This paper examines how academic freedom influences electoral democracy in 44 Asian nations drawing on country‐wide panel data (2000–2019) obtained from the Varieties of Democracy (V‐Dem)‐2022. For its analytical framework, this study employs dynamic panel regression models. The Asian region, which represents the world's largest and most economically dynamic democracies, is an interesting research site to investigate this nexus due to the region's long‐term struggle to achieve its democratic aspirations. The study finds that the current‐level of electoral democracy in Asian countries is significantly associated with their antecedent level of academic freedom. Moreover, the results reveal that it takes approximately 7 years for academic freedom to yield a significant impact on electoral democracy. These results are robust across different sets of model specifications, sub‐samples, and definitions of academic freedom.
本文利用《民主多样性》（Varieties of Democracy，V-Dem）-2022 年的国家面板数据（2000-2019 年），研究了学术自由如何影响 44 个亚洲国家的选举民主。本研究采用动态面板回归模型作为分析框架。亚洲地区是世界上最大、经济最活跃的民主国家，由于该地区长期以来一直在为实现民主愿望而奋斗，因此是研究这一关系的一个有趣的研究地点。研究发现，亚洲国家当前的选举民主水平与其学术自由的前身水平有显著关联。此外，研究结果表明，学术自由对选举民主产生重大影响大约需要 7 年时间。这些结果在不同的模型规格、子样本和学术自由定义中都是稳健的。
{"title":"The effect of academic freedom on electoral democracy in the Asian region","authors":"Ajantha Sisira Kumara, Ramanie Samaratunge","doi":"10.1002/pad.2044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2044","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how academic freedom influences electoral democracy in 44 Asian nations drawing on country‐wide panel data (2000–2019) obtained from the Varieties of Democracy (V‐Dem)‐2022. For its analytical framework, this study employs dynamic panel regression models. The Asian region, which represents the world's largest and most economically dynamic democracies, is an interesting research site to investigate this nexus due to the region's long‐term struggle to achieve its democratic aspirations. The study finds that the current‐level of electoral democracy in Asian countries is significantly associated with their antecedent level of academic freedom. Moreover, the results reveal that it takes approximately 7 years for academic freedom to yield a significant impact on electoral democracy. These results are robust across different sets of model specifications, sub‐samples, and definitions of academic freedom.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender equality and women empowerment are central to academic and policy debates on development. In the spirit of celebrating and reflecting on 75 years of research published by Public Administration and Development (PAD), this article aims to take stock of the journal's contribution to the knowledge base and practice of promoting gender equality. This article reviews research output published in PAD and identifies key themes and perspectives on gender equality and their reflection on the practical implementation of equalising policies. We use thematic analysis to review 43 relevant articles and evaluate the intellectual landscape, shedding light on the journal's contribution to gender equality research. Four broad themes are discussed along with their implications for practice and future research. We highlight the importance of not only expanding the horizons of gender equality research but also developing keen awareness reflected in the scholarship of the changing landscape of gender and the need to balance constructions of gender and the high variability of gender norms and practices in the Global South that should be taken into account when designing policies. This article concludes with recommendations and several questions that invite public administration researchers and policymakers to take this conversation and develop it further through research, education, and practice.
{"title":"The role of gender equality in advancing development","authors":"Chengwei Xu, Assel Mussagulova, Qinrou Zhou","doi":"10.1002/pad.2042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2042","url":null,"abstract":"Gender equality and women empowerment are central to academic and policy debates on development. In the spirit of celebrating and reflecting on 75 years of research published by <jats:italic>Public Administration and Development</jats:italic> (PAD), this article aims to take stock of the journal's contribution to the knowledge base and practice of promoting gender equality. This article reviews research output published in PAD and identifies key themes and perspectives on gender equality and their reflection on the practical implementation of equalising policies. We use thematic analysis to review 43 relevant articles and evaluate the intellectual landscape, shedding light on the journal's contribution to gender equality research. Four broad themes are discussed along with their implications for practice and future research. We highlight the importance of not only expanding the horizons of gender equality research but also developing keen awareness reflected in the scholarship of the changing landscape of gender and the need to balance constructions of gender and the high variability of gender norms and practices in the Global South that should be taken into account when designing policies. This article concludes with recommendations and several questions that invite public administration researchers and policymakers to take this conversation and develop it further through research, education, and practice.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140155519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does the merit‐based selection process help to reduce gender discrimination in public administrations? To answer this question, we conducted an in‐depth case study in Mexico and built two original databases for analysis. First, we measure vertical and horizontal discrimination, and second, we examine merit‐based competitions for access to upper management levels of the Mexican public administration to explore their role in reproducing gender discrimination. We find the existence of both vertical and horizontal segregation, and the analysis of merit‐based competition results shows that women have difficulty winning competitions for the highest hierarchical levels and traditionally male sectors. Based on these findings, we explore the role of merit‐based competitions in reproducing gender discrimination. Finally, we urge for the inclusion of a gender perspective in public service reforms in Latin America.
{"title":"Gender discrimination and merit‐based selection: A case study of Mexico","authors":"Mariana Chudnovsky, Carmen E. Castañeda Farill","doi":"10.1002/pad.2041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2041","url":null,"abstract":"Does the merit‐based selection process help to reduce gender discrimination in public administrations? To answer this question, we conducted an in‐depth case study in Mexico and built two original databases for analysis. First, we measure vertical and horizontal discrimination, and second, we examine merit‐based competitions for access to upper management levels of the Mexican public administration to explore their role in reproducing gender discrimination. We find the existence of both vertical and horizontal segregation, and the analysis of merit‐based competition results shows that women have difficulty winning competitions for the highest hierarchical levels and traditionally male sectors. Based on these findings, we explore the role of merit‐based competitions in reproducing gender discrimination. Finally, we urge for the inclusion of a gender perspective in public service reforms in Latin America.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moosa Elayah, Hasan Al‐Awami, Wjdan Almatari, Khaldoun AbouAssi
This article examines the bridging role non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) can play between a divided public administration in a conflict‐ridden country. Based on interviews with various stakeholders in Yemen, we argue that NGO might need to mediate between conflicting authorities to effectively carry out their activities. By doing so, they serve as a bridge that could help maintain relations between the two fragmented administrations and possibly facilitate the process of post‐conflict state building. While not all NGOs are capable or required to fulfill this role, we identify four enabling factors: (1) the readiness of stakeholders to engage; (2) public support for the NGO; and (3) NGOs' adequate capacity; and (4) the donor's support.
{"title":"NGOs' least‐played role: Bridging between a divided public administration: The case of Yemen","authors":"Moosa Elayah, Hasan Al‐Awami, Wjdan Almatari, Khaldoun AbouAssi","doi":"10.1002/pad.2039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2039","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the bridging role non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) can play between a divided public administration in a conflict‐ridden country. Based on interviews with various stakeholders in Yemen, we argue that NGO might need to mediate between conflicting authorities to effectively carry out their activities. By doing so, they serve as a bridge that could help maintain relations between the two fragmented administrations and possibly facilitate the process of post‐conflict state building. While not all NGOs are capable or required to fulfill this role, we identify four enabling factors: (1) the readiness of stakeholders to engage; (2) public support for the NGO; and (3) NGOs' adequate capacity; and (4) the donor's support.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"396 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139954133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Transforming the World 2030 agenda stresses the interconnectedness and indivisibility of sustainable development goals. This presents a major challenge for authoritarian states, specifically in implementing SDG16: promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, providing justice for all, and building effective and inclusive institutions. Existing research points to good governance as a sine qua non for implementing SDGs. Using Central Asia as a case study, we investigate the link between good governance and the implementation of SDGs in authoritarian states. We find variable but overall weak performance on governance indicators across Central Asia. If SDGs are indivisible, then autocracies are destined to fail the global sustainable development agenda because SDG16 challenges the type of regime in place. This is not to deny the SDG commitments made and some progress that has been achieved in these autocracies but rather to highlight that weak governance in autocratic states and those characteristics which define them are major impediments to long-term sustainable development.
{"title":"Sustainable development goals and good governance nexus: Implementation challenges in central Asia","authors":"Colin Knox, Serik Orazgaliyev","doi":"10.1002/pad.2038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2038","url":null,"abstract":"The <i>Transforming the World 2030</i> agenda stresses the interconnectedness and indivisibility of sustainable development goals. This presents a major challenge for authoritarian states, specifically in implementing SDG16: promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, providing justice for all, and building effective and inclusive institutions. Existing research points to good governance as a sine <i>qua non</i> for implementing SDGs. Using Central Asia as a case study, we investigate the link between good governance and the implementation of SDGs in authoritarian states. We find variable but overall weak performance on governance indicators across Central Asia. If SDGs are indivisible, then autocracies are destined to fail the global sustainable development agenda because SDG16 challenges the type of regime in place. This is not to deny the SDG commitments made and some progress that has been achieved in these autocracies but rather to highlight that weak governance in autocratic states and those characteristics which define them are major impediments to long-term sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139578997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shibaab Rahman, Prue Burns, Julie Wolfram Cox, Quamrul Alam
We attempt to reconcile top-down and bottom-up perspectives on bureaucratic discretion to understand how actors ‘caught in the middle’, such as middle level public managers, negotiate conflicting demands to exercise discretion in the Bangladesh public administration. To do this, we employ the institutional logics framework, a theoretical lens that conceptualises how regulative, cultural forces bear down on actors, and also acknowledges actor agency. Based on 32 interviews with current and former public servants and local public administration experts, supported by secondary documentary analysis, we identify a new way in which discretion may be enacted in institutionally complex settings, offering a way to reconcile top-down and bottom-up perspectives. We term this response selective bridging—a sense-making approach to exploit the complementarities of competing institutional forces from the top to exercise discretion for bottom-up needs.
{"title":"Exercising bureaucratic discretion through selective bridging: A response to institutional complexity in Bangladesh","authors":"Shibaab Rahman, Prue Burns, Julie Wolfram Cox, Quamrul Alam","doi":"10.1002/pad.2036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2036","url":null,"abstract":"We attempt to reconcile top-down and bottom-up perspectives on bureaucratic discretion to understand how actors ‘caught in the middle’, such as middle level public managers, negotiate conflicting demands to exercise discretion in the Bangladesh public administration. To do this, we employ the institutional logics framework, a theoretical lens that conceptualises how regulative, cultural forces bear down on actors, and also acknowledges actor agency. Based on 32 interviews with current and former public servants and local public administration experts, supported by secondary documentary analysis, we identify a new way in which discretion may be enacted in institutionally complex settings, offering a way to reconcile top-down and bottom-up perspectives. We term this response <i>selective bridging</i>—a sense-making approach to exploit the complementarities of competing institutional forces from the top to exercise discretion for bottom-up needs.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139458734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the concept of hybridisation (blending of different organisational forms, logics, or identities) in public administration has gained traction, its interplay with principal-agent dynamics, especially within development cooperation, remains underexplored. Recent shifts towards the “whole-of-society” paradigm in Swedish development cooperation introduce complexities in the inter-organisational dynamics between actors involved. However, our understanding of how these dynamics influence the manifestation of hybridisation in everyday practices is limited. Drawing on the development cooperation experience of Swedish national authorities and data collected from interviews, focus group discussions, and archival documents, this study identifies the interplaying dynamics of three coexisting logics (managerialist, collaborative, and developmental), and two types of hybridisation (specialisation-centric and integration-centric). These findings shed light on the challenges and opportunities the inter-organisational dynamics induce for translating the “whole-of-society” policy paradigm into development practice and outcomes. The study's theoretical and practical implications for hybridisation in public administration and development studies are discussed.
{"title":"Institutional hybridisation in Swedish public sector development cooperation","authors":"Jenny Iao-Jörgensen","doi":"10.1002/pad.2035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2035","url":null,"abstract":"While the concept of hybridisation (blending of different organisational forms, logics, or identities) in public administration has gained traction, its interplay with principal-agent dynamics, especially within development cooperation, remains underexplored. Recent shifts towards the “whole-of-society” paradigm in Swedish development cooperation introduce complexities in the inter-organisational dynamics between actors involved. However, our understanding of how these dynamics influence the manifestation of hybridisation in everyday practices is limited. Drawing on the development cooperation experience of Swedish national authorities and data collected from interviews, focus group discussions, and archival documents, this study identifies the interplaying dynamics of three coexisting logics (managerialist, collaborative, and developmental), and two types of hybridisation (specialisation-centric and integration-centric). These findings shed light on the challenges and opportunities the inter-organisational dynamics induce for translating the “whole-of-society” policy paradigm into development practice and outcomes. The study's theoretical and practical implications for hybridisation in public administration and development studies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"287 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138629981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the collaboration between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the government in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to shed light on their dynamics and fill the existing gaps in the literature. Focusing on financial dependence, legitimization, and other motivating factors, this study explores the motivations behind NGO–government collaboration and their practical implications. The utilization of a two-stage purposive sampling method and conducting interviews with executive directors allowed for a rich and nuanced understanding of the motivations, challenges, and dynamics of NGO-government collaboration in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It also uncovers factors such as access to resources, networks, advocacy efforts, and grants and supports that shape collaborative relationships. These findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between NGOs and the government and provide insights for policymakers and practitioners to foster effective and sustainable partnerships. This study contributes to the existing literature on NGO-government collaboration and offers valuable implications for future research and policy considerations.
{"title":"Power dynamics and resource dependence: NGO-government collaboration in Yogyakarta, Indonesia","authors":"Daniel Hummel, Bevaola Kusumasari","doi":"10.1002/pad.2034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2034","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the collaboration between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the government in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to shed light on their dynamics and fill the existing gaps in the literature. Focusing on financial dependence, legitimization, and other motivating factors, this study explores the motivations behind NGO–government collaboration and their practical implications. The utilization of a two-stage purposive sampling method and conducting interviews with executive directors allowed for a rich and nuanced understanding of the motivations, challenges, and dynamics of NGO-government collaboration in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It also uncovers factors such as access to resources, networks, advocacy efforts, and grants and supports that shape collaborative relationships. These findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between NGOs and the government and provide insights for policymakers and practitioners to foster effective and sustainable partnerships. This study contributes to the existing literature on NGO-government collaboration and offers valuable implications for future research and policy considerations.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138545678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intensive land use and land marketization is an important engine for promoting regional integration, especially on the background of China's fragmented land market. It might be difficult to establish an integrated national land market in the short run. As a compromise, the establishment of regional land markets consisting of a few neighboring provinces could be an option. Particularly, the Yangtze River Delta Region (YRDR), could be an ideal place for such a policy trial. This study uses the data of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui in YRDR from 1999 to 2017 to quantitatively calibrate possible economic benefits when the land misallocation is corrected with an integrated land market. We find that, if an integrated construction land market was established in YRDR, and Anhui could transfer some of its construction land quota to Shanghai, the transaction between Anhui and Shanghai in 2017 could bring an improved income of 289.8 billion yuan in YRDR, ceteris paribus, about 1.73% of the regional gross domestic product. The integration of regional land markets has brought about significant efficiency improvements. This study provides insights into sustainable economic growth in future China and the regional development strategy of other developing countries.
{"title":"Land market misallocation, regional integration, and economic growth: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta Region, China","authors":"Xiaoping Zhong, Shaojie Zhou, Xiaohua Yu","doi":"10.1002/pad.2033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2033","url":null,"abstract":"Intensive land use and land marketization is an important engine for promoting regional integration, especially on the background of China's fragmented land market. It might be difficult to establish an integrated national land market in the short run. As a compromise, the establishment of regional land markets consisting of a few neighboring provinces could be an option. Particularly, the Yangtze River Delta Region (YRDR), could be an ideal place for such a policy trial. This study uses the data of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui in YRDR from 1999 to 2017 to quantitatively calibrate possible economic benefits when the land misallocation is corrected with an integrated land market. We find that, if an integrated construction land market was established in YRDR, and Anhui could transfer some of its construction land quota to Shanghai, the transaction between Anhui and Shanghai in 2017 could bring an improved income of 289.8 billion yuan in YRDR, ceteris paribus, about 1.73% of the regional gross domestic product. The integration of regional land markets has brought about significant efficiency improvements. This study provides insights into sustainable economic growth in future China and the regional development strategy of other developing countries.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139197797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazi Maruful Islam, Jans Meyer-Sahling, K. S. Mikkelsen, Taiabur Rahman, Christian Schuster
Is citizen participation in policymaking and implementation desirable? Numerous studies have explored its effects on policy outcomes and citizen attitudes. We, instead, examine its effects on public servants. Citizen participation changes public sector job characteristics and thus potentially job attitudes. Looking at job satisfaction, we argue that citizen participation negatively affects public servants who observe, but do not participate in citizen participation initiatives in their institution's decisions (“Spectators”), yet not public servants who are “Participants.” “Participants” learn to appreciate the benefits of citizen participation while minimizing its cost. Survey data from public servants in one developing country, Bangladesh, provides empirical support.
{"title":"Does citizen participation make public servants more satisfied with their jobs? It depends on whether they are Spectators or Participants","authors":"Kazi Maruful Islam, Jans Meyer-Sahling, K. S. Mikkelsen, Taiabur Rahman, Christian Schuster","doi":"10.1002/pad.2031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2031","url":null,"abstract":"Is citizen participation in policymaking and implementation desirable? Numerous studies have explored its effects on policy outcomes and citizen attitudes. We, instead, examine its effects on public servants. Citizen participation changes public sector job characteristics and thus potentially job attitudes. Looking at job satisfaction, we argue that citizen participation negatively affects public servants who observe, but do not participate in citizen participation initiatives in their institution's decisions (“Spectators”), yet not public servants who are “Participants.” “Participants” learn to appreciate the benefits of citizen participation while minimizing its cost. Survey data from public servants in one developing country, Bangladesh, provides empirical support.","PeriodicalId":39679,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration and Development","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139242630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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