Pub Date : 2020-12-06DOI: 10.1177/1542316620976121
Malin Åkebo, S. Bastian
In 2009, the war between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ended through a military victory for the government. Features of the post-war peace—including persistent militarization, strengthened nationalism, and communal violence—have commonly been attributed to a failed attempt at liberal peacebuilding followed by an authoritarian backlash. In contrast, this study shows how the post-war peace has been shaped by historical processes of state formation aimed at consolidating the Sri Lankan state. The article takes a long-term approach to analysing peace in Sri Lanka through the lens of state formation. The analysis centres on four key aspects: (1) post-war security, (2) state–minority relations, (3) socio-economic aspects, and (4) electoral politics. We conclude that there are currently few signs of any substantial state reform that would accommodate the continuous demand for social justice and minority rights that has spurred violent conflicts in Sri Lanka.
2009年，斯里兰卡政府和泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织(Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam)之间的战争以政府的军事胜利结束。战后和平的特征——包括持续的军事化、加强的民族主义和社区暴力——通常被归因于自由主义和平建设的失败尝试，随后是威权主义的反弹。相比之下，本研究显示了战后和平是如何被旨在巩固斯里兰卡国家的国家形成的历史进程所塑造的。这篇文章从长期的角度，通过国家形成的视角来分析斯里兰卡的和平。分析集中在四个关键方面:(1)战后安全;(2)国家-少数民族关系;(3)社会经济方面;(4)选举政治。我们的结论是，目前几乎没有迹象表明有任何实质性的国家改革，以适应在斯里兰卡引发暴力冲突的对社会正义和少数民族权利的持续需求。
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Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.1177/1542316620974990
Ayham Al Maleh, E. Shah, H. Brinkman, Viktoria von Knobloch
The field of peacebuilding—contrary to the fields of development and humanitarian action— remains to adopt data standards for what constitutes peacebuilding. The challenge relates in part to the absence of agreed-upon definitions of peace itself. Consequently, peacebuilding activities are often fragmented with limited transparency and coordination among activities and actors. Defining peacebuilding exclusively by what peacebuilders do would not capture the full breath of activities and actors that indeed contribute to peacebuilding outcomes—including actors that are not traditionally labelled as peacebuilders. Defining peacebuilding by achieved outcomes would also not be practical, given the dearth of evaluations in peacebuilding.
{"title":"Peacebuilding, Official Development Assistance, and the Sustainable Development Goals: The United Nations Peacebuilding Funding Dashboard","authors":"Ayham Al Maleh, E. Shah, H. Brinkman, Viktoria von Knobloch","doi":"10.1177/1542316620974990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620974990","url":null,"abstract":"The field of peacebuilding—contrary to the fields of development and humanitarian action— remains to adopt data standards for what constitutes peacebuilding. The challenge relates in part to the absence of agreed-upon definitions of peace itself. Consequently, peacebuilding activities are often fragmented with limited transparency and coordination among activities and actors. Defining peacebuilding exclusively by what peacebuilders do would not capture the full breath of activities and actors that indeed contribute to peacebuilding outcomes—including actors that are not traditionally labelled as peacebuilders. Defining peacebuilding by achieved outcomes would also not be practical, given the dearth of evaluations in peacebuilding.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"27 1","pages":"112 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88805562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1542316619880504
Elizabeth McClintock, A. Brachet
Peacebuilding and development are two sides of the same coin yet integrating the two processes remains an ongoing challenge. One tool for achieving such integration is capacity building, which often translates as “training.” However, if we intend to use training to contribute to the goal of integration, it would behoove development and peacebuilding practitioners alike to embrace a more holistic approach to training design. Building on lessons learned by the authors during the design and implementation of diverse development and peacebuilding programming in Central Africa and the Sahel, we analyse three specific “mispractices” encountered in the field. We ask, “Why, as trainers, do we continue to engage approaches that don’t work?” “What practices should we end?” and “What should we be doing instead?” The article concludes with recommendations on how trainers can improve the integration of peacebuilding and development training.
{"title":"Peacebuilding and Development Training: What’s Not Working and What We Should Be Doing Instead","authors":"Elizabeth McClintock, A. Brachet","doi":"10.1177/1542316619880504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316619880504","url":null,"abstract":"Peacebuilding and development are two sides of the same coin yet integrating the two processes remains an ongoing challenge. One tool for achieving such integration is capacity building, which often translates as “training.” However, if we intend to use training to contribute to the goal of integration, it would behoove development and peacebuilding practitioners alike to embrace a more holistic approach to training design. Building on lessons learned by the authors during the design and implementation of diverse development and peacebuilding programming in Central Africa and the Sahel, we analyse three specific “mispractices” encountered in the field. We ask, “Why, as trainers, do we continue to engage approaches that don’t work?” “What practices should we end?” and “What should we be doing instead?” The article concludes with recommendations on how trainers can improve the integration of peacebuilding and development training.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"48 1","pages":"267 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79277116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-23DOI: 10.1177/1542316620972645
Hena Khatun, Jyotirmaya Tripathy
This article advances the literature on development vis-à-vis Naxal violence in India by using the Prime Minister’s Rural Development Fellowship (PMRDF) as a site of developmental meaning making. In the process, it reappraises the idea of the development state, its relation with violence, and its ways of vernacularizing itself through PMRDF. Drawing from the experience of three PMRD Fellows from West Bengal and interrogating existing scholarship on the subject, we argue that development matters in people’s lives and is a bulwark against violence, something which legitimates the development state. We also propose that far from being an arm of the security state as some critiques promote, PMRDF was an interactive space that brought the state and people to conversation and offered development actors who discovered themselves among local people rather than within bureaucracy. What is attempted here is not a broad theory which guides local developmental practices but a grounded approach that can work as a contingent model to understand conflict and development and how they relate to people’s place within the state.
{"title":"Development Against Violence: Prime Minister’s Rural Development Fellowship (PMRDF) in India","authors":"Hena Khatun, Jyotirmaya Tripathy","doi":"10.1177/1542316620972645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620972645","url":null,"abstract":"This article advances the literature on development vis-à-vis Naxal violence in India by using the Prime Minister’s Rural Development Fellowship (PMRDF) as a site of developmental meaning making. In the process, it reappraises the idea of the development state, its relation with violence, and its ways of vernacularizing itself through PMRDF. Drawing from the experience of three PMRD Fellows from West Bengal and interrogating existing scholarship on the subject, we argue that development matters in people’s lives and is a bulwark against violence, something which legitimates the development state. We also propose that far from being an arm of the security state as some critiques promote, PMRDF was an interactive space that brought the state and people to conversation and offered development actors who discovered themselves among local people rather than within bureaucracy. What is attempted here is not a broad theory which guides local developmental practices but a grounded approach that can work as a contingent model to understand conflict and development and how they relate to people’s place within the state.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"2 1","pages":"242 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87864286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-23DOI: 10.1177/1542316620974371
SungYong Lee
This article explores the nature of everyday peace in local communities in Cambodia. Drawing on interviews and observation and focusing on the reconstruction of relationship between community residents and former Khmer Rouge leaders, the analysis demonstrates that everyday peace in these communities is characterised by three features: plurality, subtlety, and connectivity. The findings demonstrate how the nature of social relationships with former harm-doers varies within and between communities; sheds light on the subtle, mundane, and episodic ways in which peace is sustained and manifested; and highlights the connectivity of local agency with broader political contexts that contribute to shaping everyday practices and experiences of peace. In conclusion, this article revisits the fixity and homogeneity of the peace in a society which is assumed by many studies, calls for further exploration of the prepolitical nature of everyday peace, and discusses implications for a recent academic debate over victims’ silence.
{"title":"Understanding Everyday Peace in Cambodia: Plurality, Subtlety, and Connectivity","authors":"SungYong Lee","doi":"10.1177/1542316620974371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620974371","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the nature of everyday peace in local communities in Cambodia. Drawing on interviews and observation and focusing on the reconstruction of relationship between community residents and former Khmer Rouge leaders, the analysis demonstrates that everyday peace in these communities is characterised by three features: plurality, subtlety, and connectivity. The findings demonstrate how the nature of social relationships with former harm-doers varies within and between communities; sheds light on the subtle, mundane, and episodic ways in which peace is sustained and manifested; and highlights the connectivity of local agency with broader political contexts that contribute to shaping everyday practices and experiences of peace. In conclusion, this article revisits the fixity and homogeneity of the peace in a society which is assumed by many studies, calls for further exploration of the prepolitical nature of everyday peace, and discusses implications for a recent academic debate over victims’ silence.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"2010 1","pages":"24 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86280557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.1177/1542316620969660
E. Ikpe
Post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) has come away from a dynamic reading of the role of the state within contemporary reflections on peacebuilding. This article introduces the framework of developmental PCR that draws on the developmental state paradigm to offer a lens for understanding the role of the state and its complex interlinkages with other milieus such as the market in PCR. Developmental PCR is premised on three tenets: interdependence between economic development and security; the importance of state–market interdependencies within industrial development, as reconstruction; and how characterisations of statehood interact with reconstruction. The deployment of developmental PCR in the case study of the Nigerian Civil War illuminates certain realities such as the significance of economic nationalism to security, complex interdependencies across the state and market that underpinned key elements of industrial policy during reconstruction, and the nuances in the characterisation of the Nigerian state as strong on account of military regimes.
{"title":"Developmental Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Postindependence Nigeria: Lessons From Asian Developmental States","authors":"E. Ikpe","doi":"10.1177/1542316620969660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620969660","url":null,"abstract":"Post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) has come away from a dynamic reading of the role of the state within contemporary reflections on peacebuilding. This article introduces the framework of developmental PCR that draws on the developmental state paradigm to offer a lens for understanding the role of the state and its complex interlinkages with other milieus such as the market in PCR. Developmental PCR is premised on three tenets: interdependence between economic development and security; the importance of state–market interdependencies within industrial development, as reconstruction; and how characterisations of statehood interact with reconstruction. The deployment of developmental PCR in the case study of the Nigerian Civil War illuminates certain realities such as the significance of economic nationalism to security, complex interdependencies across the state and market that underpinned key elements of industrial policy during reconstruction, and the nuances in the characterisation of the Nigerian state as strong on account of military regimes.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"5 9 1","pages":"318 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76318375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-05DOI: 10.1177/1542316620969656
Nathaniel Umukoro
The 2019 outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China and its global spread have several negative consequences on human lives. As of August 17, 2020, the Africa Centre for Disease Control (ACDC) recorded 1,120,768 cases of infections with 25,659 deaths in Africa (Africa CDC, 2020). Countries around the world have responded to the pandemic with different public policy measures including total lockdown of cities, border closures, closure of schools, and many others (World Health Organization, 2020).
{"title":"Coronavirus Disease Outbreak and Human Security in Africa","authors":"Nathaniel Umukoro","doi":"10.1177/1542316620969656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620969656","url":null,"abstract":"The 2019 outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China and its global spread have several negative consequences on human lives. As of August 17, 2020, the Africa Centre for Disease Control (ACDC) recorded 1,120,768 cases of infections with 25,659 deaths in Africa (Africa CDC, 2020). Countries around the world have responded to the pandemic with different public policy measures including total lockdown of cities, border closures, closure of schools, and many others (World Health Organization, 2020).","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"23 1","pages":"254 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86538043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-03DOI: 10.1177/1542316620962443
J. C. Gavino, M. D. de Vera, C. Verzosa, Karmela Faustine C. Indoyon, Raizza P. Bello
Delivering social change programmes is often an intricate, long-term process that can become an arena of contestation with its design for soliciting participation. In dynamic contexts such as conflict-affected areas, delivering social change programmes involves diverse actors, issues, and dimensions that make for complex arrangements. Social change programmes, which can be used interchangeably with social programmes, are defined in the article as programmes intended to improve the quality of life of people or to protect vulnerable groups, especially in disadvantaged communities (Diallo, 2007; Valdez & Bamberger, 1994). In achieving the outcomes of social change programmes, traditional approaches in negotiation and conflict management have been promoted and practised across sectors, drawing from various disciplines such as game theory, behavioural decision research, social psychology, and communications. However, in the pursuit of general application, these approaches have become vulnerable to the oversimplification of social contexts, which may miss critical nuances that could make negotiation and conflict management approaches more robust and flexible in more dynamic contexts.
{"title":"Stakeholder Analysis and Identification for Social Change Programmes in Conflict Settings","authors":"J. C. Gavino, M. D. de Vera, C. Verzosa, Karmela Faustine C. Indoyon, Raizza P. Bello","doi":"10.1177/1542316620962443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620962443","url":null,"abstract":"Delivering social change programmes is often an intricate, long-term process that can become an arena of contestation with its design for soliciting participation. In dynamic contexts such as conflict-affected areas, delivering social change programmes involves diverse actors, issues, and dimensions that make for complex arrangements. Social change programmes, which can be used interchangeably with social programmes, are defined in the article as programmes intended to improve the quality of life of people or to protect vulnerable groups, especially in disadvantaged communities (Diallo, 2007; Valdez & Bamberger, 1994). In achieving the outcomes of social change programmes, traditional approaches in negotiation and conflict management have been promoted and practised across sectors, drawing from various disciplines such as game theory, behavioural decision research, social psychology, and communications. However, in the pursuit of general application, these approaches have become vulnerable to the oversimplification of social contexts, which may miss critical nuances that could make negotiation and conflict management approaches more robust and flexible in more dynamic contexts.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"20 1","pages":"259 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74395885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.1177/1542316620966256
P. Grunewald, M. Hedges
The purpose of this article is to offer scholars and practitioners a more coherent and holistic starting point for asking questions about information and communication technologies for peacebuilding than has been available so far. A transdisciplinary proposal is made that applies critical pedagogy of peace education to the way that digital media can be used to build peace in communities and societies. This argument is further underpinned by insights from cognitive science and social psychology. The concept of sociotechnical consciousness is developed, which describes what it is like to be experiencing a sociotechnical system. We conclude that, to deploy digital media as part of peacebuilding initiatives, the media’s impact on individuals and groups deserve as much consideration as the content that is delivered via these media. This has important implications for how to design and use media in peacebuilding contexts.
{"title":"An Integrative Approach to Building Peace Using Digital Media","authors":"P. Grunewald, M. Hedges","doi":"10.1177/1542316620966256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620966256","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to offer scholars and practitioners a more coherent and holistic starting point for asking questions about information and communication technologies for peacebuilding than has been available so far. A transdisciplinary proposal is made that applies critical pedagogy of peace education to the way that digital media can be used to build peace in communities and societies. This argument is further underpinned by insights from cognitive science and social psychology. The concept of sociotechnical consciousness is developed, which describes what it is like to be experiencing a sociotechnical system. We conclude that, to deploy digital media as part of peacebuilding initiatives, the media’s impact on individuals and groups deserve as much consideration as the content that is delivered via these media. This has important implications for how to design and use media in peacebuilding contexts.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"54 1","pages":"179 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80411875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.1177/1542316620959289
Anna K Jarstad
Power sharing where former enemies form joint governments are common stipulations in peace agreements. However, such governments often mean political deadlock and about half break down into a return to civil war (Jarstad & Nilsson, 2008). South Africa is a case where power sharing involving parties representing both Blacks and Whites eased the transition from apartheid to democracy, and its success has often been referred to as a “miracle” (Sparks, 2003, p. vii). Yet, a quarter century after the end of apartheid, it is clear that a major issue that was not resolved during the peace negotiations—the land issue—still shapes the character of the peace. Thus, the case of South Africa highlights the crucial but often overlooked role of land issues in peace building.
在和平协议中，由昔日的敌人组成联合政府的权力分享是常见的规定。然而，这样的政府往往意味着政治僵局，大约一半的政府会重新陷入内战(Jarstad & Nilsson, 2008)。南非就是一个例子，代表黑人和白人的政党分享权力，使其从种族隔离过渡到民主，它的成功经常被称为“奇迹”(Sparks, 2003, p. vii)。然而，在种族隔离结束四分之一个世纪之后，很明显，在和平谈判期间没有解决的一个主要问题——土地问题——仍然塑造着和平的特征。因此，南非的情况突出了土地问题在和平建设中至关重要但往往被忽视的作用。
{"title":"Peace, Development, and the Unresolved Land Issue in South Africa","authors":"Anna K Jarstad","doi":"10.1177/1542316620959289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316620959289","url":null,"abstract":"Power sharing where former enemies form joint governments are common stipulations in peace agreements. However, such governments often mean political deadlock and about half break down into a return to civil war (Jarstad & Nilsson, 2008). South Africa is a case where power sharing involving parties representing both Blacks and Whites eased the transition from apartheid to democracy, and its success has often been referred to as a “miracle” (Sparks, 2003, p. vii). Yet, a quarter century after the end of apartheid, it is clear that a major issue that was not resolved during the peace negotiations—the land issue—still shapes the character of the peace. Thus, the case of South Africa highlights the crucial but often overlooked role of land issues in peace building.","PeriodicalId":39765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peacebuilding and Development","volume":"30 1","pages":"107 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85866499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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