Emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) urgently demands for simple, rapid and inexpensive methods of its detection for the effective treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis, particularly in low-income countries. This prospective study was carried out at National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory and South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre, Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal, from November 2009 to May 2010 to evaluate nitrate reductase assay (NRA) efficacy for rapid determination of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. A total of 113 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were tested for four first line antitubercular drugs by nitrate reductase assay and were compared with standard proportion method. Results were available in 7-14 days by NRA as compared to proportion method which generally takes 4-6 weeks. The sensitivity and specificity of NRA were 98.1% and 100% for isoniazid, 95.1% and 98.6% for rifampicin, 91.4% and 94.9% for streptomycin, and 78.6% and 97.9% for ethambutol respectively. Agreement between NRA and proportion method were 99.1%, 97.3%, 93.8%, 95.6% for isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol, respectively. NRA is easier, inexpensive and reliable method for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterum tuberculosis for isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most important drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis. The reduction in susceptibility testing time, and higher sensitivity and specificity of NRA method is of fundamental importance in detecting MDR-TB. Key words: Drug susceptibility, MDR-TB, NRA, proportion method
{"title":"Evaluation of Nitrate Reductase Assay For Rapid Detection of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis","authors":"Ranjit Kumar Sah, Dwij Raj Bhatta, Gokarna Raj Ghimire, Bhuwaneswor Prasad Kandel, Bishnu Raj Tiwari, Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand","doi":"10.37107/jhas.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.53","url":null,"abstract":"Emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) urgently demands for simple, rapid and inexpensive methods of its detection for the effective treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis, particularly in low-income countries. This prospective study was carried out at National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory and South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre, Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal, from November 2009 to May 2010 to evaluate nitrate reductase assay (NRA) efficacy for rapid determination of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. A total of 113 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were tested for four first line antitubercular drugs by nitrate reductase assay and were compared with standard proportion method. Results were available in 7-14 days by NRA as compared to proportion method which generally takes 4-6 weeks. The sensitivity and specificity of NRA were 98.1% and 100% for isoniazid, 95.1% and 98.6% for rifampicin, 91.4% and 94.9% for streptomycin, and 78.6% and 97.9% for ethambutol respectively. Agreement between NRA and proportion method were 99.1%, 97.3%, 93.8%, 95.6% for isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol, respectively. NRA is easier, inexpensive and reliable method for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterum tuberculosis for isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most important drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis. The reduction in susceptibility testing time, and higher sensitivity and specificity of NRA method is of fundamental importance in detecting MDR-TB. \u0000Key words: Drug susceptibility, MDR-TB, NRA, proportion method","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"279 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83076829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health system research concerns with health system and its results provide the bases to managers, policy makers as well as community people to make evidence based decision. There are different interpretations of what a health system is. In narrow meaning, health system is considered the different levels of the health care services such as central level health care, state/ provincial level health care, regional/zonal/district level health care and local level health care. In broad aspect, health system covers different aspects of society such as socio-economic status, culture, religion, education, politics, public sector, private sectors which are the major determinants of social epidemiology. It is also a knowledge generation to improve how societies organise to achieve health goals and contributes to sound, socially relevant and ethically acceptable guidelines for more effective, efficient and sustainable health policies and systems. Key words: Health system research, development, designs, methods, healthcare research
{"title":"Health System Research: Development, Designs and Methods","authors":"Tulsi Ram Bhandar","doi":"10.37107/jhas.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.60","url":null,"abstract":"Health system research concerns with health system and its results provide the bases to managers, policy makers as well as community people to make evidence based decision. There are different interpretations of what a health system is. In narrow meaning, health system is considered the different levels of the health care services such as central level health care, state/ provincial level health care, regional/zonal/district level health care and local level health care. In broad aspect, health system covers different aspects of society such as socio-economic status, culture, religion, education, politics, public sector, private sectors which are the major determinants of social epidemiology. It is also a knowledge generation to improve how societies organise to achieve health goals and contributes to sound, socially relevant and ethically acceptable guidelines for more effective, efficient and sustainable health policies and systems. \u0000Key words: Health system research, development, designs, methods, healthcare research","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81804174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madhu Ghimire, G. Gautam, M. Ghimire, Tara Sharma, B. Sharma
The provision for special care during pregnancy through public health services is considered by World Health organization as a part of reproductive health right of women which, however, is not achieved till date due to socio-cultural factors resulting increased maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to observe impact of socio-cultural factors on antenatal practices. The study was conducted in three Village Development Committees (Dakhaquady, Khaira, and Belbash) of Pyuthan district. During the period Cross-sectional study was followed. Two hundred forty six respondents were selected through simple random procedure. Interview schedules were used to collect information from respondents. Data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS 11.5. The mean age of first pregnancy among respondents was 18.75 years. Forty-two percent of them were illiterate and 76.90 percent respondents were involved in agricultural field work. Early marriage and pregnancy systems were most common in study population. Socio-cultural factors were strongly associated with ANC practices. Key words: ANC practices, early marriage, early pregnancy, Pyuthan, socio-cultural factors, traditional beliefs.
{"title":"Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Antenatal Practices","authors":"Madhu Ghimire, G. Gautam, M. Ghimire, Tara Sharma, B. Sharma","doi":"10.37107/jhas.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.48","url":null,"abstract":"The provision for special care during pregnancy through public health services is considered by World Health organization as a part of reproductive health right of women which, however, is not achieved till date due to socio-cultural factors resulting increased maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to observe impact of socio-cultural factors on antenatal practices. The study was conducted in three Village Development Committees (Dakhaquady, Khaira, and Belbash) of Pyuthan district. During the period Cross-sectional study was followed. Two hundred forty six respondents were selected through simple random procedure. Interview schedules were used to collect information from respondents. Data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS 11.5. The mean age of first pregnancy among respondents was 18.75 years. Forty-two percent of them were illiterate and 76.90 percent respondents were involved in agricultural field work. Early marriage and pregnancy systems were most common in study population. Socio-cultural factors were strongly associated with ANC practices. \u0000 Key words: ANC practices, early marriage, early pregnancy, Pyuthan, socio-cultural factors, traditional beliefs.","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80680559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gulam Muhammad Khan, Raj Kumar Thapa, A. Khakurel, G. Shrestha, N. Katila, S. Bhurtel
Hypertension is a chronic medical condition which remains inadequately managed everywhere. Medication adherence (MA) is a critical parameter for achieving strict blood pressure (BP) control in patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy (AHT). Good MA is also a key factor determining the success of preventive measures for cardiovascular (CV) risk reduction. So, the objective of this research was to study the medication adherence and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients of Pokhara Valley. A randomized community-based prospective study was conducted in different places of Pokhara. In the study, a structured questionnaire i.e. Brief medication questionnaire (BMQ) with a high sensitivity and specificity was used. Out of 79 respondents enrolled, most of the respondents (n=51, 64.6%) were shown to be non-adherent and only 28 (35.4%) were adherent to the prescribed AHT. The study showed that among adherers, 75% were undergoing monotherapy and 64.3% (n=18) had their BP under control. The comparison between BP control and the different occupation showed that the highest percentage of BP control was achieved in housewives. Most of the respondents were non-adherent to the prescribed AHT which requires special attention of the healthcare providers. Key words: Hypertension, medication adherence, brief medication questionnaire, anti-hypertensive therapy
{"title":"Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control among Hypertensive Patients of Pokhara Valley","authors":"Gulam Muhammad Khan, Raj Kumar Thapa, A. Khakurel, G. Shrestha, N. Katila, S. Bhurtel","doi":"10.37107/jhas.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.59","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is a chronic medical condition which remains inadequately managed everywhere. Medication adherence (MA) is a critical parameter for achieving strict blood pressure (BP) control in patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy (AHT). Good MA is also a key factor determining the success of preventive measures for cardiovascular (CV) risk reduction. So, the objective of this research was to study the medication adherence and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients of Pokhara Valley. A randomized community-based prospective study was conducted in different places of Pokhara. In the study, a structured questionnaire i.e. Brief medication questionnaire (BMQ) with a high sensitivity and specificity was used. Out of 79 respondents enrolled, most of the respondents (n=51, 64.6%) were shown to be non-adherent and only 28 (35.4%) were adherent to the prescribed AHT. The study showed that among adherers, 75% were undergoing monotherapy and 64.3% (n=18) had their BP under control. The comparison between BP control and the different occupation showed that the highest percentage of BP control was achieved in housewives. Most of the respondents were non-adherent to the prescribed AHT which requires special attention of the healthcare providers. \u0000Key words: Hypertension, medication adherence, brief medication questionnaire, anti-hypertensive therapy","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82356652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nepal is a Himalayan country with disproportionately rich cultural and ethnic diversity, recorded of over 700 species of medicinal plants. Most of the people in rural area rely on herbal medicines to treat diabetes mellitus since they have limited resources and do not have access to modern treatment. The main aim of the study was to search the medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus for the development of evidence based medicine. The study was conducted in five different places of Kaski District, Nepal with two hundred numbers of respondents. It was found that majority of them had good knowledge on traditional use of the plants for diabetes and had been using 52 plant species of 35 families in which Asparagus racemosus, Momordica charantia, Berberis aristata, Azadiracta indica, Holorhena pubences, Eugenia jambolana, Aegle marmelous and Gymnema sylvestre are the most widely used plants for antidiabetic purposes. Key words: Diabetes Mellitus, Medicinal Plants, Kaski District, Survey, Respondents
{"title":"Survey on Medicinal Plants used for Anti-diabetic Activity in Kaski District, Nepal","authors":"P. Shrestha, Nirmala Jamarkattel-Pandit","doi":"10.37107/JHAS.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/JHAS.16","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal is a Himalayan country with disproportionately rich cultural and ethnic diversity, recorded of over 700 species of medicinal plants. Most of the people in rural area rely on herbal medicines to treat diabetes mellitus since they have limited resources and do not have access to modern treatment. The main aim of the study was to search the medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus for the development of evidence based medicine. The study was conducted in five different places of Kaski District, Nepal with two hundred numbers of respondents. It was found that majority of them had good knowledge on traditional use of the plants for diabetes and had been using 52 plant species of 35 families in which Asparagus racemosus, Momordica charantia, Berberis aristata, Azadiracta indica, Holorhena pubences, Eugenia jambolana, Aegle marmelous and Gymnema sylvestre are the most widely used plants for antidiabetic purposes. \u0000 Key words: Diabetes Mellitus, Medicinal Plants, Kaski District, Survey, Respondents","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73975069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maintaining energy balance among adolescents is of paramount challenge. Many adolescent boys and girls in developing countries enter either with negative or positive energy balances and both results into diseases and ill health. The study aimed to find the nutritional status and its associated factors in school going adolescents of Lekhnath Municipality of Kaski district of Nepal. Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in public secondary schools of Lekhnath Municipality among 356 adolescents through cluster random sampling. OMRON body fat analyzer, bathroom scale, stadiometer were used for body fat percentage and BMI calculation. Pretested self-administrable questionnaire was used to assess nutritional factors of adolescents. Frequency tabulation, chi square test, binomial logistic regression and correlation were done for statistical analyses. Prevalence of underweight, overweight, stunting and thinness were found to be 50.6 percent, 11 percent, 2.5 percent and 16.9 percent respectively. According to body fat percentage- 49.4 percent, 32.2 percent and 18.4 percent were lean, normal and obese. Seventy percent of adolescents performed high physical activity followed by 31.7 and 14 percent moderate to low physical activity. Only 3.1 percent of adolescents consumed recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables. Age, gender, religion, ethnicity, family type and availability of kitchen garden were associated with body mass index. Early adolescent, male, Hindu, students from nuclear families were found more underweight than their counterparts. Underweight is more prevalent than overweight among adolescents. Health promoting programs including kitchen garden and fruits and vegetables intake are recommended. Keywords: Nutrition, adolescent, factor, overweight, underweight, developing, physical
{"title":"Nutritional Status and its Associated Factors among Adolescents","authors":"A. Puri, Chiranjivi Adhikari","doi":"10.37107/jhas.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.18","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining energy balance among adolescents is of paramount challenge. Many adolescent boys and girls in developing countries enter either with negative or positive energy balances and both results into diseases and ill health. The study aimed to find the nutritional status and its associated factors in school going adolescents of Lekhnath Municipality of Kaski district of Nepal. Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in public secondary schools of Lekhnath Municipality among 356 adolescents through cluster random sampling. OMRON body fat analyzer, bathroom scale, stadiometer were used for body fat percentage and BMI calculation. Pretested self-administrable questionnaire was used to assess nutritional factors of adolescents. Frequency tabulation, chi square test, binomial logistic regression and correlation were done for statistical analyses. Prevalence of underweight, overweight, stunting and thinness were found to be 50.6 percent, 11 percent, 2.5 percent and 16.9 percent respectively. According to body fat percentage- 49.4 percent, 32.2 percent and 18.4 percent were lean, normal and obese. Seventy percent of adolescents performed high physical activity followed by 31.7 and 14 percent moderate to low physical activity. Only 3.1 percent of adolescents consumed recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables. Age, gender, religion, ethnicity, family type and availability of kitchen garden were associated with body mass index. Early adolescent, male, Hindu, students from nuclear families were found more underweight than their counterparts. Underweight is more prevalent than overweight among adolescents. Health promoting programs including kitchen garden and fruits and vegetables intake are recommended. \u0000Keywords: Nutrition, adolescent, factor, overweight, underweight, developing, physical","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72854448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diurnal variation, an outgrowth of chronobiology, is the inferential statistical mapping of structures in variables; in and around us, consisting of rhythms chaos and trends. Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The diurnal time structure of serum 25(OH) D3 and calcium may relate to the prevention and chronotherapeutic efficacy and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To our knowledge, the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 has not yet been reported in type 2 diabetic patients. The present study was planned to evaluate the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 , calcium and phosphorus levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Ten clinically healthy volunteers and ten diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of similar age groups were synchronized for one month with diurnal activity from about 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. All subjects took their meals three times daily without any change in their usual fluid intake. Blood sample were collected into plain and sterile vials under quality control procedures from each participant at every 6 hour. Serum 25(OH) D3 , serum Ca++, serum PO4 , FBS and PPBS levels were estimated. A marked diurnal variation in serum 25(OH) D3 was recorded in healthy subjects (P=0.030). Similarly, a circadian rhythm of borderline statistical significance was also recorded for vitamin D in diabetic patients (P=0.083) and in healthy participants for serum calcium (P=0.070), phosphorus (P=0.102), and the calcium-phosphorus ratio (P=0.091) by the Two way ANOVA analysis. In addition, the amplitude and acrophase differed from healthy participants in diabetic patients for studied variables with a change of MESOR for calcium-phosphorus ratio. Mapping the broader time structure of different physiological variables investigated herein may be helpful in understanding the treatment and prevention of diabetic mellitus. Key words: Serum 25(OH) D3 , Calcium, Phosphorous, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
{"title":"Diurnal Variation of Serum 25 (OH) D3 , Calcium and Phosphorus in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"R. Shakya, B. Neupane, D. P. Bhandari","doi":"10.37107/jhas.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.4","url":null,"abstract":"Diurnal variation, an outgrowth of chronobiology, is the inferential statistical mapping of structures in variables; in and around us, consisting of rhythms chaos and trends. Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The diurnal time structure of serum 25(OH) D3 and calcium may relate to the prevention and chronotherapeutic efficacy and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To our knowledge, the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 has not yet been reported in type 2 diabetic patients. The present study was planned to evaluate the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 , calcium and phosphorus levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Ten clinically healthy volunteers and ten diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of similar age groups were synchronized for one month with diurnal activity from about 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. All subjects took their meals three times daily without any change in their usual fluid intake. Blood sample were collected into plain and sterile vials under quality control procedures from each participant at every 6 hour. Serum 25(OH) D3 , serum Ca++, serum PO4 , FBS and PPBS levels were estimated. A marked diurnal variation in serum 25(OH) D3 was recorded in healthy subjects (P=0.030). Similarly, a circadian rhythm of borderline statistical significance was also recorded for vitamin D in diabetic patients (P=0.083) and in healthy participants for serum calcium (P=0.070), phosphorus (P=0.102), and the calcium-phosphorus ratio (P=0.091) by the Two way ANOVA analysis. In addition, the amplitude and acrophase differed from healthy participants in diabetic patients for studied variables with a change of MESOR for calcium-phosphorus ratio. Mapping the broader time structure of different physiological variables investigated herein may be helpful in understanding the treatment and prevention of diabetic mellitus. \u0000 Key words: Serum 25(OH) D3 , Calcium, Phosphorous, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89217771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Subedi, Hari Prasad Kaphle, R. Neupane, R. Rajbhandari
Educational satisfaction determines the quality of education system which interns affects the performance and achievement of students during study and finally future professional competencies. The objectives of this study were to identify the perceived status of satisfaction on educational conditions and teaching-learning environment and associated factors of it among the public health undergraduates. This was the descriptive cross sectional study carried out among 384 undergraduate students of public health studying in final year/semester of three universities of Nepal using self administered questionnaire. The result of the study showed that satisfactions on various components are below than average. Among the satisfied components, the major were in case of duration of course (46.1%), teaching skills of part time teacher (39.1%), curriculum and overall course of study (36.2%), research/dissertation guidance (34.6%) and teaching skills of full time teacher (33.6%). The satisfaction level was least in case of result timing/procedure (14.1%), tuition fee (23.7%), examination procedure (26.3%) and evaluation system (27.1%). Ethnicity, educational background, course duration, types of teacher, availability of books in library and availability of research papers/journals were found associated with educational satisfaction. The study concluded low educational satisfaction among public health under graduate students. It is recommended to take immediate action for improvements of different components of education system like curriculum structure & contains, teaching methodology, teaching learning materials, admission and examination procedure. Key words: Public health; Education; undergraduate course; satisfaction; Nepal
{"title":"Educational Satisfaction of Public Health Undergraduates: A cross sectional study in Nepal","authors":"S. Subedi, Hari Prasad Kaphle, R. Neupane, R. Rajbhandari","doi":"10.37107/jhas.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.33","url":null,"abstract":"Educational satisfaction determines the quality of education system which interns affects the performance and achievement of students during study and finally future professional competencies. The objectives of this study were to identify the perceived status of satisfaction on educational conditions and teaching-learning environment and associated factors of it among the public health undergraduates. This was the descriptive cross sectional study carried out among 384 undergraduate students of public health studying in final year/semester of three universities of Nepal using self administered questionnaire. The result of the study showed that satisfactions on various components are below than average. Among the satisfied components, the major were in case of duration of course (46.1%), teaching skills of part time teacher (39.1%), curriculum and overall course of study (36.2%), research/dissertation guidance (34.6%) and teaching skills of full time teacher (33.6%). The satisfaction level was least in case of result timing/procedure (14.1%), tuition fee (23.7%), examination procedure (26.3%) and evaluation system (27.1%). Ethnicity, educational background, course duration, types of teacher, availability of books in library and availability of research papers/journals were found associated with educational satisfaction. The study concluded low educational satisfaction among public health under graduate students. It is recommended to take immediate action for improvements of different components of education system like curriculum structure & contains, teaching methodology, teaching learning materials, admission and examination procedure. \u0000Key words: Public health; Education; undergraduate course; satisfaction; Nepal","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80793329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reproductive health rights ensure that people are able to have satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capacity to reproduce with freedom to decide, when and how often to do so. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices on reproductive health rights among madhesi married women. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 madhesi married women of reproductive age in Sarlahi district conducted from July 2014 to December 2014. Data were entry in Epidata software and analyzed by SPSS 20 version. Of the total 384 respondents most of them (39.3%) were of age group 25-35 years from different ethnic groups. Most were simple illiterate (65.6%) and housewife (60.9%) very few of respondents were knowledge about reproductive health rights (37%) and not statistical significant relationship with level of knowledge and level of practice (χ 1 2 =2.036, p=0.154). Level of knowledge was statistically significant relationship with educational level (χ 4 2 = 43.983 p<0.001). Use of FP services have statistically significant relationship with Age group (p<0.001). The level of knowledge and level of practice on RHRs is still very low in Madhesi women. Keywords: Reproductive health rights; Madhesi women; practice
{"title":"Knowledge and Practice on Reproductive Heath Rights among Married Women in Nepal","authors":"Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Nand Ram Gahatraj, Dipendra Kumar Yadav, S. Marahatta","doi":"10.37107/jhas.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.36","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive health rights ensure that people are able to have satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capacity to reproduce with freedom to decide, when and how often to do so. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices on reproductive health rights among madhesi married women. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 madhesi married women of reproductive age in Sarlahi district conducted from July 2014 to December 2014. Data were entry in Epidata software and analyzed by SPSS 20 version. Of the total 384 respondents most of them (39.3%) were of age group 25-35 years from different ethnic groups. Most were simple illiterate (65.6%) and housewife (60.9%) very few of respondents were knowledge about reproductive health rights (37%) and not statistical significant relationship with level of knowledge and level of practice (χ 1 2 =2.036, p=0.154). Level of knowledge was statistically significant relationship with educational level (χ 4 2 = 43.983 p<0.001). Use of FP services have statistically significant relationship with Age group (p<0.001). The level of knowledge and level of practice on RHRs is still very low in Madhesi women. \u0000Keywords: Reproductive health rights; Madhesi women; practice","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76334082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL), the main cause of resistance to broad spectrum β-lactams, among uropathogenic bacteria have increased over time raising a global concern in the therapeutic management of infections caused by these organisms. The study was carried out in Janamaitri Hospital, Kathmandu between December 2012 to May 2013 with an objective to determine the status of ESBL producing Gram negative bacilli isolated from the urine sample, collected from patients suspected of urinary tract infection. Gram negative bacilli isolated were tested for the presence of ESBL by combined disk and antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Among the total 1105 mid-stream urine samples, 256 Gram negative bacilli were isolated. By screening test using third generation cephalosporins, 156 isolates were screened as ESBL producers and 91 isolates were positive for ESBL test by combined disk method. Among the 91 (35.55%) ESBL producers, 70 (39.32%) Escherichia coli, 16 (44.44%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 5 (33.33%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be ESBL producers. Majority of ESBL producer showed resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, norfloxacin followed by ofloxacin. imipenem, amikacin and nitrofurantoin seemed to be the agent of choice for urinary tract infections when ESBL producers are susceptible to it. ESBL production found in these Gram negative bacilli with resultant microbial resistance to available cephalosporins and other agents may pose difficulties with the choice of therapeutic options for the treatment of severe infections. Keywords: UTI, Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases, Gram negative bacilli
{"title":"Extended Spectrem Beta Lactamases among Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negetive Bacilli Causing Urinry Tract Infection","authors":"G. Bhattarai, D. Shrestha, B. Tiwari","doi":"10.37107/jhas.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37107/jhas.30","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL), the main cause of resistance to broad spectrum β-lactams, among uropathogenic bacteria have increased over time raising a global concern in the therapeutic management of infections caused by these organisms. The study was carried out in Janamaitri Hospital, Kathmandu between December 2012 to May 2013 with an objective to determine the status of ESBL producing Gram negative bacilli isolated from the urine sample, collected from patients suspected of urinary tract infection. Gram negative bacilli isolated were tested for the presence of ESBL by combined disk and antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Among the total 1105 mid-stream urine samples, 256 Gram negative bacilli were isolated. By screening test using third generation cephalosporins, 156 isolates were screened as ESBL producers and 91 isolates were positive for ESBL test by combined disk method. Among the 91 (35.55%) ESBL producers, 70 (39.32%) Escherichia coli, 16 (44.44%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 5 (33.33%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be ESBL producers. Majority of ESBL producer showed resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, norfloxacin followed by ofloxacin. imipenem, amikacin and nitrofurantoin seemed to be the agent of choice for urinary tract infections when ESBL producers are susceptible to it. ESBL production found in these Gram negative bacilli with resultant microbial resistance to available cephalosporins and other agents may pose difficulties with the choice of therapeutic options for the treatment of severe infections. \u0000 Keywords: UTI, Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases, Gram negative bacilli","PeriodicalId":39573,"journal":{"name":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77224305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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