. Husk is the waste biomass produce during the rice processing, on average it accounts around 20% of the rice produced on weight basis (10.12 million tones). The potential of power generation from rice husk by gasification is around 310 MWe in Bangladesh. The power plant to be installed near the large rice mills `cluster areas’ in Dinajpur, Bogra, Naogaon, Chapainawabganj and Ishwardi with the surplus rice husk. This paper consolidates information from various studies on the availability of rice husk, its characterization and estimates possible power potential that can be realized.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128596692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-31DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.3
M. Harkins, Daniel E. Lou-Hing, Lisa A. Sargeant, C. Chuck
Oleaginous microbes, grown heterotrophically on sugars derived from non-food crops or waste resources, are a renewable source of lipids. However, these cultures are prone to bacterial invasion. Ensuring optimal sterile conditions requires expensive pre-treatment techniques and has significant ramifications for the industrial-scale production of lipid derived biofuels, though, at present, it is unclear what effect a bacterial invasion would have on the organisms ability to accumulate lipid. In this investigation, the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis ( R. glutinis ) was cultured under optimal conditions for lipid production (28 °C and pH 6.3) and the response to contamination by three common bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis ) was investigated. Bacterial strains were introduced to the yeast culture at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours and their effect on the yeast growth and total lipid productivity was assessed. R. glutinis cultures that had been growing for less than 12 hours were unable to compete with any of the bacterial strains introduced. Lowering the temperature and pH allowed the yeast to compete more effectively, though it was found that these conditions were detrimental to the lipid productivity. The effect of invasion was also specific to the type of bacteria. P. fluorescens was found to be the most successful bacteria in competing with R. glutinis, while B. subtilis was found to be the least. Two common antibiotics, tetracycline and sodium metabisulfite were also investigated for their ability to limit the effect of a bacterial invasion.
{"title":"Effect of Bacterial Invasion on the Growth and Lipid Production of the Oleaginous Yeast Rhodotorula glutinis","authors":"M. Harkins, Daniel E. Lou-Hing, Lisa A. Sargeant, C. Chuck","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.3","url":null,"abstract":"Oleaginous microbes, grown heterotrophically on sugars derived from non-food crops or waste resources, are a renewable source of lipids. However, these cultures are prone to bacterial invasion. Ensuring optimal sterile conditions requires expensive pre-treatment techniques and has significant ramifications for the industrial-scale production of lipid derived biofuels, though, at present, it is unclear what effect a bacterial invasion would have on the organisms ability to accumulate lipid. In this investigation, the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis ( R. glutinis ) was cultured under optimal conditions for lipid production (28 °C and pH 6.3) and the response to contamination by three common bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis ) was investigated. Bacterial strains were introduced to the yeast culture at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours and their effect on the yeast growth and total lipid productivity was assessed. R. glutinis cultures that had been growing for less than 12 hours were unable to compete with any of the bacterial strains introduced. Lowering the temperature and pH allowed the yeast to compete more effectively, though it was found that these conditions were detrimental to the lipid productivity. The effect of invasion was also specific to the type of bacteria. P. fluorescens was found to be the most successful bacteria in competing with R. glutinis, while B. subtilis was found to be the least. Two common antibiotics, tetracycline and sodium metabisulfite were also investigated for their ability to limit the effect of a bacterial invasion.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"15 33","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133203784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-31DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.1
Hazuki Ishida
Utilizing renewable energy depends more or less upon non-renewable energy sources (mainly fossil fuels), and which implies that a continuous rise in energy prices is inevitable without technological progress in saving fossil fuel use. Using a simple Hotelling model of optimal resource extraction, this paper explores the conditions under which the continuous price rise of renewable energy is restrained in the presence of technological progress in harnessing renewable energy. The results show that to sustain the age of cheap energy, the growth rate of technology in harnessing renewable energy has to be larger than the discount rate. Even if the rate of the technological progress is faster than the discount rate, the energy price may continue to rise until the conventional system of energy generation from fossil fuels is obsolete.
{"title":"Can Renewable Energy Sustain an Age of Cheap Energy","authors":"Hazuki Ishida","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.1","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing renewable energy depends more or less upon non-renewable energy sources (mainly fossil fuels), and which implies that a continuous rise in energy prices is inevitable without technological progress in saving fossil fuel use. Using a simple Hotelling model of optimal resource extraction, this paper explores the conditions under which the continuous price rise of renewable energy is restrained in the presence of technological progress in harnessing renewable energy. The results show that to sustain the age of cheap energy, the growth rate of technology in harnessing renewable energy has to be larger than the discount rate. Even if the rate of the technological progress is faster than the discount rate, the energy price may continue to rise until the conventional system of energy generation from fossil fuels is obsolete.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115744240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-30DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.2
Callum Rae, Fiona Bradley
This study examines the concept of switching from a centralised energy supply model, which prevails in the developed world, towards a more autonomous model based on the use of low carbon technologies, from the viewpoint of isolated communities. The study begins by establishing the importance of isolated communities within the field of energy research, and examining the concept of low carbon energy autonomy. It then analyses a number of desktop case studies from across Europe, all of which have adopted (or are in the process of adopting) a highly autonomous energy supply model based on the use of low carbon technologies. The various resulting social, technical and economic impacts are then examined. This study illustrates the importance of providing high level policy to support innovative projects and encourage a broader dissemination of energy autonomy theory. The research also stresses the need for clearer routes to funding for off-grid energy projects which have great potential for utilising autonomous energy supply as a catalyst for rural socio-economic development.
{"title":"The emergence of low carbon energy autonomy in isolated communities","authors":"Callum Rae, Fiona Bradley","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the concept of switching from a centralised energy supply model, which prevails in the developed world, towards a more autonomous model based on the use of low carbon technologies, from the viewpoint of isolated communities. The study begins by establishing the importance of isolated communities within the field of energy research, and examining the concept of low carbon energy autonomy. It then analyses a number of desktop case studies from across Europe, all of which have adopted (or are in the process of adopting) a highly autonomous energy supply model based on the use of low carbon technologies. The various resulting social, technical and economic impacts are then examined. This study illustrates the importance of providing high level policy to support innovative projects and encourage a broader dissemination of energy autonomy theory. The research also stresses the need for clearer routes to funding for off-grid energy projects which have great potential for utilising autonomous energy supply as a catalyst for rural socio-economic development.","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126576004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-30DOI: 10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.9
K. Bataineh
A second order mathematical model taken into account thermal losses for average temperature differential Stirling engine is developed. Dynamic simulation of the engine based on mathematical formulation is carried out under different operating and geometrical conditions to investigate the engine performance. The developed model is used to investigate the influence of geometrical and physical parameters on the performance of Stirling engine. Design optimization of Stirling engine is carried out. Finally optimal parameters have been determined
{"title":"Numerical Simulations for Average Temperature Differential Stirling Engine","authors":"K. Bataineh","doi":"10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.03.9","url":null,"abstract":"A second order mathematical model taken into account thermal losses for average temperature differential Stirling engine is developed. Dynamic simulation of the engine based on mathematical formulation is carried out under different operating and geometrical conditions to investigate the engine performance. The developed model is used to investigate the influence of geometrical and physical parameters on the performance of Stirling engine. Design optimization of Stirling engine is carried out. Finally optimal parameters have been determined","PeriodicalId":394478,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114273582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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