Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have attracted extensive attention due to their unique piezoelectric properties, mild synthesis conditions, and structural flexibility. However, the intrinsic rigidity and poor biodegradability of HOIPs limit their applications in flexible wearable devices. In this work, we integrate HOIPs (TMCM-CdCl3) (TMCM, trimethylchloromethyl ammonium; Cd, Cadmium; Cl, chloride) with biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) to fabricate flexible composite films that simultaneously maintain excellent piezoelectric properties, provide the mechanical flexibility needed for wearable devices, and overcome the environmental limitations of conventional non-degradable polymers. The composite film exhibits optimal properties, achieving a short-circuit current (ISC) of 1.74 μA, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 4.35 V, and a peak power density of 1.47 × 10−6 W/cm2 under a 5 N force. Furthermore, the composite film exhibits robust mechanical flexibility and cyclic stability, maintaining stability over 10,000 bending cycles, which positions it as a promising candidate for flexible wearable devices with broad application prospects.
{"title":"Biodegradable TMCM-CdCl3/polylactic acid composites for piezoelectric energy harvesting","authors":"Meng Guo, Guan-Zhi Wang, Yunchao Miao, Hai-Run Yang, Chen Zhao, Zhi-Gang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have attracted extensive attention due to their unique piezoelectric properties, mild synthesis conditions, and structural flexibility. However, the intrinsic rigidity and poor biodegradability of HOIPs limit their applications in flexible wearable devices. In this work, we integrate HOIPs (TMCM-CdCl<sub>3</sub>) (TMCM, trimethylchloromethyl ammonium; Cd, Cadmium; Cl, chloride) with biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) to fabricate flexible composite films that simultaneously maintain excellent piezoelectric properties, provide the mechanical flexibility needed for wearable devices, and overcome the environmental limitations of conventional non-degradable polymers. The composite film exhibits optimal properties, achieving a short-circuit current (<em>I</em><sub>SC</sub>) of 1.74 μA, an open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em><sub>OC</sub>) of 4.35 V, and a peak power density of 1.47 × 10<sup>−6</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup> under a 5 N force. Furthermore, the composite film exhibits robust mechanical flexibility and cyclic stability, maintaining stability over 10,000 bending cycles, which positions it as a promising candidate for flexible wearable devices with broad application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 107331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107332
Walid Boukhili , Kunfang Chen , Xiang Wan , Chee Leong Tan , Huabin Sun , Zhihao Yu , Swelm Wageh , Yong Xu , Dongyoon Khim
Exploring suitable injection layer architectures, whether simple or hybrid organic–inorganic bilayers, that ensure efficient charge injection, favorable interfacial properties, and low-cost fabrication is of great technological significance for advancing inorganic and organic electronic devices. In this study, a series of tetracene-based organic thin-film transistors (tetracene-OTFTs) were fabricated, characterized, and systematically investigated, including reference devices with bare Au source/drain (S/D) electrodes and devices incorporating injection layers such as MoO3, pentacene (P5), and a hybrid P5/MoO3 bilayer beneath the Au S/D electrodes. Among all configurations, devices employing the P5/MoO3 injection bilayer demonstrated the highest performance, achieving a hole mobility of 2.5 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, a reduced threshold voltage of −0.65 V, near-zero onset voltage, a high on/off current ratio of 5.6 × 104, a low contact resistance of 1.2 × 103 kΩ, and reduced trap densities. The enhanced electrical performance of devices with the hybrid P5/MoO3 injection bilayer is attributed to its synergistic function: MoO3 enables favorable energy level alignment for efficient hole injection, while the ultrathin P5 layer acts as a diffusion barrier and forms a coherent organic/organic interface that enhances morphological compatibility with the tetracene active layer. These findings highlight the significant potential of hybrid injection bilayer architectures to simultaneously optimize charge injection, interfacial energetics, and device performance, thereby paving the way toward next-generation high-performance hybrid electronic devices.
{"title":"Organic–inorganic hybrid injection layers for efficient charge injection in organic transistors","authors":"Walid Boukhili , Kunfang Chen , Xiang Wan , Chee Leong Tan , Huabin Sun , Zhihao Yu , Swelm Wageh , Yong Xu , Dongyoon Khim","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring suitable injection layer architectures, whether simple or hybrid organic–inorganic bilayers, that ensure efficient charge injection, favorable interfacial properties, and low-cost fabrication is of great technological significance for advancing inorganic and organic electronic devices. In this study, a series of tetracene-based organic thin-film transistors (tetracene-OTFTs) were fabricated, characterized, and systematically investigated, including reference devices with bare Au source/drain (S/D) electrodes and devices incorporating injection layers such as MoO<sub>3</sub>, pentacene (P5), and a hybrid P5/MoO<sub>3</sub> bilayer beneath the Au S/D electrodes. Among all configurations, devices employing the P5/MoO<sub>3</sub> injection bilayer demonstrated the highest performance, achieving a hole mobility of 2.5 × 10<sup>−2</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, a reduced threshold voltage of −0.65 V, near-zero onset voltage, a high on/off current ratio of 5.6 × 10<sup>4</sup>, a low contact resistance of 1.2 × 10<sup>3</sup> kΩ, and reduced trap densities. The enhanced electrical performance of devices with the hybrid P5/MoO<sub>3</sub> injection bilayer is attributed to its synergistic function: MoO<sub>3</sub> enables favorable energy level alignment for efficient hole injection, while the ultrathin P5 layer acts as a diffusion barrier and forms a coherent organic/organic interface that enhances morphological compatibility with the tetracene active layer. These findings highlight the significant potential of hybrid injection bilayer architectures to simultaneously optimize charge injection, interfacial energetics, and device performance, thereby paving the way toward next-generation high-performance hybrid electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 107332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107329
Zhoujian Fan , Kuibao Yu , Hailong Hu
Quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs) exhibit unique advantages for high-resolution display applications. However, as pixel size decreases, challenges including insufficient hole injection and leakage current become increasingly pronounced, resulting in significant degradation in device performance. Herein, dual hole injection layers are constructed by self-assembly of an organic small molecular layer on conventional PEDOT:PSS to smooth the potential barrier, thus achieving more balanced carrier injection. An ultrafine inter-pixel isolation structure is designed as a charge blocking layer surrounding the photolithograpic pixels, with the purpose of effectively mitigating leakage current in the non-emitting region. The high-resolution devices show a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 19.6 % and a peak power efficiency (PE) of 20.63 lm/W, both of which significantly exceed the performance of the control device (EQE = 14.6 %, PE = 10.54 lm/W).
量子点发光器件（qled）在高分辨率显示应用中具有独特的优势。然而，随着像素尺寸的减小，包括孔注入不足和漏电流在内的挑战变得越来越明显，导致器件性能显著下降。本文通过在传统的PEDOT:PSS上自组装有机小分子层来构建双孔注入层，以平滑势垒，从而实现更平衡的载流子注入。设计了一种超细像素间隔离结构，作为光刻像素周围的电荷阻挡层，目的是有效地减轻非发射区域的泄漏电流。高分辨率器件的外量子效率（EQE）为19.6%，峰值功率效率（PE）为20.63 lm/W，均显著高于控制器件（EQE = 14.6%, PE = 10.54 lm/W）。
{"title":"High-efficiency quantum dot light-emitting devices with dual hole injection layers","authors":"Zhoujian Fan , Kuibao Yu , Hailong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs) exhibit unique advantages for high-resolution display applications. However, as pixel size decreases, challenges including insufficient hole injection and leakage current become increasingly pronounced, resulting in significant degradation in device performance. Herein, dual hole injection layers are constructed by self-assembly of an organic small molecular layer on conventional PEDOT:PSS to smooth the potential barrier, thus achieving more balanced carrier injection. An ultrafine inter-pixel isolation structure is designed as a charge blocking layer surrounding the photolithograpic pixels, with the purpose of effectively mitigating leakage current in the non-emitting region. The high-resolution devices show a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 19.6 % and a peak power efficiency (PE) of 20.63 lm/W, both of which significantly exceed the performance of the control device (EQE = 14.6 %, PE = 10.54 lm/W).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107328
Pengkun Xia , Nouman Ahmad , Chao Tang , Zhaolin Na , Xiaohui Gao , Shengxiang Huang , Lianwen Deng
Developing luminescent materials with tunable and reversible fluorescence remains challenging, as it requires stable, responsive, and versatile systems capable of switching emission states under precise stimuli. Herein, we prepared carbon quantum dots (CDs) by using 2-aniline-3-methyl-6-(dibutylamine) fluoroalkane as raw material. The optical characterization showed the parent CDs presented a cyan fluorescence resulted from the surface oxidative functional groups dominating the low-energy transitions. Interestingly, stimulated by various acids, this fluorescence phenomenon can be changed into yellow, no matter in aqueous solution or solid state. It can be explained by the fact that H+ reduces oxidized surface groups such as nitro to amino groups, creating new emissive traps. Based on this, a reversible dual-switch mode luminescent ink was demonstrated for advanced anti-counterfeiting and dual encryption.
{"title":"H+-triggered solid-state fluorescence of carbon dots for dual anti-counterfeiting","authors":"Pengkun Xia , Nouman Ahmad , Chao Tang , Zhaolin Na , Xiaohui Gao , Shengxiang Huang , Lianwen Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing luminescent materials with tunable and reversible fluorescence remains challenging, as it requires stable, responsive, and versatile systems capable of switching emission states under precise stimuli. Herein, we prepared carbon quantum dots (CDs) by using 2-aniline-3-methyl-6-(dibutylamine) fluoroalkane as raw material. The optical characterization showed the parent CDs presented a cyan fluorescence resulted from the surface oxidative functional groups dominating the low-energy transitions. Interestingly, stimulated by various acids, this fluorescence phenomenon can be changed into yellow, no matter in aqueous solution or solid state. It can be explained by the fact that H<sup>+</sup> reduces oxidized surface groups such as nitro to amino groups, creating new emissive traps. Based on this, a reversible dual-switch mode luminescent ink was demonstrated for advanced anti-counterfeiting and dual encryption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107327
Mengmeng Zhang , Yafei Xie , Qianqian Gu , Xiaolin Hu , Jintao Wang , Liping Yang , Ren Sheng , Ping Chen
Realizing highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with low efficiency roll-off through exciplex systems remains challenging due to mismatched transport property between donor and acceptor. Herein, a novel exciplex co-host system constructed by 1,1-Bis[(di-4-tolylamino) phenyl] cyclohexane (TAPC) and 2,4-diphenyl-6-(9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluoren]-3-yl)-1,3,5-Triazine (SF3-TRZ) is applied to design simplified orange and white OLEDs with high efficiency and low efficiency roll-offs. The result orange phosphorescent OLED is realized by doping orange dopant into exciplex host, demonstrating outstanding characteristics with a maximum current efficiency of 81.3 cd/A and a maximum power efficiency of 84.7 lm/W. By further inserting a blue emitting layer, the white OLED with stable spectra achieves a current efficiency of 62.1 cd/A with an extremely low roll-off, which represents one of the smallest values reported for exciplex co-host white OLEDs. The superior performance of the device is attributed to the balanced carriers transport and the simplified architecture design. The architecture provides a promising solution for developing high-performance OLEDs toward practical solid-state lighting applications.
{"title":"Highly efficient orange and white organic light-emitting diodes with low efficiency roll-off based on a novel exciplex host","authors":"Mengmeng Zhang , Yafei Xie , Qianqian Gu , Xiaolin Hu , Jintao Wang , Liping Yang , Ren Sheng , Ping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Realizing highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with low efficiency roll-off through exciplex systems remains challenging due to mismatched transport property between donor and acceptor. Herein, a novel exciplex co-host system constructed by 1,1-Bis[(di-4-tolylamino) phenyl] cyclohexane (TAPC) and 2,4-diphenyl-6-(9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluoren]-3-yl)-1,3,5-Triazine (SF3-TRZ) is applied to design simplified orange and white OLEDs with high efficiency and low efficiency roll-offs. The result orange phosphorescent OLED is realized by doping orange dopant into exciplex host, demonstrating outstanding characteristics with a maximum current efficiency of 81.3 cd/A and a maximum power efficiency of 84.7 lm/W. By further inserting a blue emitting layer, the white OLED with stable spectra achieves a current efficiency of 62.1 cd/A with an extremely low roll-off, which represents one of the smallest values reported for exciplex co-host white OLEDs. The superior performance of the device is attributed to the balanced carriers transport and the simplified architecture design. The architecture provides a promising solution for developing high-performance OLEDs toward practical solid-state lighting applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107325
Beining Wang , Tianyu Huang , Junhao Song , Chenghuan Chen , Yuxuan Wang , István Bíró , Gusztáv Fekete , Hai-Qiao Wang
Organic solar cells (OSCs), characterized by their lightweight, flexibility, solution-processability for large-area fabrication, and low cost, exhibit significant complementary advantages to silicon-based photovoltaics, positioning them as a cutting-edge research frontier in clean energy. Among emerging architectures, small-molecule donor/polymer acceptor (SDPA)-based OSCs have attracted considerable attention due to their unique active layer stability, particularly their ability to maintain optimized phase-separated morphology under high-temperature conditions (>85 °C), offering potential to overcome the stability bottleneck in organic photovoltaic industrialization. However, the current record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of SDPA-OSCs remains at 12.1 %, significantly lagging behind mainstream bulk heterojunction systems (PCE >20 %). To advance the efficiency of SDPA-OSCs, extensive efforts have been devoted to optimizing materials, device engineering, and processing techniques. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in SDPA-OSCs from the perspectives of device architecture and active layer processing. Key focus areas include the impact of device structure engineering (conventional vs. inverted configurations) and active layer fabrication strategies (bulk heterojunction solution-coating and layer-by-layer deposition techniques) on charge carrier transport and device performance. By establishing robust "material structure–morphology–device performance" correlations, this work provides critical insights and technical references for developing high-efficiency SDPA-OSCs. Furthermore, future research directions and challenges in material innovation, morphology control, and scalable manufacturing are discussed to guide the advancement of SDPA-based organic photovoltaics.
{"title":"Research progress in small-molecule donor-polymer acceptor organic photovoltaic cells","authors":"Beining Wang , Tianyu Huang , Junhao Song , Chenghuan Chen , Yuxuan Wang , István Bíró , Gusztáv Fekete , Hai-Qiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic solar cells (OSCs), characterized by their lightweight, flexibility, solution-processability for large-area fabrication, and low cost, exhibit significant complementary advantages to silicon-based photovoltaics, positioning them as a cutting-edge research frontier in clean energy. Among emerging architectures, small-molecule donor/polymer acceptor (SDPA)-based OSCs have attracted considerable attention due to their unique active layer stability, particularly their ability to maintain optimized phase-separated morphology under high-temperature conditions (>85 °C), offering potential to overcome the stability bottleneck in organic photovoltaic industrialization. However, the current record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of SDPA-OSCs remains at 12.1 %, significantly lagging behind mainstream bulk heterojunction systems (PCE >20 %). To advance the efficiency of SDPA-OSCs, extensive efforts have been devoted to optimizing materials, device engineering, and processing techniques. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in SDPA-OSCs from the perspectives of device architecture and active layer processing. Key focus areas include the impact of device structure engineering (conventional vs. inverted configurations) and active layer fabrication strategies (bulk heterojunction solution-coating and layer-by-layer deposition techniques) on charge carrier transport and device performance. By establishing robust \"material structure–morphology–device performance\" correlations, this work provides critical insights and technical references for developing high-efficiency SDPA-OSCs. Furthermore, future research directions and challenges in material innovation, morphology control, and scalable manufacturing are discussed to guide the advancement of SDPA-based organic photovoltaics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107326
Lu Zhou , Chao Zuo , Bin Du , Jie Min , Yang Wang , Xiangchun Li , Wen-Yong Lai
Most of non-fullerene acceptors used in organic solar cells are synthesized through cross-coupling reactions, which require expensive transition metal catalysts, harsh reaction conditions and complex purification processes, making large-scale production high cost. Here, two azomethine-based perylene diimides (PDIs) are designed and synthesized through a simple and economical Schiff base condensation reaction with water as the only by-product. As the non-fullerene acceptors for organic solar cells, power conversion efficiencies exceeding 4.3 % were reached. Furthermore, the cost estimations show that the material cost of azomethine-based PDIs is about two orders of magnitude lower. In addition, the synthesis of azomethine-based PDIs also reduces the toxic chemical waste, thus greatly reducing the environmental impact. Our results pave the way for low-cost, environmentally friendly and efficient non-fullerene acceptors.
{"title":"Enhanced photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells with low cost azomethine-based non-fullerene acceptors","authors":"Lu Zhou , Chao Zuo , Bin Du , Jie Min , Yang Wang , Xiangchun Li , Wen-Yong Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most of non-fullerene acceptors used in organic solar cells are synthesized through cross-coupling reactions, which require expensive transition metal catalysts, harsh reaction conditions and complex purification processes, making large-scale production high cost. Here, two azomethine-based perylene diimides (PDIs) are designed and synthesized through a simple and economical Schiff base condensation reaction with water as the only by-product. As the non-fullerene acceptors for organic solar cells, power conversion efficiencies exceeding 4.3 % were reached. Furthermore, the cost estimations show that the material cost of azomethine-based PDIs is about two orders of magnitude lower. In addition, the synthesis of azomethine-based PDIs also reduces the toxic chemical waste, thus greatly reducing the environmental impact. Our results pave the way for low-cost, environmentally friendly and efficient non-fullerene acceptors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107324
Kaiwen Lin , Zhaoji Xin , Guiliang Tan , Yeyi Lei , Yufei Zhao , Xiaoge Liu , Yulian Liu , Dong Yuan , Hao Liu , Liangying Wang
In this work, two donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type electrochromic conjugated polymers were prepared upon electrochemical oxidation through their precursors employed thiophenes as the donor units and benzothiazole as the acceptor unit. The conjugated chain length effects of the polymers’ electrochemical and electrochromic properties were carefully examined. As the conjugated chain length increases, both precursors exhibited reduced the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and red-shifted UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. Both polymers displayed n-doping and p-doping process with excellent redox stability, PBT-4T retained 94.17 % of its original electroactivity, which is higher than that of PBT-2T (92.86 %). Meanwhile, both polymers exhibited reversible changes in UV–Vis absorption spectra under voltage drive of 0 V–1.8 V, accompanied by color changes from light pink to black-gray (PBT-2T) and from purple to dark brown (PBT-4T). PBT-2T showed highest optical contrast of 41 % at 750 nm and fastest response time of 0.2 s for the oxidation process at 528 nm because of porous structure, which undoubtedly facilitates the ingress and egress of ions. The varying the π-conjugated chain length from bithiophene to quaterthiophene strategy may provide a new research idea to achieve high-performance electrochromic conjugated polymers.
本文以噻吩为供体单元，苯并噻唑为受体单元，通过电化学氧化法制备了两种供体-受体-供体（D-A-D）型电致变色共轭聚合物。研究了共轭链长对聚合物电化学和电致变色性能的影响。随着共轭链长度的增加，两种前驱体的HOMO-LUMO能隙减小，紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱红移。两种聚合物均表现为n掺杂和p掺杂过程，具有良好的氧化还原稳定性，PBT-4T保持了94.17%的原始电活性，高于PBT-2T的92.86%。同时，在0 V - 1.8 V电压驱动下，两种聚合物的UV-Vis吸收光谱均呈现可逆变化，颜色由浅粉色变为黑灰色（PBT-2T），由紫色变为深棕色（PBT-4T）。由于PBT-2T的多孔结构，其在750 nm处的光学对比度最高，达到41%，在528 nm处的氧化反应时间最快，为0.2 s，这无疑有利于离子的进出。从二噻吩到季噻吩改变π共轭链长度的策略可能为实现高性能电致变色共轭聚合物提供新的研究思路。
{"title":"Benzothiadiazole-thiophene based conjugated Polymers: Impact of conjugated chain length on electrochromic performance","authors":"Kaiwen Lin , Zhaoji Xin , Guiliang Tan , Yeyi Lei , Yufei Zhao , Xiaoge Liu , Yulian Liu , Dong Yuan , Hao Liu , Liangying Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, two donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type electrochromic conjugated polymers were prepared upon electrochemical oxidation through their precursors employed thiophenes as the donor units and benzothiazole as the acceptor unit. The conjugated chain length effects of the polymers’ electrochemical and electrochromic properties were carefully examined. As the conjugated chain length increases, both precursors exhibited reduced the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and red-shifted UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. Both polymers displayed n-doping and p-doping process with excellent redox stability, PBT-4T retained 94.17 % of its original electroactivity, which is higher than that of PBT-2T (92.86 %). Meanwhile, both polymers exhibited reversible changes in UV–Vis absorption spectra under voltage drive of 0 V–1.8 V, accompanied by color changes from light pink to black-gray (PBT-2T) and from purple to dark brown (PBT-4T). PBT-2T showed highest optical contrast of 41 % at 750 nm and fastest response time of 0.2 s for the oxidation process at 528 nm because of porous structure, which undoubtedly facilitates the ingress and egress of ions. The varying the π-conjugated chain length from bithiophene to quaterthiophene strategy may provide a new research idea to achieve high-performance electrochromic conjugated polymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107323
Ruixing Wanghe, Zeyu Jia, Guangyuan Wang
With the advancement of technology, an increasing number of high efficiency organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices utilizing multi-reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) channels have been reported. The multi-RISC channel strategy has emerged as a highly feasible OLED design approach. However, the analysis of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs still faces numerous challenges due to the presence of multiple different kinds of molecules in the EML. Herein, based on experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum chemical calculations, a systematic analysis has been conducted on the impact of doping concentration on the electroluminescence performance of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs. It is believed that the impact of doping concentration on the electroluminescence performance of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs is attributed to the charge carrier recombination order in the emitting layer, the fluctuation of the excited state energy level of exciplex caused by the change in molecular polarity surrounding the emissive exciplex, and the transition between different efficiency roll-off models. This work provides new pathways and analysis methods to enhancing the efficiency of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs.
{"title":"The analysis of the electroluminescence performance of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer organic light-emitting diode","authors":"Ruixing Wanghe, Zeyu Jia, Guangyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of technology, an increasing number of high efficiency organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices utilizing multi-reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) channels have been reported. The multi-RISC channel strategy has emerged as a highly feasible OLED design approach. However, the analysis of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs still faces numerous challenges due to the presence of multiple different kinds of molecules in the EML. Herein, based on experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum chemical calculations, a systematic analysis has been conducted on the impact of doping concentration on the electroluminescence performance of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs. It is believed that the impact of doping concentration on the electroluminescence performance of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs is attributed to the charge carrier recombination order in the emitting layer, the fluctuation of the excited state energy level of exciplex caused by the change in molecular polarity surrounding the emissive exciplex, and the transition between different efficiency roll-off models. This work provides new pathways and analysis methods to enhancing the efficiency of multi-RISC channel single-emissive-layer OLEDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107311
Jiangtong Zhao , Yiming Shao , Rui Sun , Weiwei Wu , Bo Xiao , Ji Wan , Youdi Zhang , Jie Min
The asymmetric molecular design strategy has been proven to be an effective method to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells. In this work, to extend the pool of asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors, we introduced rhodamine as a terminal group into Y-series small molecule acceptors (SMAs) and synthesized three asymmetric SMAs (BTP-Rh2F, BTP-Rh2Cl, and BTP-Rh2Br) with different halogen substitutions. As a result, shallow lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of these SMAs contribute to high open-circuit voltage (VOC) values exceeding 0.95 V in corresponding devices. However, insufficient exciton dissociation and inefficient charge carrier mobility limit the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Notably, the introduction of BTP-Rh2Cl as a third component into the PM6:BTP-eC9 binary host system effectively reduces non-radiative recombination, ultimately yielding an enhanced PCE of 18.03 % along with improved VOC of 0.863 V. This work highlights the potential of rhodamine-modified SMAs in enhanced VOC and high-efficiency ternary solar cells.
{"title":"Leveraging rhodamine-terminated small molecule acceptors for high open-circuit voltage and improved efficiency in organic solar cells","authors":"Jiangtong Zhao , Yiming Shao , Rui Sun , Weiwei Wu , Bo Xiao , Ji Wan , Youdi Zhang , Jie Min","doi":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.orgel.2025.107311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The asymmetric molecular design strategy has been proven to be an effective method to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells. In this work, to extend the pool of asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors, we introduced rhodamine as a terminal group into Y-series small molecule acceptors (SMAs) and synthesized three asymmetric SMAs (BTP-Rh2F, BTP-Rh2Cl, and BTP-Rh2Br) with different halogen substitutions. As a result, shallow lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of these SMAs contribute to high open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em><sub>OC</sub>) values exceeding 0.95 V in corresponding devices. However, insufficient exciton dissociation and inefficient charge carrier mobility limit the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Notably, the introduction of BTP-Rh2Cl as a third component into the PM6:BTP-eC9 binary host system effectively reduces non-radiative recombination, ultimately yielding an enhanced PCE of 18.03 % along with improved <em>V</em><sub>OC</sub> of 0.863 V. This work highlights the potential of rhodamine-modified SMAs in enhanced <em>V</em><sub>OC</sub> and high-efficiency ternary solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":399,"journal":{"name":"Organic Electronics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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