Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00186.X
Kazuhisa Matsui, M. Fukushige
This paper provides an empirical analysis of the effect on land prices of the “New Landscape Preservation Policy” enacted in Kyoto City in 2007. The main feature of this policy is building height restrictions in the central part of the city. We use a hedonic approach and find there has been a rise in land prices around the central part of the city, similar to the simulation results of previous studies using computational general equilibrium models. There has also been a rise in land prices in the central part of the city, which differs from the findings of previous studies. Additionally, a negative macroshock on the entire city and a fall in land prices in the urban fringe area are observable.
{"title":"LAND PRICES AND LANDSCAPE PRESERVATION RESTRICTION IN A METROPOLITAN AREA: THE CASE OF KYOTO CITY","authors":"Kazuhisa Matsui, M. Fukushige","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00186.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00186.X","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an empirical analysis of the effect on land prices of the “New Landscape Preservation Policy” enacted in Kyoto City in 2007. The main feature of this policy is building height restrictions in the central part of the city. We use a hedonic approach and find there has been a rise in land prices around the central part of the city, similar to the simulation results of previous studies using computational general equilibrium models. There has also been a rise in land prices in the central part of the city, which differs from the findings of previous studies. Additionally, a negative macroshock on the entire city and a fall in land prices in the urban fringe area are observable.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"17-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00186.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00187.X
P. Burnett
This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with integrated sector and residential land data to estimate the impact of allocating land to specific industrial sectors. It also analyzes sector combinations for a 15 acre development project using four local interest measures (LIMs): income per acre, tax revenue per acre, income per household, and tax revenue per household. Allocating an acre to high-wage services yields the largest increases in population and household income, while retail's modest indirect effects make it attractive to areas with limited available land. Sector-specific land multipliers are estimated and total land is broken into categories to aid zoning and housing distribution. The results show the importance of sector interaction and reveal sector growth complements, sectors that when added to a project, increase a LIM. Finally, the results show that if manufacturing is unavailable, export growth in retail or tourism can substitute and increase most LIMs.
{"title":"SECTOR LAND USE AND INDUSTRIAL MIX IN URBAN LAND ALLOCATION","authors":"P. Burnett","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00187.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00187.X","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with integrated sector and residential land data to estimate the impact of allocating land to specific industrial sectors. It also analyzes sector combinations for a 15 acre development project using four local interest measures (LIMs): income per acre, tax revenue per acre, income per household, and tax revenue per household. Allocating an acre to high-wage services yields the largest increases in population and household income, while retail's modest indirect effects make it attractive to areas with limited available land. Sector-specific land multipliers are estimated and total land is broken into categories to aid zoning and housing distribution. The results show the importance of sector interaction and reveal sector growth complements, sectors that when added to a project, increase a LIM. Finally, the results show that if manufacturing is unavailable, export growth in retail or tourism can substitute and increase most LIMs.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"35-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00187.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-07-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00179.X
Alexandra Ferreira‐Lopes, T. Sequeira
In this article we document the features of business cycles in German Landers from 1970 and 2007. Specifically, we answer the question if German Landers are becoming more synchronized or not. All results indicate that the synchronization of cycles is stronger inside the former Western Germany and inside the former Eastern Germany. The reunification process has had a strong influence in terms of business cycle association. However, a process of cyclical convergence has begun, although slowly, after the reunification.
{"title":"BUSINESS CYCLES IN REUNIFIED GERMANY: CLOSER TOGETHER OR FURTHER APART?","authors":"Alexandra Ferreira‐Lopes, T. Sequeira","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00179.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00179.X","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we document the features of business cycles in German Landers from 1970 and 2007. Specifically, we answer the question if German Landers are becoming more synchronized or not. All results indicate that the synchronization of cycles is stronger inside the former Western Germany and inside the former Eastern Germany. The reunification process has had a strong influence in terms of business cycle association. However, a process of cyclical convergence has begun, although slowly, after the reunification.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"94-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00179.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-07-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00180.X
Shu-ichi Akiyama, Nobuhiro Hosoe
A key intention of the regulatory reform of transmission charge schemes for Japan's electric power market was to promote inter‐regional competition between regional power companies by lowering long‐distance transmission charges with postage‐stamp pricing. Such a reform was expected to cause extensive use of inter‐regional links and cause congestion. Congestion segments the nationwide market into several regional markets, making the reform less successful. We develop a nine‐region spatial equilibrium model to simulate the reform during the peak‐load hours. We find that the reform would lead to significant increases of inter‐regional transmission and cause congestion at the links between the 50‐ and 60‐Hz areas.
{"title":"A SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF JAPAN'S ELECTRIC POWER NETWORK","authors":"Shu-ichi Akiyama, Nobuhiro Hosoe","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00180.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00180.X","url":null,"abstract":"A key intention of the regulatory reform of transmission charge schemes for Japan's electric power market was to promote inter‐regional competition between regional power companies by lowering long‐distance transmission charges with postage‐stamp pricing. Such a reform was expected to cause extensive use of inter‐regional links and cause congestion. Congestion segments the nationwide market into several regional markets, making the reform less successful. We develop a nine‐region spatial equilibrium model to simulate the reform during the peak‐load hours. We find that the reform would lead to significant increases of inter‐regional transmission and cause congestion at the links between the 50‐ and 60‐Hz areas.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"114-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00180.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-07-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00181.X
Mulugeta S. Kahsai, T. Gebremedhin, P. Schaeffer
Amenities are expected to impact regional economic growth by affecting growth in population, employment, income, and house values. This study assess whether the 299 counties in the Northeast (NE) region of the US can build and pursue a growth strategy that depend on their local and neighborhood amenities (natural and built). It extends previous studies by estimating a simultaneous spatial Durbin model (SDM) using the two stages least square method. Historical and cultural amenities and water based recreational amenities are found to play a positive role in shaping the growth of population in the northeast region of the US. The role of natural amenities, land and winter based amenities is found to be negative or insignificant. One of the important findings of the study is the positive role of surrounding counties historical and cultural amenities in the growth of population and employment densities. Overall there is no evidence of a consistent and strong relationship between amenities and regional economic growth and the results can be termed as mixed and inconclusive.
{"title":"A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF AMENITY AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NORTHEAST REGION","authors":"Mulugeta S. Kahsai, T. Gebremedhin, P. Schaeffer","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00181.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00181.X","url":null,"abstract":"Amenities are expected to impact regional economic growth by affecting growth in population, employment, income, and house values. This study assess whether the 299 counties in the Northeast (NE) region of the US can build and pursue a growth strategy that depend on their local and neighborhood amenities (natural and built). It extends previous studies by estimating a simultaneous spatial Durbin model (SDM) using the two stages least square method. Historical and cultural amenities and water based recreational amenities are found to play a positive role in shaping the growth of population in the northeast region of the US. The role of natural amenities, land and winter based amenities is found to be negative or insignificant. One of the important findings of the study is the positive role of surrounding counties historical and cultural amenities in the growth of population and employment densities. Overall there is no evidence of a consistent and strong relationship between amenities and regional economic growth and the results can be termed as mixed and inconclusive.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"77-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00181.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-07-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00183.X
H. Abdel-Rahman
The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of free trade on the structure of urban systems, skill distribution, income disparities, and welfare. The paper proposes a model that integrates international trade theory and the theory of urban systems. This is done in a two/three sector, spatial, general equilibrium model of a North‐South trade. Each country is populated with a continuum of unskilled workers with heterogeneous potential ability. Workers can acquire skill by investing in training. Thus, skill distribution in both countries is determined endogenously in the model through self‐selection. The economy produces a final good with the use of differentiated intermediate inputs and unskilled workers. The differentiated inputs are produced by skilled workers. Cities are formed in this model as a result of investment in public infrastructures and knowledge spillover among diverse skilled workers. I characterize two different types of spatial equilibria: a closed‐economy equilibrium, in which each country consists of a system of cities without trade, and a free‐trade equilibrium, in which we allow for trade between cities and countries. One of the main findings of the model is that free trade induces further productivity due to the agglomeration of diverse skilled workers. Thus, the model demonstrates a channel through which international trade interacts with the agglomeration economy through urban labor markets. Furthermore, free trade affects the structure of cities within the system.
{"title":"PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, SKILL DISTRIBUTION, AND SYSTEMS OF CITIES IN A NORTH-SOUTH TRADE MODEL","authors":"H. Abdel-Rahman","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00183.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00183.X","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of free trade on the structure of urban systems, skill distribution, income disparities, and welfare. The paper proposes a model that integrates international trade theory and the theory of urban systems. This is done in a two/three sector, spatial, general equilibrium model of a North‐South trade. Each country is populated with a continuum of unskilled workers with heterogeneous potential ability. Workers can acquire skill by investing in training. Thus, skill distribution in both countries is determined endogenously in the model through self‐selection. The economy produces a final good with the use of differentiated intermediate inputs and unskilled workers. The differentiated inputs are produced by skilled workers. Cities are formed in this model as a result of investment in public infrastructures and knowledge spillover among diverse skilled workers. I characterize two different types of spatial equilibria: a closed‐economy equilibrium, in which each country consists of a system of cities without trade, and a free‐trade equilibrium, in which we allow for trade between cities and countries. One of the main findings of the model is that free trade induces further productivity due to the agglomeration of diverse skilled workers. Thus, the model demonstrates a channel through which international trade interacts with the agglomeration economy through urban labor markets. Furthermore, free trade affects the structure of cities within the system.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"137-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00183.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00175.X
Constantina Kottaridi, S. Lioukas
This paper examines the choice of firms to locate in particular regions based on an expanded set of decision making determinants which takes into consideration firm profiles and competences, firm characteristics with particular emphasis on their financial structure and attractive regional factors focusing on knowledge. It combines intuitions from industrial economics, spatial analysis, corporate finance theory and strategic management to explore in greater depth the location of entrepreneurial activities at the sub-national level of regions, in particular between large urban areas and the periphery. Results suggest that the firm competences are conducive to their location and that other firm attributes contribute to this decision. When regional development and technological sophistication is taken into account, it is evidenced that they act as catalysts to the above decision, though only with respect to metropolitan regions where economies of scale could be exploited.
{"title":"FIRM LOCATION: FIRM COMPETENCES, FINANCIAL STRUCTURE AND REGIONAL DETERMINANTS","authors":"Constantina Kottaridi, S. Lioukas","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00175.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00175.X","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the choice of firms to locate in particular regions based on an expanded set of decision making determinants which takes into consideration firm profiles and competences, firm characteristics with particular emphasis on their financial structure and attractive regional factors focusing on knowledge. It combines intuitions from industrial economics, spatial analysis, corporate finance theory and strategic management to explore in greater depth the location of entrepreneurial activities at the sub-national level of regions, in particular between large urban areas and the periphery. Results suggest that the firm competences are conducive to their location and that other firm attributes contribute to this decision. When regional development and technological sophistication is taken into account, it is evidenced that they act as catalysts to the above decision, though only with respect to metropolitan regions where economies of scale could be exploited.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00175.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00177.X
Yanqing Jiang
This paper investigates the patterns, causes, and implications of China's structural change and its contribution to China's regional growth. Among many other findings, our regression results show that conditional convergence exists across different regions in China. Regional structural change has a convergence effect and regional openness facilitates regional structural change. Structural shocks and structural transformation had the opposite effect on China's interregional convergence during the 1990s, though the combined effect of overall structural change is a convergence effect. We also find that Chinese regions rely more heavily on structural change for labor productivity growth as the economy evolves. In summary, the results of our empirical analysis support the hypothesis underlying the theoretical model of this paper.
{"title":"STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND GROWTH IN CHINA UNDER ECONOMIC REFORMS: PATTERNS, CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS","authors":"Yanqing Jiang","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00177.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00177.X","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the patterns, causes, and implications of China's structural change and its contribution to China's regional growth. Among many other findings, our regression results show that conditional convergence exists across different regions in China. Regional structural change has a convergence effect and regional openness facilitates regional structural change. Structural shocks and structural transformation had the opposite effect on China's interregional convergence during the 1990s, though the combined effect of overall structural change is a convergence effect. We also find that Chinese regions rely more heavily on structural change for labor productivity growth as the economy evolves. In summary, the results of our empirical analysis support the hypothesis underlying the theoretical model of this paper.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"48-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00177.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00178.X
Olugbenga Ajilore
In the public finance literature it is well understood that a community's spending can be affected by neighboring communities’ spending. It is relatively straightforward to see why these spillovers exist. For example, if a school district increases its spending on public education, this could affect the spending level of neighboring school districts. This paper uses spatial analysis to test the hypothesis that a school district's ethnic heterogeneity affects support for public education. Using a Spatial Lag Model and a national panel of U.S. school districts, I find that spatial dependence does exist in the data and that ethnic heterogeneity is negatively related to school district spending.
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ON EDUCATION SPENDING: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UNITED STATES SCHOOL DISTRICTS","authors":"Olugbenga Ajilore","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00178.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00178.X","url":null,"abstract":"In the public finance literature it is well understood that a community's spending can be affected by neighboring communities’ spending. It is relatively straightforward to see why these spillovers exist. For example, if a school district increases its spending on public education, this could affect the spending level of neighboring school districts. This paper uses spatial analysis to test the hypothesis that a school district's ethnic heterogeneity affects support for public education. Using a Spatial Lag Model and a national panel of U.S. school districts, I find that spatial dependence does exist in the data and that ethnic heterogeneity is negatively related to school district spending.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"66-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00178.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00176.X
F. B. Alves, António Manuel Leite Ramalho
In order to contribute to the effective humanization of the contemporary city and in line with the sustainability of urban areas, this paper focuses on primary pedestrian areas aiming to investigate and demonstrate the benefits of organization and the essential conditions of implementing “pedestrian networks†. The realization of its qualifying character in the urban environment should specify: •  The challenge of reinterpreting the idea of the city, due to the transformation of associated “urban forms†and “lifestyles†; •  The need to structure the territory, in order to promote the understanding and ownership of the different places that compose a city; •  The ability to generate synergies, as a means of affirming the “local†in the context of the “global†opportunities and threats. It is, therefore, disciplinary useful to test a methodological urban planning “process†with the aim to design and manage “pedestrian networks†, applicable in a range of cities considered of medium size, according to the European classification mainly based on population criteria.
{"title":"PRINCIPLES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PEDESTRIAN PLAN IN MEDIUM SIZE CITIES","authors":"F. B. Alves, António Manuel Leite Ramalho","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00176.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00176.X","url":null,"abstract":"In order to contribute to the effective humanization of the contemporary city and in line with the sustainability of urban areas, this paper focuses on primary pedestrian areas aiming to investigate and demonstrate the benefits of organization and the essential conditions of implementing “pedestrian networks†. The realization of its qualifying character in the urban environment should specify: •  The challenge of reinterpreting the idea of the city, due to the transformation of associated “urban forms†and “lifestyles†; •  The need to structure the territory, in order to promote the understanding and ownership of the different places that compose a city; •  The ability to generate synergies, as a means of affirming the “local†in the context of the “global†opportunities and threats. It is, therefore, disciplinary useful to test a methodological urban planning “process†with the aim to design and manage “pedestrian networks†, applicable in a range of cities considered of medium size, according to the European classification mainly based on population criteria.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"21-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2011.00176.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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