type="main" xml:lang="en"> The paper seeks to provide a theoretical foundation to the diverse empirical findings with regard to the role of liberalization in perpetuating gender inequality in the labor market. It studies the role of female labor supply decisions on gender wage inequality by considering the interrelation between liberalized policies, gender wage inequality, and female labor force participation. A three–sector Harris-Todaro general equilibrium model has been developed to examine the effects of liberalized trade, investment, and labor market policies on the gender wage gap and female labor force participation. There are two underlying assumptions: first, women are paid less because they are employed in the informal sectors; even within the informal sector, they are engaged in particularly low paying activities because of gender segregation. Second, female labor supply decisions or female labor force participation is endogenous, and depends on male and female wages, and the unemployment of male workers. The comparative static analysis indicates that while a reduction in import tariff may narrow the gender wage gap and raise female workforce participation, foreign capital inflow and labor market deregulation may aggravate gender wage inequality and lower female labor force participation.
{"title":"ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOR MARKET: A THEORETICAL APPROACH","authors":"U. Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12032","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\" xml:lang=\"en\"> The paper seeks to provide a theoretical foundation to the diverse empirical findings with regard to the role of liberalization in perpetuating gender inequality in the labor market. It studies the role of female labor supply decisions on gender wage inequality by considering the interrelation between liberalized policies, gender wage inequality, and female labor force participation. A three–sector Harris-Todaro general equilibrium model has been developed to examine the effects of liberalized trade, investment, and labor market policies on the gender wage gap and female labor force participation. There are two underlying assumptions: first, women are paid less because they are employed in the informal sectors; even within the informal sector, they are engaged in particularly low paying activities because of gender segregation. Second, female labor supply decisions or female labor force participation is endogenous, and depends on male and female wages, and the unemployment of male workers. The comparative static analysis indicates that while a reduction in import tariff may narrow the gender wage gap and raise female workforce participation, foreign capital inflow and labor market deregulation may aggravate gender wage inequality and lower female labor force participation.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"68-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63727207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
type="main" xml:lang="en"> This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Indonesian wood-based products using revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA), Spearman rank correlation (SRC), product mapping, and constant market share (CMS) analyses. RSCA results show that Indonesia had a comparative advantage in wood-based products, especially in Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) 245, 248, 251, 634, 635, 641, and 821. SRC results find that Indonesian wood-based products do not show a structural shift in comparative advantage during 1991–2010 while product mapping places Indonesia in group A (comparative advantage and a net exporter) in SITC 245, 634, and 635. CMS reveals that the increase in wood-based product export was caused by an increase in world exports, and commodity and market distribution effects. This study examines Indonesia's log export ban policies, which have been inconsistently implemented for the past several decades and adversely affect the country's global competitiveness, and recommends that Jakarta eliminate these policies and impose an appropriate export tax rate on logs.
{"title":"THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIAN WOOD‐BASED PRODUCTS","authors":"Jinhwan Oh, Siswadi, Jihee Kim","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12030","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\" xml:lang=\"en\"> This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Indonesian wood-based products using revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA), Spearman rank correlation (SRC), product mapping, and constant market share (CMS) analyses. RSCA results show that Indonesia had a comparative advantage in wood-based products, especially in Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) 245, 248, 251, 634, 635, 641, and 821. SRC results find that Indonesian wood-based products do not show a structural shift in comparative advantage during 1991–2010 while product mapping places Indonesia in group A (comparative advantage and a net exporter) in SITC 245, 634, and 635. CMS reveals that the increase in wood-based product export was caused by an increase in world exports, and commodity and market distribution effects. This study examines Indonesia's log export ban policies, which have been inconsistently implemented for the past several decades and adversely affect the country's global competitiveness, and recommends that Jakarta eliminate these policies and impose an appropriate export tax rate on logs.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"40-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63727189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
type="main"> Alaskan industries, including the seafood industry, are characterized by strong linkages with the rest of the United States, including a large leakage of factor income to, and large imports of goods and services from the rest of the US, especially the West Coast region. This study develops a multiregional computable general equilibrium (MRCGE) model of three US economic regions: Alaska (AK), the West Coast (WC), and the rest of the US (RUS). The model is applied to issues affecting Alaskan fisheries, and is used to calculate the multiregional economic effects, including spread effects, of changes in: (i) the volume of fish caught off AK; (ii) the demand for Alaskan seafood by both the US and the rest of the world; and (iii) currency exchange rates.
{"title":"ASSESSING MULTIREGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALASKAN FISHERIES: A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS","authors":"C. Seung, E. Waters, Jerry L. Leonard","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12026","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\"> Alaskan industries, including the seafood industry, are characterized by strong linkages with the rest of the United States, including a large leakage of factor income to, and large imports of goods and services from the rest of the US, especially the West Coast region. This study develops a multiregional computable general equilibrium (MRCGE) model of three US economic regions: Alaska (AK), the West Coast (WC), and the rest of the US (RUS). The model is applied to issues affecting Alaskan fisheries, and is used to calculate the multiregional economic effects, including spread effects, of changes in: (i) the volume of fish caught off AK; (ii) the demand for Alaskan seafood by both the US and the rest of the world; and (iii) currency exchange rates.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"155-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63727498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cross-border consumption has become more popular, prompting a growing interest in the problems related to international trade. At the same time, trans-boundary air pollution has become a major environmental problem, meriting increased attention in environmental economics literature. This study considers these problems in the context of environmental taxes and tariffs (or customs duties on imports), assuming quadratic environmental damage. We compare the environmental tax rate with and without a tariff and demonstrate that the former is lower than the latter. We then compare the level of social welfare with and without a tariff and demonstrate that when the degree of trans-boundary air pollution is low (high), welfare without the tariff is higher (lower) than with it. Thus, a tariff is not always necessary from the viewpoint of social welfare.
{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL TAX AND TARIFFS UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF PRODUCTS","authors":"A. Kawasaki, Tadahisa Ohno","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12027","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-border consumption has become more popular, prompting a growing interest in the problems related to international trade. At the same time, trans-boundary air pollution has become a major environmental problem, meriting increased attention in environmental economics literature. This study considers these problems in the context of environmental taxes and tariffs (or customs duties on imports), assuming quadratic environmental damage. We compare the environmental tax rate with and without a tariff and demonstrate that the former is lower than the latter. We then compare the level of social welfare with and without a tariff and demonstrate that when the degree of trans-boundary air pollution is low (high), welfare without the tariff is higher (lower) than with it. Thus, a tariff is not always necessary from the viewpoint of social welfare.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"174-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63727067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
type="main" xml:lang="en"> In this study, we empirically investigate the issue of strategic interaction among Chinese provincial governments in determining their levels of environmental protection efforts. Based on theoretical models of strategic interaction, which lead to the theoretical reaction function, we specify our empirical model and estimate the reaction slope of our empirical reaction function. By applying a panel data approach, our regression analysis shows that the estimated reaction slope is significantly positive, which suggests that Chinese provincial governments interact strategically in deciding the levels of their efforts in environmental protection.
{"title":"Spatial Strategic Interaction In Environmental Protection: An Empirical Study Of The Chinese Provinces","authors":"Yanqing Jiang","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12025","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\" xml:lang=\"en\"> In this study, we empirically investigate the issue of strategic interaction among Chinese provincial governments in determining their levels of environmental protection efforts. Based on theoretical models of strategic interaction, which lead to the theoretical reaction function, we specify our empirical model and estimate the reaction slope of our empirical reaction function. By applying a panel data approach, our regression analysis shows that the estimated reaction slope is significantly positive, which suggests that Chinese provincial governments interact strategically in deciding the levels of their efforts in environmental protection.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"203-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63727283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
type="main"> This paper explores the localness of Greek prefectures according to the methodological approach of economic base and, specifically, the minimum requirements technique, which leads to the estimation of a localness index for each group of prefectures of similar population size. Hence, through the definition of the types of areas that enhance their localness, the determination of the spatial pattern and the causes of these changes could be better investigated. According to the results of the research, a growing localness in all groups of prefectures during the period 2000–2009 has emerged. Localness seems high in a group with the highest population and largest urban concentrations, enhancing their ability to be largely self-powered locally. Localness is high in the smallest group too, which is characterized by the pattern of integrated spatial development. Thus, without underestimating the importance of exports and imports, it makes more sense to look at localness and extroversion together in order to achieve greater development.
{"title":"Exploration Of Localness In The Context Of Economic Base: Accessing Evidence From Greek Prefectures","authors":"Manolis Christofakis, Andreas Gkouzos","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12028","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\"> This paper explores the localness of Greek prefectures according to the methodological approach of economic base and, specifically, the minimum requirements technique, which leads to the estimation of a localness index for each group of prefectures of similar population size. Hence, through the definition of the types of areas that enhance their localness, the determination of the spatial pattern and the causes of these changes could be better investigated. According to the results of the research, a growing localness in all groups of prefectures during the period 2000–2009 has emerged. Localness seems high in a group with the highest population and largest urban concentrations, enhancing their ability to be largely self-powered locally. Localness is high in the smallest group too, which is characterized by the pattern of integrated spatial development. Thus, without underestimating the importance of exports and imports, it makes more sense to look at localness and extroversion together in order to achieve greater development.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"189-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63727096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
type="main"> This study explores the commonly held view that high time–distance accessibility to major concentrations of economic activity is positively correlated with economic performance. The study reveals the difficulty of exploring the correlation in a complex space economy where there are multiple nodes of economic concentration. Although we cannot conclude definitively on this correlation nationwide, we are able to show positive relationships within sub-national economies, and also in relation to particular dimensions of accessibility, such as time–distance to major mobility corridors and immediate spatial proximity to metropolitan economies and international border crossings.
{"title":"MODELING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TIME–DISTANCE ACCESSIBILITY IN SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"Koech Cheruiyot, P. Harrison","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12021","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\"> This study explores the commonly held view that high time–distance accessibility to major concentrations of economic activity is positively correlated with economic performance. The study reveals the difficulty of exploring the correlation in a complex space economy where there are multiple nodes of economic concentration. Although we cannot conclude definitively on this correlation nationwide, we are able to show positive relationships within sub-national economies, and also in relation to particular dimensions of accessibility, such as time–distance to major mobility corridors and immediate spatial proximity to metropolitan economies and international border crossings.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"81-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Cardenete, P. Boulanger, M. C. Delgado, E. Ferrari, R. M’Barek
type="main"> The objective of this paper is to develop a coherent approach to describe the agri-food and other bio-based accounts in the European Union. The paper presents a case study of Spain based on a Social Accounting Matrix with a highly disaggregated agricultural account for the year 2000. The analysis of multipliers allows identifying backward and forward linkages, key sectors, and employment multipliers of the Spanish agri-food and other bio-based accounts. This analysis helps us to better understand the extended agri-food account's economic linkages. No primary agricultural account emerges as key for the Spanish economy, while the production of (renewable) energy appears the only key sector related to agri-food and other bio-based accounts. Livestock and related bio-based products present the highest backward linkages, that is, they have significant diffusion effects of activity to the whole economy.
{"title":"Agri-Food and Bio‐Based Analysis in the Spanish Economy Using a Key Sector Approach","authors":"M. A. Cardenete, P. Boulanger, M. C. Delgado, E. Ferrari, R. M’Barek","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12022","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\"> The objective of this paper is to develop a coherent approach to describe the agri-food and other bio-based accounts in the European Union. The paper presents a case study of Spain based on a Social Accounting Matrix with a highly disaggregated agricultural account for the year 2000. The analysis of multipliers allows identifying backward and forward linkages, key sectors, and employment multipliers of the Spanish agri-food and other bio-based accounts. This analysis helps us to better understand the extended agri-food account's economic linkages. No primary agricultural account emerges as key for the Spanish economy, while the production of (renewable) energy appears the only key sector related to agri-food and other bio-based accounts. Livestock and related bio-based products present the highest backward linkages, that is, they have significant diffusion effects of activity to the whole economy.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"112-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research extends the literature on regional inequalities in the European Union in two directions. First, it confirms the importance of institutions for regional inequalities among 18 EU member countries, and second, indicates which dimension of the institutional quality is important by using the six dimensions of the Worldwide Governance Indicator. The results support standard “rules of engagement” that reduce transaction costs by lowering uncertainty and facilitating the mutual trustworthiness of individual economic agents that spread equally among regions in specific countries. In addition, we interpret empirical evidence to determine that institutions also shape regional inequalities indirectly through political channels.
{"title":"REGIONAL INEQUALITIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS","authors":"V. Muštra, Blanka Škrabić","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12017","url":null,"abstract":"This research extends the literature on regional inequalities in the European Union in two directions. First, it confirms the importance of institutions for regional inequalities among 18 EU member countries, and second, indicates which dimension of the institutional quality is important by using the six dimensions of the Worldwide Governance Indicator. The results support standard “rules of engagement” that reduce transaction costs by lowering uncertainty and facilitating the mutual trustworthiness of individual economic agents that spread equally among regions in specific countries. In addition, we interpret empirical evidence to determine that institutions also shape regional inequalities indirectly through political channels.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"20-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
type="main"> In this paper, we develop a location model of two multi-national firms (MNFs) with reverse imports and examine the consistency of MNFs' location shift in terms of social welfare in the foreign direct investment (FDI) source (home) country. If fixed costs are incurred in FDI, trade liberalization induces a gradual overseas production by MNFs. When an unemployment problem exists in the home country, firms tend to undertake FDI at a lower level of trade liberalization, compared to the socially desirable level. As a result of the presence of a foreign rival firm, FDI by a home firm benefits the home country given that another home firm chooses foreign production. On the other hand, because of the negative effect of unemployment on social welfare, FDI by a home firm hurts the home country given that another home firm chooses domestic production. Hence, the government of the FDI source country might use subsidy-tax policies in order to induce the MNFs to choose a socially desirable production location.
{"title":"Plant Locations With Reverse Imports In The Presence Of Unemployment","authors":"Ki‐Dong Lee, Woohyung Lee","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12016","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\"> In this paper, we develop a location model of two multi-national firms (MNFs) with reverse imports and examine the consistency of MNFs' location shift in terms of social welfare in the foreign direct investment (FDI) source (home) country. If fixed costs are incurred in FDI, trade liberalization induces a gradual overseas production by MNFs. When an unemployment problem exists in the home country, firms tend to undertake FDI at a lower level of trade liberalization, compared to the socially desirable level. As a result of the presence of a foreign rival firm, FDI by a home firm benefits the home country given that another home firm chooses foreign production. On the other hand, because of the negative effect of unemployment on social welfare, FDI by a home firm hurts the home country given that another home firm chooses domestic production. Hence, the government of the FDI source country might use subsidy-tax policies in order to induce the MNFs to choose a socially desirable production location.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"2-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63727044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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