Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217030
S. Lioy, C. Bergamino, M. Porporato
The Asian yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina is an invasive alien species introduced and widespread in several countries of Europe and Asia. Its diffusion generates relevant environmental and socio-economic impacts. Environmental impacts include threats to the native insect biodiversity and the pollination ecosystem services. Socio-economic impacts include threats to the apiculture sector, economic consequences for the adoption of management strategies, social concern and health issues. Different options were developed and adopted for (i) preventing the introduction of V. velutina , (ii) early detecting its presence, (iii) eradicating populations at the initial stage of invasion or (iv) controlling populations for limiting and mitigating its impacts. The aim of this review was to provide an updated overview about the distribution, impacts and options for managing V. velutina populations, through a literature review of the published academic documents. Moreover, this study highlights that some topics received little attention (impacts of V. velutina on the biodiversity, on the pollination ecosystem services, on the economy) or require further research efforts (effective control methods for V. velutina ); therefore, future research should be directed towards filling these gaps of knowledge.
{"title":"The invasive hornet\u0000 Vespa velutina\u0000 : distribution, impacts and management options","authors":"S. Lioy, C. Bergamino, M. Porporato","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The Asian yellow-legged hornet\u0000 Vespa velutina\u0000 is an invasive alien species introduced and widespread in several countries of Europe and Asia. Its diffusion generates relevant environmental and socio-economic impacts. Environmental impacts include threats to the native insect biodiversity and the pollination ecosystem services. Socio-economic impacts include threats to the apiculture sector, economic consequences for the adoption of management strategies, social concern and health issues. Different options were developed and adopted for (i) preventing the introduction of\u0000 V. velutina\u0000 , (ii) early detecting its presence, (iii) eradicating populations at the initial stage of invasion or (iv) controlling populations for limiting and mitigating its impacts. The aim of this review was to provide an updated overview about the distribution, impacts and options for managing\u0000 V. velutina\u0000 populations, through a literature review of the published academic documents. Moreover, this study highlights that some topics received little attention (impacts of\u0000 V. velutina\u0000 on the biodiversity, on the pollination ecosystem services, on the economy) or require further research efforts (effective control methods for\u0000 V. velutina\u0000 ); therefore, future research should be directed towards filling these gaps of knowledge.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"371 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132913295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217037
D. Lai, H. Le, B. T. Nga, D. Do
The objective of this article is to review and evaluate the epidemiological transition of African swine fever (ASF) from a typical epidemic to an endemic situation in Vietnam, and thereby propose appropriate solutions for disease prevention and re-herding for countries with similar situations. In the first year of its introduction, ASF has had a great impact on Vietnam’s pig industry, with the total number of households, the number of pig heads, and pork production decreasing sharply along with a marked change in structure and model. However, the Vietnamese pig herd has experienced rapid recovery and growth in the following two years, and ASF outbreaks have occurred much less frequently. The spread of ASFV in infected farms in Vietnam is reported to be very rapid, which is due to the very special epidemiological characteristics of ASF in pigs raised in Vietnam. Although vaccine ASF-G-Δl177L was commercialized in the endemic ASF context of Vietnam, changing the mindset of livestock production towards safer and more sustainable with strict implementation of biosecurity measures with a new approach is an effective key to disease control and prevention.
本文的目的是回顾和评估非洲猪瘟(ASF)在越南从典型疫情到地方性疫情的流行病学转变，从而为具有类似情况的国家提出适当的疾病预防和再放牧解决方案。在非洲猪瘟传入的第一年，它对越南养猪业产生了很大的影响，家庭总数、猪头数量和猪肉产量急剧下降，结构和模式发生了明显变化。然而，在接下来的两年中，越南猪群经历了快速恢复和增长，非洲猪瘟暴发的频率大大降低。据报道，在越南受感染的猪场中，非洲猪瘟的传播非常迅速，这是由于越南饲养的猪中非洲猪瘟具有非常特殊的流行病学特征。虽然疫苗ASF- g -Δl177L在越南非洲猪瘟流行的背景下实现了商业化，但通过严格实施生物安全措施，以一种新的方法改变畜牧业生产的观念，使其更安全、更可持续，是控制和预防疾病的有效关键。
{"title":"Facing the challenges of endemic African Swine Fever in Vietnam","authors":"D. Lai, H. Le, B. T. Nga, D. Do","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of this article is to review and evaluate the epidemiological transition of African swine fever (ASF) from a typical epidemic to an endemic situation in Vietnam, and thereby propose appropriate solutions for disease prevention and re-herding for countries with similar situations. In the first year of its introduction, ASF has had a great impact on Vietnam’s pig industry, with the total number of households, the number of pig heads, and pork production decreasing sharply along with a marked change in structure and model. However, the Vietnamese pig herd has experienced rapid recovery and growth in the following two years, and ASF outbreaks have occurred much less frequently. The spread of ASFV in infected farms in Vietnam is reported to be very rapid, which is due to the very special epidemiological characteristics of ASF in pigs raised in Vietnam. Although vaccine ASF-G-Δl177L was commercialized in the endemic ASF context of Vietnam, changing the mindset of livestock production towards safer and more sustainable with strict implementation of biosecurity measures with a new approach is an effective key to disease control and prevention.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114153316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217026
B. Wagner, A. Garcia, M. Calvo-Lorenzo, M. Pairis-Garcia
Spanish-speaking caretakers currently serve, and will continue to function, in roles essential for the sustainability and long-term success of United States (U.S.) animal production industries. Specifically, Latinx individuals have stepped up to fill labor shortages in the U.S. dairy industry and an estimated 62% of the U.S. milk supply comes from farms that employ foreign-born labor. Multilingual working environments presents unique challenges and considerations for caretaker well-being and farm success. Farm infrastructure must work toward ensuring the health and safety of a diverse, multicultural, and multilingual workforce. This overview outlines the current role of Spanish-speaking individuals working in the U.S. dairy industry, identifies current challenges that must be thoughtfully addressed as the agricultural workforce continues to diversify, and highlights opportunities for improvement specific to this subpopulation.
{"title":"Spanish-speaking individuals within the U.S. dairy industry: Challenges and opportunities","authors":"B. Wagner, A. Garcia, M. Calvo-Lorenzo, M. Pairis-Garcia","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spanish-speaking caretakers currently serve, and will continue to function, in roles essential for the sustainability and long-term success of United States (U.S.) animal production industries. Specifically, Latinx individuals have stepped up to fill labor shortages in the U.S. dairy industry and an estimated 62% of the U.S. milk supply comes from farms that employ foreign-born labor. Multilingual working environments presents unique challenges and considerations for caretaker well-being and farm success. Farm infrastructure must work toward ensuring the health and safety of a diverse, multicultural, and multilingual workforce. This overview outlines the current role of Spanish-speaking individuals working in the U.S. dairy industry, identifies current challenges that must be thoughtfully addressed as the agricultural workforce continues to diversify, and highlights opportunities for improvement specific to this subpopulation.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"341 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125773002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217025
M. Popova, I. Fakih, E. Forano, A. Siegel, R. Muñoz-Tamayo, D. Morgavi
The rumen harbours countless bacteria, archaea, ciliated protozoa, fungi and viruses: various microorganisms that have established multiplicity of relationships to efficiently digest complex plant fibres and polysaccharides to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), microbial proteins and vitamins, essentials for the host’s health, growth and performances. Recent studies using omics-based techniques have revealed that changes in rumen microbiota are associated with changes in ruminants’ production and health parameters such as feed efficiency, methane yield, milk composition and ruminal acidity. However, traditionally, rumen microbes were unveiled using anaerobic culture-based techniques, which are at the origin of most of the basic concepts and understanding of the rumen functioning. Isolating and culturing microbes is frequently more difficult and time-consuming and requires more training than molecular techniques, which explains why culture seems to be abandoned in favour of sequencing. Microbial cultures enable the study of substrate preferences and product output, essential growth requirements, biocide production and susceptibilities; obtaining a pure culture also enables genome sequencing of these strains. We propose here, after a brief report of published rumen isolates, a comprehensive review of current advances in molecular methods to identify novel rumen microbes and discuss how culturing and mathematics could enhance our understanding of rumen microbiology.
{"title":"Rumen microbial genomics: from cells to genes (and back to cells)","authors":"M. Popova, I. Fakih, E. Forano, A. Siegel, R. Muñoz-Tamayo, D. Morgavi","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rumen harbours countless bacteria, archaea, ciliated protozoa, fungi and viruses: various microorganisms that have established multiplicity of relationships to efficiently digest complex plant fibres and polysaccharides to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), microbial proteins and vitamins, essentials for the host’s health, growth and performances. Recent studies using omics-based techniques have revealed that changes in rumen microbiota are associated with changes in ruminants’ production and health parameters such as feed efficiency, methane yield, milk composition and ruminal acidity. However, traditionally, rumen microbes were unveiled using anaerobic culture-based techniques, which are at the origin of most of the basic concepts and understanding of the rumen functioning. Isolating and culturing microbes is frequently more difficult and time-consuming and requires more training than molecular techniques, which explains why culture seems to be abandoned in favour of sequencing. Microbial cultures enable the study of substrate preferences and product output, essential growth requirements, biocide production and susceptibilities; obtaining a pure culture also enables genome sequencing of these strains. We propose here, after a brief report of published rumen isolates, a comprehensive review of current advances in molecular methods to identify novel rumen microbes and discuss how culturing and mathematics could enhance our understanding of rumen microbiology.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128843093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217027
Diego Garzón Freire, R. Fernández-Gómez, Andrés Reyes-Salinas, Gabriela Miño Castro, C. Dorca-Fornell, K. Proaño
Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms, systems, and processes for the benefit of society, the environment, and industry. Due to the expansion of the area of biotechnology in the last years, a code of colors or rainbow has been developed to organize the wide range of scientific applications. The three most important areas of biotechnology are green, involved in the agricultural sector; red, involved in life and health science processes; and blue, which is biotechnology related to applications in marine and aquatic environments. This work aims to study the track of biotechnology production in Ecuador over a 15-year period. To that goal, a systematic and exhaustive procedure was used to obtain, classify, and analyze a dataset and information related to the biotechnology scientific production to draw the state-of-art biotechnology in Ecuador. Our results set Ecuador as the main green and red biotechnology producer among the countries belonging to the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). This study highlights the increasing tendency in green and red biotechnology production, which ensures an increasing economic impact within the country. Furthermore, it shows how this activity has developed research network collaboration among Ecuadorian universities, research and development centers, and overseas institutions in countries such as Spain and the United States. This unique work outlines the general biotech production in Ecuador over 15 years, in both private and public centers, and promotes the importance of funding and investment in the area.
{"title":"The colors of biotechnology in Ecuador: A general overview","authors":"Diego Garzón Freire, R. Fernández-Gómez, Andrés Reyes-Salinas, Gabriela Miño Castro, C. Dorca-Fornell, K. Proaño","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms, systems, and processes for the benefit of society, the environment, and industry. Due to the expansion of the area of biotechnology in the last years, a code of colors or rainbow has been developed to organize the wide range of scientific applications. The three most important areas of biotechnology are green, involved in the agricultural sector; red, involved in life and health science processes; and blue, which is biotechnology related to applications in marine and aquatic environments. This work aims to study the track of biotechnology production in Ecuador over a 15-year period. To that goal, a systematic and exhaustive procedure was used to obtain, classify, and analyze a dataset and information related to the biotechnology scientific production to draw the state-of-art biotechnology in Ecuador. Our results set Ecuador as the main green and red biotechnology producer among the countries belonging to the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). This study highlights the increasing tendency in green and red biotechnology production, which ensures an increasing economic impact within the country. Furthermore, it shows how this activity has developed research network collaboration among Ecuadorian universities, research and development centers, and overseas institutions in countries such as Spain and the United States. This unique work outlines the general biotech production in Ecuador over 15 years, in both private and public centers, and promotes the importance of funding and investment in the area.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124690113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217039
Anil K. Verma, Sayanti Mandal, Yeliz Serin, Merna H. Ali, A. Tiwari, E. Lionetti, C. Catassi
Modern wheat is a worldwide staple food. Gluten is an immune-dominant component of wheat. Consumption of wheat, in enetically predisposed individuals, triggers immunological reactions causing gluten-related disorders (GRDs) including celiac disease (CD). A gluten-free diet currently is the sole effective treatment option for GRDs and CD. A low-immunogenic wheat variety can be beneficial for such individuals. In recent years, various biotechnology-based approaches have been applied to develop a hypoimmunogenic wheat variety. Such safe wheat options have been developed using genetically modified organisms (GMO) technologies. However, due to specific limitations, such varieties have not been accepted for domestic consumption. Recent studies suggest that genome editing (GE) techniques such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) modified non-transgenic wheat variety could be a safer option for GRDs and CD. This review article discusses how CRISPR/Cas 9 gene-editing system is being applied for the development of a celiac-safe wheat variety. We found that CRISPR/cas9 edited-wheat could be safe for general use. However, CRISPR/Cas9 edited wheat varieties are under development and so far, not approved for cultivation in multiple countries. Considering the regulations for GMO and GE crops, the possibilities of their implementation must be explored in the coming time. Further, CRISPR/Cas9 edited wheat variety may reduce the burden of gluten-cross contamination and could be helpful in the management of CD and GRDs. However, further efforts are needed to bring such wheat varieties into domestic consumption and additional studies are needed to verify the effect of low-immunogenic wheat on the gluten-cross contamination issue.
{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9 as a promising genome-editing technology for generating low-immunogenic wheat variety: recent legislation and global implementation of genetically engineered crops","authors":"Anil K. Verma, Sayanti Mandal, Yeliz Serin, Merna H. Ali, A. Tiwari, E. Lionetti, C. Catassi","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Modern wheat is a worldwide staple food. Gluten is an immune-dominant component of wheat. Consumption of wheat, in enetically predisposed individuals, triggers immunological reactions causing gluten-related disorders (GRDs) including celiac disease (CD). A gluten-free diet currently is the sole effective treatment option for GRDs and CD. A low-immunogenic wheat variety can be beneficial for such individuals. In recent years, various biotechnology-based approaches have been applied to develop a hypoimmunogenic wheat variety. Such safe wheat options have been developed using genetically modified organisms (GMO) technologies. However, due to specific limitations, such varieties have not been accepted for domestic consumption. Recent studies suggest that genome editing (GE) techniques such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) modified non-transgenic wheat variety could be a safer option for GRDs and CD. This review article discusses how CRISPR/Cas 9 gene-editing system is being applied for the development of a celiac-safe wheat variety. We found that CRISPR/cas9 edited-wheat could be safe for general use. However, CRISPR/Cas9 edited wheat varieties are under development and so far, not approved for cultivation in multiple countries. Considering the regulations for GMO and GE crops, the possibilities of their implementation must be explored in the coming time. Further, CRISPR/Cas9 edited wheat variety may reduce the burden of gluten-cross contamination and could be helpful in the management of CD and GRDs. However, further efforts are needed to bring such wheat varieties into domestic consumption and additional studies are needed to verify the effect of low-immunogenic wheat on the gluten-cross contamination issue.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130779966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217013
W. A. Abd El-Ghany
Zinc (Zn) is a unique micro-mineral because it is an essential component in many enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, carbonic anhydrase, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as being important for regulation of proteins and lipids metabolism, and sex hormones. This mineral is applied in poultry production in three forms; inorganic, organic, and nanoparticle form. The nano-form of Zn is preferable in application to other conventional forms with regard to absorption, bioavailability, and efficacy. Broilers fed on diets supplemented with Zn showed improvement of growth performance, carcass meat yield, and meat quality. In addition, Zn plays an important role in enhancing of both cellular and humeral immune responses, beside its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In laying hens, dietary addition of Zn improves the eggshell quality and the quantity of eggs. Moreover, Zn has a vital role in breeders in terms of improving the egg production, fertility, hatchability, embryonic development, and availability of the hatched chicks. Therefore, this review article is focused on the effects of using Zn on the performance and immunity of poultry, as well as its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with special reference to the hazardous effects of the misusing of this mineral.
{"title":"A perspective review on the effect of different forms of zinc on poultry production of poultry with special reference to the hazardous effects of misuse","authors":"W. A. Abd El-Ghany","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Zinc (Zn) is a unique micro-mineral because it is an essential component in many enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, carbonic anhydrase, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as being important for regulation of proteins and lipids metabolism, and sex hormones. This mineral is applied in poultry production in three forms; inorganic, organic, and nanoparticle form. The nano-form of Zn is preferable in application to other conventional forms with regard to absorption, bioavailability, and efficacy. Broilers fed on diets supplemented with Zn showed improvement of growth performance, carcass meat yield, and meat quality. In addition, Zn plays an important role in enhancing of both cellular and humeral immune responses, beside its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In laying hens, dietary addition of Zn improves the eggshell quality and the quantity of eggs. Moreover, Zn has a vital role in breeders in terms of improving the egg production, fertility, hatchability, embryonic development, and availability of the hatched chicks. Therefore, this review article is focused on the effects of using Zn on the performance and immunity of poultry, as well as its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with special reference to the hazardous effects of the misusing of this mineral.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120941470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217019
Janko Skok
In order to survive, ungulate young obtain their mother’s colostrum and milk through a variety of suckling strategies. Here, these strategies and the factors that influence them are reviewed and interpreted primarily from the perspective of the young. Suckling strategies are determined by a variety of factors, some of which play a role even before birth. Neonatal suckling behaviour depends first on the type of placenta and the developmental stage of the young at birth. Ungulates have an epitheliochorial placenta in which transplacental transport of immunoglobulins is impeded. Therefore, they are born in a hypo−/agammaglobulinemic state hence, timely intake of sufficient colostrum is a life-or-death situation and an unsuccessful suckling strategy is likely to result in death. Precociality enables the newborn ungulate to actively participate in the suckling process immediately after birth, which is critically important. After the prenatally defined physiological needs are satisfied, young suckling strategy is influenced by other factors. Continuous milk production requires constant use and stimulation of the mammary gland. Brain lateralization has also been found to play a role in suckling behaviour. Finally, competition between siblings or peers in the social group also influences young suckling strategies. Sibling competition particularly affects polytocous ungulates and leads to suckling order, for example. Similarly, interactions within the social group create the conditions for the emergence of specific strategies, including allosuckling, strategy of suckling a non-filial mother. The young suckling strategies in ungulates basically represent an evolutionary intertwining of offspring selfishness and selection that maximises inclusive fitness.
{"title":"Suckling strategies in terrestrial ungulates (Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla) and the factors influencing them: the offspring perspective","authors":"Janko Skok","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In order to survive, ungulate young obtain their mother’s colostrum and milk through a variety of suckling strategies. Here, these strategies and the factors that influence them are reviewed and interpreted primarily from the perspective of the young. Suckling strategies are determined by a variety of factors, some of which play a role even before birth. Neonatal suckling behaviour depends first on the type of placenta and the developmental stage of the young at birth. Ungulates have an epitheliochorial placenta in which transplacental transport of immunoglobulins is impeded. Therefore, they are born in a hypo−/agammaglobulinemic state hence, timely intake of sufficient colostrum is a life-or-death situation and an unsuccessful suckling strategy is likely to result in death. Precociality enables the newborn ungulate to actively participate in the suckling process immediately after birth, which is critically important. After the prenatally defined physiological needs are satisfied, young suckling strategy is influenced by other factors. Continuous milk production requires constant use and stimulation of the mammary gland. Brain lateralization has also been found to play a role in suckling behaviour. Finally, competition between siblings or peers in the social group also influences young suckling strategies. Sibling competition particularly affects polytocous ungulates and leads to suckling order, for example. Similarly, interactions within the social group create the conditions for the emergence of specific strategies, including allosuckling, strategy of suckling a non-filial mother. The young suckling strategies in ungulates basically represent an evolutionary intertwining of offspring selfishness and selection that maximises inclusive fitness.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128374099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217014
J. Hobbs
This paper reviews the emerging literature on food systems and food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four themes are explored: consumer demand and retail market effects; supply-side shocks; food system and supply chain resilience; and developing countries and food insecurity. The effect of demand-side shocks is explored, including the sudden shift in expenditures from food service to food retail. Longer-run structural changes in the food retailing landscape include the expansion of online food delivery. The effect of supply-side shocks is examined extensively in the literature, including short-run adaptations as supply chains pivoted from the food service sector to food retail, along with supply-side disruptions due to labour force outbreaks of COVID-19. Resilience is a common theme in the literature, at both food system and food supply chain levels. While a variety of perspectives are offered, most assessments point to a surprising degree of resilience and adaptability, while identifying the points of vulnerability. The pandemic increased food insecurity through the effect on household incomes from reduced labour mobility, lockdowns, and a contraction in economic activity. These effects were particularly prominent among vulnerable populations in developing countries. Significant attention has been paid to the short- and medium-run effects of the pandemic on food systems, with further research needed to understand any longer-term structural changes that may arise. The COVID-19 pandemic offers lessons for the robustness of food systems and the importance of timely, well-informed policy responses in preparation for future global shocks.
{"title":"Food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic: vulnerabilities, adaptations, and resilience","authors":"J. Hobbs","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reviews the emerging literature on food systems and food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four themes are explored: consumer demand and retail market effects; supply-side shocks; food system and supply chain resilience; and developing countries and food insecurity. The effect of demand-side shocks is explored, including the sudden shift in expenditures from food service to food retail. Longer-run structural changes in the food retailing landscape include the expansion of online food delivery. The effect of supply-side shocks is examined extensively in the literature, including short-run adaptations as supply chains pivoted from the food service sector to food retail, along with supply-side disruptions due to labour force outbreaks of COVID-19. Resilience is a common theme in the literature, at both food system and food supply chain levels. While a variety of perspectives are offered, most assessments point to a surprising degree of resilience and adaptability, while identifying the points of vulnerability. The pandemic increased food insecurity through the effect on household incomes from reduced labour mobility, lockdowns, and a contraction in economic activity. These effects were particularly prominent among vulnerable populations in developing countries. Significant attention has been paid to the short- and medium-run effects of the pandemic on food systems, with further research needed to understand any longer-term structural changes that may arise. The COVID-19 pandemic offers lessons for the robustness of food systems and the importance of timely, well-informed policy responses in preparation for future global shocks.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133836426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217010
Bhramar Dey, A. Notenbaert, H. Makkar, S. Mwendia, Y. Sahlu, M. Peters
The livestock sector in Ethiopia is characterized by low productivity due to inadequate supply of affordable high-quality animal feed year-round, with more acute gaps in the drought-prone regions of the country. This paper presents the economic benefits and insights into the role of cultivated forages, such as densification into pellets, in bridging gaps in feed supply. Nutrient requirement calculations for feedlot and dairy animals and meeting those requirements using cultivated forage-based diets are presented. However, forage crops need a viable forage seed supply system to assure access to quality assured seeds. This study thus explores the role of forage seed systems and presents intervention areas for Ethiopia. Results suggest diets containing greater than 85% cultivated forages can sustain daily body weight gain up to 1 kg in growing animals. The costs of nutrients from cultivated forages are up to 15-fold lower than those from conventional feed resources. The diets based on pelleted cultivated forages decrease costs of feeding animals during a 100-day drought period by 4-fold, fattening animals by 2.3-fold, and cost of feed for milk production by 4-fold. Utilization of cultivated forages could reduce methane emissions with abatement value between $165 and $240 USD per 1000 kg of body weight gain in the fattening sector. For the dairy sector, the abatement value would range from $1350 to $2400 USD per million liters of milk production. For the drought period of 120 days, the value of methane reductions would be between $5500 and $11,400 USD per 1000 animals.
{"title":"Realizing economic and environmental gains from cultivated forages and feed reserves in Ethiopia","authors":"Bhramar Dey, A. Notenbaert, H. Makkar, S. Mwendia, Y. Sahlu, M. Peters","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The livestock sector in Ethiopia is characterized by low productivity due to inadequate supply of affordable high-quality animal feed year-round, with more acute gaps in the drought-prone regions of the country. This paper presents the economic benefits and insights into the role of cultivated forages, such as densification into pellets, in bridging gaps in feed supply. Nutrient requirement calculations for feedlot and dairy animals and meeting those requirements using cultivated forage-based diets are presented. However, forage crops need a viable forage seed supply system to assure access to quality assured seeds. This study thus explores the role of forage seed systems and presents intervention areas for Ethiopia.\u0000 Results suggest diets containing greater than 85% cultivated forages can sustain daily body weight gain up to 1 kg in growing animals. The costs of nutrients from cultivated forages are up to 15-fold lower than those from conventional feed resources. The diets based on pelleted cultivated forages decrease costs of feeding animals during a 100-day drought period by 4-fold, fattening animals by 2.3-fold, and cost of feed for milk production by 4-fold. Utilization of cultivated forages could reduce methane emissions with abatement value between $165 and $240 USD per 1000 kg of body weight gain in the fattening sector. For the dairy sector, the abatement value would range from $1350 to $2400 USD per million liters of milk production. For the drought period of 120 days, the value of methane reductions would be between $5500 and $11,400 USD per 1000 animals.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131278463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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