Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5424
S. Galián, B. Peinado, Salvador Ruiz, A. Poto, L. Almela, J. Castillo, S. Lozano
Se realiza una sucinta revisión en un intento de profundizar y mejorar la precocidad del diagnóstico ecográfico de la gestación. La descripción de los principios en los que se basa la aplicación de los ultrasonidos sobre las partes anatómicas del aparato genital de las hembras caprinas con indicación de las nuevas metodologías que en la actualidad pueden aplicarse, como es el caso de la apreciación de la circulación sanguínea en el desarrollo e implantación del embrión y del feto. Para ello se muestran en distintas coloraciones desde la formación de vesículas germinativas hasta el latido cardiaco en los estadios precoces de la gestación. La aplicación del sistema Doppler y el efecto de tres dimensiones en las imágenes ecográficas pueden ser de gran ayuda, no solo en el diagnóstico de la gestación sino también en el desarrollo embrionario. Se exponen imágenes sobre las gestaciones obtenidas en cabras Murciano Granadinas en distintos días tras la inseminación donde se percibe desde la aparición de líquidos indicadores de gestación hasta a presencia de órganos en distintos estadios de desarrollo.
{"title":"Uso de la ecografía para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la gestación en la cabra Murciano-Granadina","authors":"S. Galián, B. Peinado, Salvador Ruiz, A. Poto, L. Almela, J. Castillo, S. Lozano","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5424","url":null,"abstract":"Se realiza una sucinta revisión en un intento de profundizar y mejorar la precocidad del diagnóstico ecográfico de la gestación. La descripción de los principios en los que se basa la aplicación de los ultrasonidos sobre las partes anatómicas del aparato genital de las hembras caprinas con indicación de las nuevas metodologías que en la actualidad pueden aplicarse, como es el caso de la apreciación de la circulación sanguínea en el desarrollo e implantación del embrión y del feto. Para ello se muestran en distintas coloraciones desde la formación de vesículas germinativas hasta el latido cardiaco en los estadios precoces de la gestación. La aplicación del sistema Doppler y el efecto de tres dimensiones en las imágenes ecográficas pueden ser de gran ayuda, no solo en el diagnóstico de la gestación sino también en el desarrollo embrionario. Se exponen imágenes sobre las gestaciones obtenidas en cabras Murciano Granadinas en distintos días tras la inseminación donde se percibe desde la aparición de líquidos indicadores de gestación hasta a presencia de órganos en distintos estadios de desarrollo.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47217655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5423
L. Caramalac
Esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo abordar de forma sucinta o uso de caulim como marcador externo na estimativa de consumo de matéria seca de suplemento e excreção fecal bovinos a pasto. Muitos marcadores apresentam certas limitações de uso, e nesse contexto o caulim é um possível marcador com aplicabilidade, pois apresenta características aceitáveis. Sua quantificação é realizada indiretamente através do alumínio presente no composto, e o teor do mesmo, determinado pelo método analítico colorimétrico com aluminon. Atualmente, pesquisas em nutrição animal tem apresentado informações interessantes, porém, falhas na metodologia analítica do composto tem apresentado resultados não satisfatórios. Uma alternativa eficaz, é o método de digestão ácida com mistura nitroperclórica associado ao ácido fluorídrico. Assim, a busca por novas metodologias acessíveis, práticas, de baixo custo que promove resultados acurados, precisos e robustos para a quantificação do teor de Al no caulim, se faz necessário diante desse cenário.
{"title":"Caulim como marcador de consumo de suplemento e excreção fecal de bovinos a pasto","authors":"L. Caramalac","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5423","url":null,"abstract":"Esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo abordar de forma sucinta o uso de caulim como marcador externo na estimativa de consumo de matéria seca de suplemento e excreção fecal bovinos a pasto. Muitos marcadores apresentam certas limitações de uso, e nesse contexto o caulim é um possível marcador com aplicabilidade, pois apresenta características aceitáveis. Sua quantificação é realizada indiretamente através do alumínio presente no composto, e o teor do mesmo, determinado pelo método analítico colorimétrico com aluminon. Atualmente, pesquisas em nutrição animal tem apresentado informações interessantes, porém, falhas na metodologia analítica do composto tem apresentado resultados não satisfatórios. Uma alternativa eficaz, é o método de digestão ácida com mistura nitroperclórica associado ao ácido fluorídrico. Assim, a busca por novas metodologias acessíveis, práticas, de baixo custo que promove resultados acurados, precisos e robustos para a quantificação do teor de Al no caulim, se faz necessário diante desse cenário.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48811459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5420
R. C. Pinto, F. J. Lerdón
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el Punto de Equilibrio del Efectivo (PEE) de un sistema de producción bovina de carne, en una Unidad de Producción Agropecuaria (UPA) del Departamento del Beni, Bolivia (Beni/Bo). La recolección de la información se hizo mediante visitas a terreno y el acompañamiento técnico a la gestión contable durante la temporada agrícola 2018-2019. Se utilizaron las técnicas de entrevistas abiertas, observación directa y registros en el cuaderno de campo. Las operaciones económicas, por su parte, fueron registradas en el software de Contabilidad de Gestión Agrícola (CONGA), disponible en el Instituto de Economía Agraria de la Universidad Austral de Chile. A partir de la información histórica generada por el software, se determinó las estructuras de costos e ingresos y se procedió a calcular el beneficio de la explotación y el PEE. Finalmente, se determinó la composición del hato ganadero que permite al productor alcanzar el PEE. Los resultados revelan que el Ingreso Bruto (IB) anual resulta insuficiente para cubrir los Costos Totales (CT). Para cubrir los CT que generan una salida de efectivo, alcanzando un flujo de efectivo operativo de cero (PEE), el sistema productivo deberá producir 6.489 Kg de carne Peso Gancho de res para la venta, comercializados a un precio de carne de res en gancho de 16 Bs/Kg. Para que el sistema productivo arroje anualmente estos 6.489 Kg, deberá el hato ganadero contar mínimamente con 85 vacas reproductoras, manteniendo una relación toro vaca de 5%, nacimiento de terneros 73%, mortalidad de terneros 4% y bovinos adultos 2%.
{"title":"Análisis del punto de equilibrio del efectivo de un sistema de producción bovina en el Departamento del Beni, Bolivia","authors":"R. C. Pinto, F. J. Lerdón","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V70I269.5420","url":null,"abstract":"El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el Punto de Equilibrio del Efectivo (PEE) de un sistema de producción bovina de carne, en una Unidad de Producción Agropecuaria (UPA) del Departamento del Beni, Bolivia (Beni/Bo). La recolección de la información se hizo mediante visitas a terreno y el acompañamiento técnico a la gestión contable durante la temporada agrícola 2018-2019. Se utilizaron las técnicas de entrevistas abiertas, observación directa y registros en el cuaderno de campo. Las operaciones económicas, por su parte, fueron registradas en el software de Contabilidad de Gestión Agrícola (CONGA), disponible en el Instituto de Economía Agraria de la Universidad Austral de Chile. A partir de la información histórica generada por el software, se determinó las estructuras de costos e ingresos y se procedió a calcular el beneficio de la explotación y el PEE. Finalmente, se determinó la composición del hato ganadero que permite al productor alcanzar el PEE. Los resultados revelan que el Ingreso Bruto (IB) anual resulta insuficiente para cubrir los Costos Totales (CT). Para cubrir los CT que generan una salida de efectivo, alcanzando un flujo de efectivo operativo de cero (PEE), el sistema productivo deberá producir 6.489 Kg de carne Peso Gancho de res para la venta, comercializados a un precio de carne de res en gancho de 16 Bs/Kg. Para que el sistema productivo arroje anualmente estos 6.489 Kg, deberá el hato ganadero contar mínimamente con 85 vacas reproductoras, manteniendo una relación toro vaca de 5%, nacimiento de terneros 73%, mortalidad de terneros 4% y bovinos adultos 2%.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41415223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.21071/az.v70i269.5425
J. Barco-Jiménez, M. Martínez, A. Solarte
La base de la economía de miles de familias Nariñenses se fundamenta en el desarrollo de actividades de cría de pequeñas especies, como los cuyes (Cavia porcellus). En cifras, se estima que existen 20,000 criaderos pequeños de cuyes en Nariño que generan transacciones mensuales por trescientos mil dólares, un sector que tiene una tendencia constante de crecimiento. No obstante, la producción de cuyes se realiza de forma artesanal debido a la falta de tecnificación de este sector. Una problemática identificada en la cría de estos animales es la pérdida de peso, afectando su salud, debido a lesiones causadas en el pesaje de forma tradicional. En este proceso, el animal es inmovilizando y llevado manualmente hacia la báscula, lo que puede ocasionar lesiones, variaciones de peso, reducción de movilidad y hasta la muerte. Conscientes que dichas problemáticas podrían solucionarse a través de la tecnología, en este artículo se presenta un sistema de pesaje e identificación automatizado que permita a los productores realizar el proceso de pesaje sin intervención humana, facilitando el manejo de cuyes, con la posibilidad de mantener el estado de salud del animal, registrar información de su crecimiento y facilitar el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre la venta. Se presenta el diseño propuesto desde un punto de vista estructural y operativo, y resultados experimentales obtenidos en un escenario real.
{"title":"Sistema de pesaje automatizado que facilita el manejo de cuyes (Cavia porcellus)","authors":"J. Barco-Jiménez, M. Martínez, A. Solarte","doi":"10.21071/az.v70i269.5425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v70i269.5425","url":null,"abstract":"La base de la economía de miles de familias Nariñenses se fundamenta en el desarrollo de actividades de cría de pequeñas especies, como los cuyes (Cavia porcellus). En cifras, se estima que existen 20,000 criaderos pequeños de cuyes en Nariño que generan transacciones mensuales por trescientos mil dólares, un sector que tiene una tendencia constante de crecimiento. No obstante, la producción de cuyes se realiza de forma artesanal debido a la falta de tecnificación de este sector. Una problemática identificada en la cría de estos animales es la pérdida de peso, afectando su salud, debido a lesiones causadas en el pesaje de forma tradicional. En este proceso, el animal es inmovilizando y llevado manualmente hacia la báscula, lo que puede ocasionar lesiones, variaciones de peso, reducción de movilidad y hasta la muerte. Conscientes que dichas problemáticas podrían solucionarse a través de la tecnología, en este artículo se presenta un sistema de pesaje e identificación automatizado que permita a los productores realizar el proceso de pesaje sin intervención humana, facilitando el manejo de cuyes, con la posibilidad de mantener el estado de salud del animal, registrar información de su crecimiento y facilitar el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre la venta. Se presenta el diseño propuesto desde un punto de vista estructural y operativo, y resultados experimentales obtenidos en un escenario real.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42174364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V70I270.5463
D. Perdomo-Carrillo, Y. M. Reyna-Camacho, Z. A. Corredor-Zambrano, M. González-Estopiñán, P. Moratinos-López, F. Perea-Ganchou
The aim of this study was examine the effect of the variety, size and male female ratio in the egg production of tilapia Chitralada (CH: Oreochromis niloticus) and Taiwanese Red (TR: O. mossambicus x O. niloticus) reared in tanks of concrete. The study was conducted in a fish farm located at the Venezuelan Andean foothill of Trujillo state, Venezuela. A 2x2x3 factorial arrangement was applied: two varieties (CH and TR), two sizes (small and large) and three sexual relations (1♀ : 1♂; 2♀: 1♂; 3♀: 1♂). The data were processed by analysis of variance using the general linear model of the SAS. The CH females produced 1.5 times more eggs, which weighed 1.6 times more and had a fecundity 1.6 greater than the TR (P 0.05), while large CH females produced a greater egg volume (8.91 ± 0.79 versus 6, 20 ± 0.79; P<0.01) and egg mass (7.99 ± 0.67 versus 5.65 ± 0.67; P<0.01), and were more fertile (1210.5 ± 113,4 versus 911.4 ± 113.5; P<0.10) than the smaller ones. In addition, large CH tilapia were reproductively more efficient than the same category of TR. In CH females the sex ratios did not affect most of the variables studied, with the exception of relative fecundity that was greater in the 2:1 ratio than in the 1:1 and 2:1 (154.4 ± 21, 4 versus 129.9 ± 18.1 and 133.1 ± 14.6 respectively; P<0.01). In contrast, in the TR females that were in a 3:1 sex proportion, the reproductive performance was considerably lower than those that were in a 1:1 or 2:1 sex ratio, and even, their performance was significantly lower than CH females of the same proportion (P<0.01). In conclusion, CH tilapias and females of larger size and weight were reproductively more efficient than those of the variety TR and those of smaller size; whereas the reproductive activity was not affected by the sex ratios considered in the study.
本研究探讨了不同品种、大小和雌雄比例对混凝土池饲养的吉氏罗非鱼(CH: Oreochromis niloticus)和台湾红罗非鱼(TR: O. mossambicus x O. niloticus)产蛋的影响。这项研究是在委内瑞拉特鲁希略州安第斯山麓的一个养鱼场进行的。采用2x2x3的因子排列:两个品种(CH和TR)，两个大小(小和大)和三种两性关系(1♀:1♂;2♀:1♂;3♀:1♂)。数据采用SAS的一般线性模型进行方差分析。长尾雌鱼的产蛋量是长尾雌鱼的1.5倍，产蛋量是长尾雌鱼的1.6倍，产蛋量是长尾雌鱼的1.6倍(P < 0.05)，大尾雌鱼的产蛋量是长尾雌鱼的8.91±0.79比长尾雌鱼的6.20±0.79;P<0.01)和蛋质量(7.99±0.67∶5.65±0.67;P<0.01)，且较易育(1210.5±113,4比911.4±113.5;P<0.10)。此外，大型CH罗非鱼的繁殖效率高于同类TR。在CH雌性中，除了2:1的相对繁殖力高于1:1和2:1(分别为154.4±21,4比129.9±18.1和133.1±14.6)外，性别比例对大多数变量的研究都没有影响;P < 0.01)。相比之下，性别比例为3:1的TR雌性的繁殖性能显著低于性别比例为1:1或2:1的雌性，甚至显著低于相同比例的CH雌性(P<0.01)。综上所述，CH罗非鱼和体型和体重较大的雌鱼的繁殖效率高于TR和体型较小的雌鱼;然而，生殖活动不受研究中考虑的性别比例的影响。
{"title":"Influencia del tamaño, variedad y relación hembra macho en la producción de huevos de tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) en tanques de concreto en el pie de monte andino venezolano","authors":"D. Perdomo-Carrillo, Y. M. Reyna-Camacho, Z. A. Corredor-Zambrano, M. González-Estopiñán, P. Moratinos-López, F. Perea-Ganchou","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V70I270.5463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V70I270.5463","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was examine the effect of the variety, size and male female ratio in the egg production of tilapia Chitralada (CH: Oreochromis niloticus) and Taiwanese Red (TR: O. mossambicus x O. niloticus) reared in tanks of concrete. The study was conducted in a fish farm located at the Venezuelan Andean foothill of Trujillo state, Venezuela. A 2x2x3 factorial arrangement was applied: two varieties (CH and TR), two sizes (small and large) and three sexual relations (1♀ : 1♂; 2♀: 1♂; 3♀: 1♂). The data were processed by analysis of variance using the general linear model of the SAS. The CH females produced 1.5 times more eggs, which weighed 1.6 times more and had a fecundity 1.6 greater than the TR (P 0.05), while large CH females produced a greater egg volume (8.91 ± 0.79 versus 6, 20 ± 0.79; P<0.01) and egg mass (7.99 ± 0.67 versus 5.65 ± 0.67; P<0.01), and were more fertile (1210.5 ± 113,4 versus 911.4 ± 113.5; P<0.10) than the smaller ones. In addition, large CH tilapia were reproductively more efficient than the same category of TR. In CH females the sex ratios did not affect most of the variables studied, with the exception of relative fecundity that was greater in the 2:1 ratio than in the 1:1 and 2:1 (154.4 ± 21, 4 versus 129.9 ± 18.1 and 133.1 ± 14.6 respectively; P<0.01). In contrast, in the TR females that were in a 3:1 sex proportion, the reproductive performance was considerably lower than those that were in a 1:1 or 2:1 sex ratio, and even, their performance was significantly lower than CH females of the same proportion (P<0.01). In conclusion, CH tilapias and females of larger size and weight were reproductively more efficient than those of the variety TR and those of smaller size; whereas the reproductive activity was not affected by the sex ratios considered in the study.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67774557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5392
A. Martínez-Reina, M. Doria-Ramos, J. García-Jiménez, E. Salcedo-Carrascal, N. Herrera-Pérez, E. L. Carrascal-Triana
The objective of this work was to carry out a descriptive study that would allow generating basic technological and socioeconomic information on the buffalo production systems in the department of Cordoba, Colombia. The collection of information was obtained through a survey form applied to 26 production units. The statistical indicators were tabulated and analyzed with the SPSS program. It can be seen that 63% of the production systems have a dual-purpose vocation where the Murrah race predominates (52%), with production units greater than 100 hectares (77%). 88% carry out a sanitary plan on the farms, 35% of those surveyed reports highest mortality in buffalo calf and reproductive problems are concentrated in abortions (26%). The type of mating is continuous (96%), they expose one male for every 40 females (53%). 96% of the respondents perform rectal palpation at least twice a year. In more than 90% they keep records, most of them use software and maintain control of both the technical aspects and the production and sale of products. In the production costs, the works that participate in 70% of the total, the veterinary drugs 2%, the direct costs participate with 76%. The economic returns for an average farm of 250 hectares present a net income of $ 209,463,933 COP. The profitability of 32% and the break-even point of 85% of the total production shows that this system is efficient and profitable.
{"title":"Caracterización técnica y económica del sistema de producción de búfalos Bubalus bubalis en el departamento de Córdoba de Colombia","authors":"A. Martínez-Reina, M. Doria-Ramos, J. García-Jiménez, E. Salcedo-Carrascal, N. Herrera-Pérez, E. L. Carrascal-Triana","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5392","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to carry out a descriptive study that would allow generating basic technological and socioeconomic information on the buffalo production systems in the department of Cordoba, Colombia. The collection of information was obtained through a survey form applied to 26 production units. The statistical indicators were tabulated and analyzed with the SPSS program. It can be seen that 63% of the production systems have a dual-purpose vocation where the Murrah race predominates (52%), with production units greater than 100 hectares (77%). 88% carry out a sanitary plan on the farms, 35% of those surveyed reports highest mortality in buffalo calf and reproductive problems are concentrated in abortions (26%). The type of mating is continuous (96%), they expose one male for every 40 females (53%). 96% of the respondents perform rectal palpation at least twice a year. In more than 90% they keep records, most of them use software and maintain control of both the technical aspects and the production and sale of products. In the production costs, the works that participate in 70% of the total, the veterinary drugs 2%, the direct costs participate with 76%. The economic returns for an average farm of 250 hectares present a net income of $ 209,463,933 COP. The profitability of 32% and the break-even point of 85% of the total production shows that this system is efficient and profitable.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48994644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5389
R. Viera, P. J. L. Armas, C. N. A. Álvarez, G. G. Viera, C. T. Inga, J. A. N. Terán, A. A. D. juana, F. Álvarez, C. Romero, M. Parra, M. Alvarez, D. Machuca, F. Paredes
The objective of this work was to characterize and establish a typology of Cotopaxi cattle systems in the northern Sierra region of Ecuador. The data were collected through direct surveys of 212 farmers and reflect the main technical, economic and productive aspects of the farms. The typology was established using multivariate analytical techniques. Cluster analysis revealed four groupings. Group I, defined as Small Family Farms (GPF), Group II, as Family Farms Farms (GMF), Group III, as Technified Family Farms Farms (GMFT) and Group IV, as Very Small Family Farms (GMPF). An ANAVA was applied. The evaluation indicated important differences in the group farms, despite the fact that they are developed in the same agroclimatic environment, operate in the same markets and also have similar information. The result is a varied universe of situations with significant variations between medium and small systems. By scale and by reason of their areas dedicated to livestock and crops and their productive and efficiency results measured as income for each activity and level of expenditure.
{"title":"Caracterización físico-productiva y tipologías de sistemas lecheros diversificados en la sierra de Ecuador","authors":"R. Viera, P. J. L. Armas, C. N. A. Álvarez, G. G. Viera, C. T. Inga, J. A. N. Terán, A. A. D. juana, F. Álvarez, C. Romero, M. Parra, M. Alvarez, D. Machuca, F. Paredes","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5389","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to characterize and establish a typology of Cotopaxi cattle systems in the northern Sierra region of Ecuador. The data were collected through direct surveys of 212 farmers and reflect the main technical, economic and productive aspects of the farms. The typology was established using multivariate analytical techniques. Cluster analysis revealed four groupings. Group I, defined as Small Family Farms (GPF), Group II, as Family Farms Farms (GMF), Group III, as Technified Family Farms Farms (GMFT) and Group IV, as Very Small Family Farms (GMPF). An ANAVA was applied. The evaluation indicated important differences in the group farms, despite the fact that they are developed in the same agroclimatic environment, operate in the same markets and also have similar information. The result is a varied universe of situations with significant variations between medium and small systems. By scale and by reason of their areas dedicated to livestock and crops and their productive and efficiency results measured as income for each activity and level of expenditure.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45941402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5385
K. Estupiñán, C. Barba, A. Martínez, J. V. Delgado
Ecuador is a country with a high biodiversity of animal genetic resources of agri-food interest, although scientific information on them is scarce. This work aims is the study of the genetic diversity of Creole pigs in the Planning Zone Five of Ecuador, integrated by the provinces of Bolivar, Guayas, Los Rios and Santa Elena. There, this population plays a fundamental role in rural communities as the main source of protein for the family unit and as a source of complementary income in traditional production systems. Ninety samples are analyzed with 25 microsatellites recommended by the FAO for studies of porcine genetic diversity. Parameters of genetic variability are calculated (mean number of alleles, effective number of alleles, heterozygosity, PIC and FIS coefficient). Individual DSA genetic distances are calculated and a dendrogram is constructed. The studied Ecuadorian pig shows a high in-breed genetic diversity and it do not deviate significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No genetic differentiation is detected between the pigs sampled in the different provinces, so it could be managed as a single population.
{"title":"Caracterización genética del porcino Criollo de Ecuador","authors":"K. Estupiñán, C. Barba, A. Martínez, J. V. Delgado","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5385","url":null,"abstract":"Ecuador is a country with a high biodiversity of animal genetic resources of agri-food interest, although scientific information on them is scarce. This work aims is the study of the genetic diversity of Creole pigs in the Planning Zone Five of Ecuador, integrated by the provinces of Bolivar, Guayas, Los Rios and Santa Elena. There, this population plays a fundamental role in rural communities as the main source of protein for the family unit and as a source of complementary income in traditional production systems. Ninety samples are analyzed with 25 microsatellites recommended by the FAO for studies of porcine genetic diversity. Parameters of genetic variability are calculated (mean number of alleles, effective number of alleles, heterozygosity, PIC and FIS coefficient). Individual DSA genetic distances are calculated and a dendrogram is constructed. The studied Ecuadorian pig shows a high in-breed genetic diversity and it do not deviate significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No genetic differentiation is detected between the pigs sampled in the different provinces, so it could be managed as a single population.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42781083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5388
M. L. Roa, J. R. Corredor, M. C. Hernández
Probiotics allow establishing and controlling the beneficial microflora and gradually reduce the pathogenic microflora. Tithonia diversifola (TD) is an alternative to replace protein from other more expensive sources in diets for poultry; therefore, the treatments used TD replacements with 0, 5, 10 y 15% with probiotics (WP) and without probiotics (W/OP) addition: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), Lactobacillus Acidophilus (LA) and Bacillus subtilis (BS) and the mix of these (MP) for estimating the in-vivo digestibility. 300 Cobb avian chickens were used, with an average weight of 453.4 ± 24 g randomly distributed with a factorial arrangement 4x5x3x5. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and fiber (CF) was determined through the total feces collection method; additionally: Hemogram (CBC) and blood chemistry (BC) were analyzed. DM digestibility increased with the proportion of TD (15%) in the diet and reached 68% W/OP; while this variable rose to 70.67% with SC (P<0.05). Digestibility of CP and CF came up to 85.6 and 82.6% with 15% TD and LA respectively. In WP treatments the red blood cell count (RBC) increased by BS; medium corpuscular volume (MCV), concentration of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC), and platelet count with LA and MP; and eosinophils with SC; while the total count of white blood cells (WBC) decreased in all the treatments with regard to TD 0%, just like the monocyte differential (MD) with MP (P<0.05). The effect of TD was lower in hemoglobin (Hb) and the RBC with TD 5%, and MD with TD 10 and 15% (P<0.05). Cholesterol decreased with SC and MP, while triglycerides (TG) increased in all the treatments with regard to TD 0%. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, sodium and potassium were modified by the probiotics, being this effect lower with TD; triglycerides, uric acid and sodium were affected with the three levels of TD replacement (P<0.05). We can conclude that the inclusion of TD from 10% in combination with probiotics in the diet of broilers, improves its digestibility, likewise that the CBC and BC parameters showed modifications, which allows assessing the nutritional behavior of the diet and providing guidance on an appropriate balance.
益生菌可以建立和控制有益的微生物群，并逐渐减少致病的微生物群。多样性山雀（TD）是一种替代家禽饮食中其他更昂贵来源蛋白质的方法；因此，这些处理使用添加了益生菌（WP）和不添加益生菌（W/OP）的0、5、10 y 15%的TD替代品：酿酒酵母（SC）、嗜酸乳杆菌（LA）和枯草芽孢杆菌（BS）以及它们的混合物（MP）来估计体内消化率。使用300只Cobb鸡，平均体重453.4±24g，按因子安排4x5x3x5随机分布。采用总粪便收集法测定干物质（DM）、粗蛋白（CP）和纤维（CF）的消化率；此外，还对血细胞图（CBC）和血液化学（BC）进行了分析。DM的消化率随着TD在日粮中的比例（15%）而增加，达到68%W/OP；SC组CP和CF的消化率分别为85.6%和82.6%（P＜0.05）。在WP处理中，BS使红细胞计数（RBC）增加；中等红细胞体积（MCV）、平均红细胞血红蛋白（MCHC）浓度以及LA和MP的血小板计数；嗜酸性粒细胞伴SC；而白细胞总数（WBC）在所有处理中均下降，与单核细胞分化（MD）与MP相似（P＜0.05）。TD对血红蛋白（Hb）和红细胞的影响较低，TD为5%，MD为10%和15%（P＜0.01）。益生菌对天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总蛋白、钠和钾有一定的修饰作用，且这种修饰作用随TD的增加而降低；甘油三酯、尿酸和钠受三个水平的TD替代的影响（P<0.05）。我们可以得出结论，在肉鸡日粮中加入10%的TD与益生菌相结合，提高了其消化率，同样，CBC和BC参数也发生了变化，这允许评估饮食的营养行为并提供适当平衡的指导。
{"title":"Comportamiento fisiológico de pollos de engorde usando dietas con Tithonia diversifolia y","authors":"M. L. Roa, J. R. Corredor, M. C. Hernández","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5388","url":null,"abstract":"Probiotics allow establishing and controlling the beneficial microflora and gradually reduce the pathogenic microflora. Tithonia diversifola (TD) is an alternative to replace protein from other more expensive sources in diets for poultry; therefore, the treatments used TD replacements with 0, 5, 10 y 15% with probiotics (WP) and without probiotics (W/OP) addition: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), Lactobacillus Acidophilus (LA) and Bacillus subtilis (BS) and the mix of these (MP) for estimating the in-vivo digestibility. 300 Cobb avian chickens were used, with an average weight of 453.4 ± 24 g randomly distributed with a factorial arrangement 4x5x3x5. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and fiber (CF) was determined through the total feces collection method; additionally: Hemogram (CBC) and blood chemistry (BC) were analyzed. DM digestibility increased with the proportion of TD (15%) in the diet and reached 68% W/OP; while this variable rose to 70.67% with SC (P<0.05). Digestibility of CP and CF came up to 85.6 and 82.6% with 15% TD and LA respectively. In WP treatments the red blood cell count (RBC) increased by BS; medium corpuscular volume (MCV), concentration of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC), and platelet count with LA and MP; and eosinophils with SC; while the total count of white blood cells (WBC) decreased in all the treatments with regard to TD 0%, just like the monocyte differential (MD) with MP (P<0.05). The effect of TD was lower in hemoglobin (Hb) and the RBC with TD 5%, and MD with TD 10 and 15% (P<0.05). Cholesterol decreased with SC and MP, while triglycerides (TG) increased in all the treatments with regard to TD 0%. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, sodium and potassium were modified by the probiotics, being this effect lower with TD; triglycerides, uric acid and sodium were affected with the three levels of TD replacement (P<0.05). We can conclude that the inclusion of TD from 10% in combination with probiotics in the diet of broilers, improves its digestibility, likewise that the CBC and BC parameters showed modifications, which allows assessing the nutritional behavior of the diet and providing guidance on an appropriate balance.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43012677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5398
G. A. Muñoz-Osorio, A. Aguilar-Caballero, L. Sarmiento-Franco, M. Wurzinger, Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro
Raised pens (RP) have been promoted in the tropical regions of Mexico as a housing system to improves the productivity of growing male and female lambs. They showed high acceptance among farmers, however, there is a lack of studies about the RP system and the use of environmental enrichment in the system. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the productive performance of growing lambs (male and female) housed on RP or ground level (GL) using shaving woods as bedding material. Thirty-two lambs (15 males and 17 females) were used, with an average initial live weight and age of 10.54 ± 1.89 kg and 66.54 ± 22.43 days, respectively. Data were analysed by Variance Analysis considering main factors: housing system (RP and GL) and sex (male and female), and dependant variables: daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake (DMI), feed conversion (FC) and final body weight (FBW). The housing system did not affect DWG, DMI, FC and FBW (P > 0.05). Males presented higher values in all productive indicators than females (except FC). Under the conditions of this study, the productive performance of growing lambs housed either RP or GL was similar.
{"title":"Efecto de dos sistemas de alojamiento y del sexo sobre el comportamiento productivo de corderos durante el engorde","authors":"G. A. Muñoz-Osorio, A. Aguilar-Caballero, L. Sarmiento-Franco, M. Wurzinger, Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro","doi":"10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21071/AZ.V69I268.5398","url":null,"abstract":"Raised pens (RP) have been promoted in the tropical regions of Mexico as a housing system to improves the productivity of growing male and female lambs. They showed high acceptance among farmers, however, there is a lack of studies about the RP system and the use of environmental enrichment in the system. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the productive performance of growing lambs (male and female) housed on RP or ground level (GL) using shaving woods as bedding material. Thirty-two lambs (15 males and 17 females) were used, with an average initial live weight and age of 10.54 ± 1.89 kg and 66.54 ± 22.43 days, respectively. Data were analysed by Variance Analysis considering main factors: housing system (RP and GL) and sex (male and female), and dependant variables: daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake (DMI), feed conversion (FC) and final body weight (FBW). The housing system did not affect DWG, DMI, FC and FBW (P > 0.05). Males presented higher values in all productive indicators than females (except FC). Under the conditions of this study, the productive performance of growing lambs housed either RP or GL was similar.","PeriodicalId":40003,"journal":{"name":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48571251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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