The historiography concerning Medieval Christian Muslim-Relations over the past sixty years has been shaped by two important books: Norman Daniel’s Islam and the West (1960) and Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978). Each of these works made significant contributions to the field, but each also had serious methodological limitations. Both works assumed and reinforced a conceptual divide between an imagined Christian West and Muslim East. Over the past several decades, some of the most interesting and important work in the field has challenged and reconceptualized this dichotomy.
{"title":"The historiography of Medieval Christian-Muslim relations (1960-2020)","authors":"J. Tolan","doi":"10.5209/dmae.85750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.85750","url":null,"abstract":"The historiography concerning Medieval Christian Muslim-Relations over the past sixty years has been shaped by two important books: Norman Daniel’s Islam and the West (1960) and Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978). Each of these works made significant contributions to the field, but each also had serious methodological limitations. Both works assumed and reinforced a conceptual divide between an imagined Christian West and Muslim East. Over the past several decades, some of the most interesting and important work in the field has challenged and reconceptualized this dichotomy.","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47411455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Il pensiero di Urbano II è stato al centro di numerosi studi, volti pricipalmente a comprendere la genesi della spedizione gerosolimitana del 1096-1099. L’articolo riesamina le fonti urbaniane, con particolare riguardo all’epistolario papale, sottolineando le peculiari posizioni papali nell’ambito della “riforma ecclesiastica” dell’XI secolo. Quella specifica forma di guerra che definiamo “crociata” – termine sconosciuto ai contemporanei – fu, anzitutto, un mezzo per riportare in seno alla “cattolicità” le antiche sedi episcopali, sia in Europa, sia nel Mediterraneo, sia Asia, senza distinzioni. Lo scopo di tale costruzione, innanzitutto ideologica, è da ricercarsi nella progressiva costruzione del primato petrino, nell’ambito della contrapposizione fra il clero riformatore, quello imperiale e quello greco.
{"title":"«Ipse transfert regna et mutat tempora». Urbano II e la crociata: una revisione","authors":"A. Musarra","doi":"10.5209/dmae.85536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.85536","url":null,"abstract":"Il pensiero di Urbano II è stato al centro di numerosi studi, volti pricipalmente a comprendere la genesi della spedizione gerosolimitana del 1096-1099. L’articolo riesamina le fonti urbaniane, con particolare riguardo all’epistolario papale, sottolineando le peculiari posizioni papali nell’ambito della “riforma ecclesiastica” dell’XI secolo. Quella specifica forma di guerra che definiamo “crociata” – termine sconosciuto ai contemporanei – fu, anzitutto, un mezzo per riportare in seno alla “cattolicità” le antiche sedi episcopali, sia in Europa, sia nel Mediterraneo, sia Asia, senza distinzioni. Lo scopo di tale costruzione, innanzitutto ideologica, è da ricercarsi nella progressiva costruzione del primato petrino, nell’ambito della contrapposizione fra il clero riformatore, quello imperiale e quello greco. ","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49081338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La noción de los días de la creación, que culminan en el sagrado séptimo día, o Sabbath, se encuentra en las tres religiones abrahámicas. Mientras que algunos creyentes se aferraban a una comprensión literal de estos días, otros insistían en que la doctrina tenía una profunda importancia esotérica. En la tradición islámica, los que defendían el papel del intelecto en la comprensión de la fe y las escrituras abogaban por el uso de la interpretación simbólica (taʾwīl). La palabra árabe taʾwīl significa hacer que algo vuelva a su origen o fuente. Entre los más ardientes defensores de la interpretación simbólica se encontraban los ismailíes, una de las dos ramas principales del Shīʿī Islam. Este artículo explora cómo Ḥakīm Nāṣir-i Khusraw, el famoso poeta persa y dignatario ismailí, entendía los días de la creación y su relación con una jerarquía de la religión (ḥudūd-i dīn) cuyos miembros llevaron a los creyentes a la salvación final.
{"title":"La interpretación simbólica de los Días de la Creación","authors":"Shafique N. Virani, Virginia Martos Armenteros","doi":"10.5209/dmae.82962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.82962","url":null,"abstract":"La noción de los días de la creación, que culminan en el sagrado séptimo día, o Sabbath, se encuentra en las tres religiones abrahámicas. Mientras que algunos creyentes se aferraban a una comprensión literal de estos días, otros insistían en que la doctrina tenía una profunda importancia esotérica. En la tradición islámica, los que defendían el papel del intelecto en la comprensión de la fe y las escrituras abogaban por el uso de la interpretación simbólica (taʾwīl). La palabra árabe taʾwīl significa hacer que algo vuelva a su origen o fuente. Entre los más ardientes defensores de la interpretación simbólica se encontraban los ismailíes, una de las dos ramas principales del Shīʿī Islam. Este artículo explora cómo Ḥakīm Nāṣir-i Khusraw, el famoso poeta persa y dignatario ismailí, entendía los días de la creación y su relación con una jerarquía de la religión (ḥudūd-i dīn) cuyos miembros llevaron a los creyentes a la salvación final.","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44388042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
El presente texto pretende mostrar, como contraposición a la figura del papa como Typus Moysi, el retrato del pontífice ideal que presenta Bernardo de Claraval en su escrito De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam, escrito para Eugenio III. En él, Bernardo dibuja un retrato del papado más preocupado por el autoconocimiento y la práctica de la virtud (en línea con la tradición platónico-agustiniana) que por afirmar su autoridad sobre los poderes seculares. La virtud de la consideración es propuesta por Bernardo como un camino hacia un ejercicio de la autoridad en clave de servicio. Un análisis del texto bernardiano muestra que, aunque participa de la tesis medieval de las dos espadas, la ubica en un contexto donde el aspecto espiritual prima frente a lo político y lo organizativo. La tesis de las dos espadas, buen reflejo de los desplazamientos del agustinismo político durante la Edad Media, encuentra así un marco interpretativo más adecuado que proporciona una alternativa a las pretensiones mostradas por Eugenio IV en su bula de 1439.
在这篇文章中，我们试图展示，与Typus Moysi的教皇形象相反，克莱沃的伯纳德在他为Eugenium Papam写的《de Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam》中描绘的理想教皇的肖像。在这本书中，伯纳德描绘了一幅教皇的画像，他更关注自我认识和美德的实践(符合柏拉图-奥古斯丁的传统)，而不是维护自己对世俗权力的权威。考虑的美德是伯纳德提出的，作为一种在服务的关键中行使权威的方式。对贝纳迪诺文本的分析表明，尽管它参与了中世纪的两剑理论，但它将其置于精神方面优先于政治和组织方面的背景下。两把剑的论点，很好地反映了中世纪政治奥古斯丁主义的转变，因此找到了一个更合适的解释框架，为尤金四世在1439年的公牛中提出的主张提供了另一种选择。
{"title":"De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam: un programa de re-espiritualización del pontificado","authors":"Luis Javier García-Lomas Gago","doi":"10.5209/dmae.84024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.84024","url":null,"abstract":"El presente texto pretende mostrar, como contraposición a la figura del papa como Typus Moysi, el retrato del pontífice ideal que presenta Bernardo de Claraval en su escrito De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam, escrito para Eugenio III. En él, Bernardo dibuja un retrato del papado más preocupado por el autoconocimiento y la práctica de la virtud (en línea con la tradición platónico-agustiniana) que por afirmar su autoridad sobre los poderes seculares. La virtud de la consideración es propuesta por Bernardo como un camino hacia un ejercicio de la autoridad en clave de servicio. Un análisis del texto bernardiano muestra que, aunque participa de la tesis medieval de las dos espadas, la ubica en un contexto donde el aspecto espiritual prima frente a lo político y lo organizativo. La tesis de las dos espadas, buen reflejo de los desplazamientos del agustinismo político durante la Edad Media, encuentra así un marco interpretativo más adecuado que proporciona una alternativa a las pretensiones mostradas por Eugenio IV en su bula de 1439.","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46153812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Communication as a paradigm of analysis has so far been neglected in the study of historical relations between Christians and Muslims. Part One demonstrates that previous forms of conceptualizing these relations fail to grasp the wide range of possible forms of interaction. It presents more differentiated recent approaches and points to the problems that still need solving. Part Two proposes a typology of different kinds of primary evidence that allow us to gain a more profound understanding of how interreligious communication is documented and which conclusions we may derive from this documentation. Part Three discusses methods of using such evidence to produce a greater picture of historical Christian–Muslim relations from the perspective of the communicative paradigm. It concludes that cooperation between specialists on different (e.g. diplomatic, economic, social, intellectual) facets of interreligious relations is necessary to formulate new macro-historical models that consider both the synchronic diversity of communicative acts and settings, as well as the diachronic evolution of larger communicative constellations in reaction to greater political, economic, social, and ideological changes.
{"title":"Communication: a Neglected Paradigm in the Study of Christian–Muslim Relations (7th–16th Cent.)","authors":"Daniel G. König","doi":"10.5209/dmae.85072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.85072","url":null,"abstract":"Communication as a paradigm of analysis has so far been neglected in the study of historical relations between Christians and Muslims. Part One demonstrates that previous forms of conceptualizing these relations fail to grasp the wide range of possible forms of interaction. It presents more differentiated recent approaches and points to the problems that still need solving. Part Two proposes a typology of different kinds of primary evidence that allow us to gain a more profound understanding of how interreligious communication is documented and which conclusions we may derive from this documentation. Part Three discusses methods of using such evidence to produce a greater picture of historical Christian–Muslim relations from the perspective of the communicative paradigm. It concludes that cooperation between specialists on different (e.g. diplomatic, economic, social, intellectual) facets of interreligious relations is necessary to formulate new macro-historical models that consider both the synchronic diversity of communicative acts and settings, as well as the diachronic evolution of larger communicative constellations in reaction to greater political, economic, social, and ideological changes.","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46517742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Este artículo pretende hacer una presentación general del emperador Federico II y su política de conocimiento y difusión de los estudios árabes y hebreos en Europa en el siglo XIII. Para la realización de esta tarea fundó la Universidad de Nápoles y se rodeó de intelectuales que conocían muy bien la filosofía y la ciencia árabe y hebrea.
{"title":"Federico II Hohenstaufen y la difusión de los saberes árabes y judíos en la Europa del siglo XIII","authors":"Rafael Ramón Guerrero","doi":"10.5209/dmae.84999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.84999","url":null,"abstract":"Este artículo pretende hacer una presentación general del emperador Federico II y su política de conocimiento y difusión de los estudios árabes y hebreos en Europa en el siglo XIII. Para la realización de esta tarea fundó la Universidad de Nápoles y se rodeó de intelectuales que conocían muy bien la filosofía y la ciencia árabe y hebrea.","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41426791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historians have observed a strong degree of divergence in population trends after the Black Death across Europe. A comprehensive explanation for this divergence is still missing and previous scholarship has cited the importance of either endogenous or exogenous factors. The most prominent exogenous factor cited in the literature is regional variation in the impact of the Black Death and repeat plague outbreaks, while explanations referring to the effect of endogenous factors have pointed to the role of fertility as a prime mover in long-term demographic developments instead. This article will use the County of Hainaut in the southern Low Countries as a case study to analyze the effect of endogenous socio-institutional factors on diverging regional population developments. However, by using data from a single (nearly) continuous source of mortmain accounts, this analysis will also take into account long-term mortality trends. This article concludes that diverging regional population trends after the Black Death in the County of Hainaut are mostly due to endogenous societal factors and not differentials in exogenous mortality trends in the long-run.
{"title":"The Black Death: window of opportunity or disaster? Demographic growth, stagnation and decline in the County of Hainaut (1349-1541)","authors":"J. Roosen","doi":"10.5209/dmae.83467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.83467","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have observed a strong degree of divergence in population trends after the Black Death across Europe. A comprehensive explanation for this divergence is still missing and previous scholarship has cited the importance of either endogenous or exogenous factors. The most prominent exogenous factor cited in the literature is regional variation in the impact of the Black Death and repeat plague outbreaks, while explanations referring to the effect of endogenous factors have pointed to the role of fertility as a prime mover in long-term demographic developments instead. This article will use the County of Hainaut in the southern Low Countries as a case study to analyze the effect of endogenous socio-institutional factors on diverging regional population developments. However, by using data from a single (nearly) continuous source of mortmain accounts, this analysis will also take into account long-term mortality trends. This article concludes that diverging regional population trends after the Black Death in the County of Hainaut are mostly due to endogenous societal factors and not differentials in exogenous mortality trends in the long-run.","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45667443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"La Peste Negra. Reacciones ante la pandemia en la Edad Media. The Black Death. Reactions to the pandemic in the Middle Ages","authors":"Jos´é María Salvador-González","doi":"10.5209/dmae.84283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.84283","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45865905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Con la irrupción de la peste negra en el siglo XIV, la sociedad europea buscó auxilio en diferentes santos y advocaciones marianas. San Sebastián, san Roque, san Antonio Abad y san Cristóbal, así como la Virgen de la Misericordia, entre otros, se convirtieron en algunos de los intercesores más queridos por el pueblo. Con el presente artículo, se pretende analizar los modos de representación de los mencionados santos en relación con su patronazgo frente a la peste, haciendo especial hincapié en algunas obras artísticas de interesante iconografía (gonfaloni italianos, imágenes de los catorce intercesores, o Vierzehnheiligen, en alemán...), pero también nos acercaremos a las interpretaciones sobre el origen de la epidemia que se dieron en la época y los modos en los que, una vez esta hubo desaparecido, se dio gracias al cielo por su ayuda. Todo ello con varias referencias a su influjo y permanencia en siglos posteriores.
{"title":"\"A san Roque invocamos para que la peste y los males pasen de lado\". Reacciones, creencias y devociones en relación con la peste durante la Edad Media","authors":"Raquel Sigüenza Martín","doi":"10.5209/dmae.83739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.83739","url":null,"abstract":"Con la irrupción de la peste negra en el siglo XIV, la sociedad europea buscó auxilio en diferentes santos y advocaciones marianas. San Sebastián, san Roque, san Antonio Abad y san Cristóbal, así como la Virgen de la Misericordia, entre otros, se convirtieron en algunos de los intercesores más queridos por el pueblo. Con el presente artículo, se pretende analizar los modos de representación de los mencionados santos en relación con su patronazgo frente a la peste, haciendo especial hincapié en algunas obras artísticas de interesante iconografía (gonfaloni italianos, imágenes de los catorce intercesores, o Vierzehnheiligen, en alemán...), pero también nos acercaremos a las interpretaciones sobre el origen de la epidemia que se dieron en la época y los modos en los que, una vez esta hubo desaparecido, se dio gracias al cielo por su ayuda. Todo ello con varias referencias a su influjo y permanencia en siglos posteriores.","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48897460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paulina Pylvänäinen, Agents in Liturgy, Charity and Communication. The Tasks of Female Deacons in the Apostolic Constitutions, Turnhout: Brepols, 2020, XI+275 p. ISBN: 978-2-503-58917-6","authors":"S. Panagopoulos","doi":"10.5209/dmae.84714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.84714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40181,"journal":{"name":"De Medio Aevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46769151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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