Overtraining is a condition in which the physiological demand of an exercise regime outweighs the ability of the body to adjust to the demand. The consequences of overtraining are widespread, negatively affecting several physiological systems, including the neuroendocrine, immunological, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, respectively. Overtraining could also result in several negative psychological disturbances. Exercise dependence a pathology in which a person becomes addicted to exercise, often exercising twice or more daily, while experiencing physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms is also a probable cause of overtraining. Because of his or her excessive exercising, a person diagnosed with exercise dependence is equally as vulnerable to overtraining as the committed athlete.
{"title":"Exercise Dependence and Overtraining: The Physiological and Psychological Consequences of Excessive Exercise","authors":"Jeremy Adams, R. Kirkby","doi":"10.1080/10578310210395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10578310210395","url":null,"abstract":"Overtraining is a condition in which the physiological demand of an exercise regime outweighs the ability of the body to adjust to the demand. The consequences of overtraining are widespread, negatively affecting several physiological systems, including the neuroendocrine, immunological, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, respectively. Overtraining could also result in several negative psychological disturbances. Exercise dependence a pathology in which a person becomes addicted to exercise, often exercising twice or more daily, while experiencing physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms is also a probable cause of overtraining. Because of his or her excessive exercising, a person diagnosed with exercise dependence is equally as vulnerable to overtraining as the committed athlete.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"8 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133813103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15438620109512094
L. Wiley, Jennifer Robinson, D. Reid, Gordon E. Shkurhan, Glen J. David, K. Coutts, D. Mckenzie
Objectives: Rowers who entrain breathing frequency to stroke rate do so in either a 1:1 or 2:1 pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance and physiological difference that occurs between the practice of these two patterns of breathing. Methods: Fifteen novice female rowers (age =19.7 ± 1.6 yr.; body mass = 70.9 ±6.3 kg; height = 174.4 ±4.4 cm) were randomly assigned to complete a 2000 meter rowing ergometer test alternatively using each breathing pattern one week apart. Expired gases and breathing frequencies were measured using a Medical Graphics CPX‐D metabolic system. Heart rate (fc) was recorded using direct lead ECG. Stroke rate was obtained from the Concept II Ergometer. Results: Repeated measures MANOVA determined that when the breathing frequency was 2 breaths per stroke (2:1 versus 1:1), the time to complete the test was significantly shorter (490 ± 24.8 vs. 514 ± 11.3 s, p ≤ 0.05) and power output was greater (203.4 ± 21.5 vs. 184.5 ± 20.4 W, p ≤ 0.05). Oxygen uptake during each test did not differ significantly (2:1 = 2.7 ± 0.2; 1:1 = 2.5 ± 0.4 L/min, p > 0.05) despite an increased heart rate during the 2:1 trial (186.5 ± 8.9 vs. 175.7 ± 17.0 bpm, p = ≤ 0.05). The end tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) and tidal volume values were significantly lower during the 2:1 vs. the 1:1 condition (35.8±3.3vs. 45.1±3.4mmHg, p ≤ 0.05) and (2.1±0.3vs. 2.6 ± 0.3 L, p ≤ 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: Entrainment at 2 breaths per stroke results in a significant improvement in performance during a standard 2000 m rowing ergometer test compared to a 1:1 pattern of breathing. Entrainment of one breath per stroke leads to carbon dioxide retention, which may result in respiratory acidosis and a negative impact on performance.
目的:划艇运动员按照1:1或2:1的比例来训练呼吸频率和划速。本研究的目的是调查的性能和生理差异发生在这两个模式的呼吸练习。方法:15名女性赛艇新手(年龄=19.7±1.6岁;体重= 70.9±6.3 kg;身高= 174.4±4.4 cm)的受试者随机分配，间隔一周交替使用每种呼吸模式完成2000米划船测力仪测试。使用Medical Graphics CPX - D代谢系统测量过期气体和呼吸频率。直接导联心电图记录心率(fc)。冲程速率由Concept II测功仪获得。结果:重复测量方差分析发现，当呼吸频率为每搏2次(2:1对1:1)时，完成测试的时间明显缩短(490±24.8 vs. 514±11.3 s, p≤0.05)，输出功率更大(203.4±21.5 vs. 184.5±20.4 W, p≤0.05)。各试验期间摄氧量无显著差异(2:1 = 2.7±0.2;1∶1 = 2.5±0.4 L/min, p > 0.05)，尽管在2∶1试验中心率增加(186.5±8.9 vs. 175.7±17.0 bpm, p =≤0.05)。与1:1条件相比，2:1条件下的末潮二氧化碳张力(PETCO2)和潮气量值显著降低(35.8±3.3vs)。45.1±3.4mmHg, p≤0.05)和(2.1±0.3vs。2.6±0.3 L, p≤0.05)。结论:在标准的2000米划船测力仪测试中，与1:1的呼吸模式相比，每次划水呼吸2次可以显著提高性能。每次划水一次呼吸导致二氧化碳潴留，这可能导致呼吸性酸中毒，并对表现产生负面影响。
{"title":"Effects of two entrainment patterns on performance of female novice rowers","authors":"L. Wiley, Jennifer Robinson, D. Reid, Gordon E. Shkurhan, Glen J. David, K. Coutts, D. Mckenzie","doi":"10.1080/15438620109512094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620109512094","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Rowers who entrain breathing frequency to stroke rate do so in either a 1:1 or 2:1 pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance and physiological difference that occurs between the practice of these two patterns of breathing. Methods: Fifteen novice female rowers (age =19.7 ± 1.6 yr.; body mass = 70.9 ±6.3 kg; height = 174.4 ±4.4 cm) were randomly assigned to complete a 2000 meter rowing ergometer test alternatively using each breathing pattern one week apart. Expired gases and breathing frequencies were measured using a Medical Graphics CPX‐D metabolic system. Heart rate (fc) was recorded using direct lead ECG. Stroke rate was obtained from the Concept II Ergometer. Results: Repeated measures MANOVA determined that when the breathing frequency was 2 breaths per stroke (2:1 versus 1:1), the time to complete the test was significantly shorter (490 ± 24.8 vs. 514 ± 11.3 s, p ≤ 0.05) and power output was greater (203.4 ± 21.5 vs. 184.5 ± 20.4 W, p ≤ 0.05). Oxygen uptake during each test did not differ significantly (2:1 = 2.7 ± 0.2; 1:1 = 2.5 ± 0.4 L/min, p > 0.05) despite an increased heart rate during the 2:1 trial (186.5 ± 8.9 vs. 175.7 ± 17.0 bpm, p = ≤ 0.05). The end tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) and tidal volume values were significantly lower during the 2:1 vs. the 1:1 condition (35.8±3.3vs. 45.1±3.4mmHg, p ≤ 0.05) and (2.1±0.3vs. 2.6 ± 0.3 L, p ≤ 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: Entrainment at 2 breaths per stroke results in a significant improvement in performance during a standard 2000 m rowing ergometer test compared to a 1:1 pattern of breathing. Entrainment of one breath per stroke leads to carbon dioxide retention, which may result in respiratory acidosis and a negative impact on performance.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125498590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15438620109512092
V. Zeman, K. Pitr
Forty three sports shooters, Czech internationals, were examined. 87 spinal blockages in 33 people was the most frequent dysfunction in these groups. Blockage of C‐Th spine (21), Th spine (22) and sacroiliac joints (SI‐19) were predominant. All 14 blockages of the atlantooccipital joint were on the right side. SI blockage was found mostly on the right too. Shortened (tightened) muscles were noticed in 18 shooters, mostly men, predominately tightened hamstrings. Weak muscles were found in 15 people, mostly women. They were predominately abdominal muscles. Scoliosis was diagnosed in 14 people. The shooters were divided into 3 groups: 19 rifle‐shooters(R), 10 who shoot at a running target (RT), and 14 pistol‐shooters (PI). The smallest number of blockages (relatively) was discovered in group RT, which might be explained by a different shooting posture and different duration of the competition. Weak abdominal muscles were found more frequently in group PI, scoliosis prevailed in group R.
{"title":"Dysfunction of the motor system in sports shooters","authors":"V. Zeman, K. Pitr","doi":"10.1080/15438620109512092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620109512092","url":null,"abstract":"Forty three sports shooters, Czech internationals, were examined. 87 spinal blockages in 33 people was the most frequent dysfunction in these groups. Blockage of C‐Th spine (21), Th spine (22) and sacroiliac joints (SI‐19) were predominant. All 14 blockages of the atlantooccipital joint were on the right side. SI blockage was found mostly on the right too. Shortened (tightened) muscles were noticed in 18 shooters, mostly men, predominately tightened hamstrings. Weak muscles were found in 15 people, mostly women. They were predominately abdominal muscles. Scoliosis was diagnosed in 14 people. The shooters were divided into 3 groups: 19 rifle‐shooters(R), 10 who shoot at a running target (RT), and 14 pistol‐shooters (PI). The smallest number of blockages (relatively) was discovered in group RT, which might be explained by a different shooting posture and different duration of the competition. Weak abdominal muscles were found more frequently in group PI, scoliosis prevailed in group R.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134498876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15438620109512103
C. Lakshmi, K. Indira
In the present study the effect of exercise on age‐induced alterations in glutathione metabolism has been investigated in the tissues of male albino rats. The activity of antioxidant enzymes of glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, enzymes of oxidative metabolism glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and reduced glutathione, a biological antioxidant, were estimated in selected tissues. These enzymes showed a general decline with advancement of age. Further, endurance exercise increased the activity of these enzymes in both young and aged rats in all the three tissues studied. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and the GSH‐GSSG redox cycle during exercise training suggests a novel defensive mechanism in response to increased free radical production during aging.
在本研究中，研究了运动对年龄诱导的雄性白化大鼠组织中谷胱甘肽代谢改变的影响。测定了选定组织中谷胱甘肽- S -转移酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、氧化代谢酶葡萄糖- 6 -磷酸脱氢酶、丁二酸脱氢酶和还原性谷胱甘肽(一种生物抗氧化剂)的抗氧化酶活性。这些酶随着年龄的增长而普遍下降。此外，耐力运动增加了这些酶在年轻和老年大鼠所有三种组织中的活性。运动训练中抗氧化酶活性的增加和GSH - GSSG氧化还原循环的增加提示了衰老过程中自由基产生增加的一种新的防御机制。
{"title":"Age and exercise induced changes in glutathione metabolism of male albino rats","authors":"C. Lakshmi, K. Indira","doi":"10.1080/15438620109512103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620109512103","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study the effect of exercise on age‐induced alterations in glutathione metabolism has been investigated in the tissues of male albino rats. The activity of antioxidant enzymes of glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, enzymes of oxidative metabolism glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and reduced glutathione, a biological antioxidant, were estimated in selected tissues. These enzymes showed a general decline with advancement of age. Further, endurance exercise increased the activity of these enzymes in both young and aged rats in all the three tissues studied. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and the GSH‐GSSG redox cycle during exercise training suggests a novel defensive mechanism in response to increased free radical production during aging.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127954231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15438620109512095
P. Stejskal, Jana Rechbergová, J. Salinger, R. Šlachta, M. Elfmark, Martn Kalina, R. Jurča, Iva Řehová
Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been estimated by means of a Fourier transform method at rest in seven healthy men and three women, during a 30‐minutes steady state cycle exercise test at 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% respectively, of maximal heart rate reserve (MHRR) defined as (HRmax ‐ HRrest). Total power (PT) of HRV was divided into three separate components (PHf, Plf, and Pvlf). All four indices for HRV decreased significantly with increasing exercise intensity. The fractional Pvlf (%VLF), VLF/LF ratio, and VLF/HF ratio increased significantly with increasing exercise intensity. On the contrary, %LF and %HF decreased significantly with increasing exercise intensity. The following conclusions were made: (1) the contribution of parasympathetic activity to the power spectrum of HRV decreases with exercise intensity; (2) the change in %VLF, VLF/LF ratio, and VLF/HF ratio respectively, can be used as indices of change in sympathovagal balance during exercise; (3) the change in the LF/HF ratio cannot be used during exercise as an index of change in sympathovagal balance, since a change in vagal activity effects predominantly both numerator and denominator of the LF/HF ratio.
{"title":"Power spectrum of heart rate variability in exercising humans: The effect of exercise intensity","authors":"P. Stejskal, Jana Rechbergová, J. Salinger, R. Šlachta, M. Elfmark, Martn Kalina, R. Jurča, Iva Řehová","doi":"10.1080/15438620109512095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620109512095","url":null,"abstract":"Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been estimated by means of a Fourier transform method at rest in seven healthy men and three women, during a 30‐minutes steady state cycle exercise test at 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% respectively, of maximal heart rate reserve (MHRR) defined as (HRmax ‐ HRrest). Total power (PT) of HRV was divided into three separate components (PHf, Plf, and Pvlf). All four indices for HRV decreased significantly with increasing exercise intensity. The fractional Pvlf (%VLF), VLF/LF ratio, and VLF/HF ratio increased significantly with increasing exercise intensity. On the contrary, %LF and %HF decreased significantly with increasing exercise intensity. The following conclusions were made: (1) the contribution of parasympathetic activity to the power spectrum of HRV decreases with exercise intensity; (2) the change in %VLF, VLF/LF ratio, and VLF/HF ratio respectively, can be used as indices of change in sympathovagal balance during exercise; (3) the change in the LF/HF ratio cannot be used during exercise as an index of change in sympathovagal balance, since a change in vagal activity effects predominantly both numerator and denominator of the LF/HF ratio.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115923288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Bloxham, Gordon J. Bell, Y. Bhambhani, R. Steadward
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time elite wheelchair basketball players spent performing various game activities during a World Cup game, measure the heart rate response during such activity, and describe the physiological profile of each player participating in the game. Six male members of the Canadian World Cup wheelchair basketball team were videotaped during an entire game to determine the time spent performing seven different categories of activity. Time motion analysis indicated that players spent 8.9% of the game time sprinting, 23.5% gliding, 18.2% contesting for ball possession, 0.6% sprinting with the ball, 0.3% shooting, and 48.3% resting on the bench and floor. Twenty percent (20%) of game time was played at an intensity above the ventilatory threshold. The group mean value for peak oxygen uptake during incremental wheelchair exercise on rollers was 2.60L/min and group mean peak 5 and 30 second anaerobic power development on an arm crank ergometer was 486.3 W and 336.8 W, respectively, suggest that training for and playing elite wheelchair basketball induces significant improvement in these tests of fitness.
{"title":"Time Motion Analysis and Physiological Profile of Canadian World Cup Wheelchair Basketball Players","authors":"L. Bloxham, Gordon J. Bell, Y. Bhambhani, R. Steadward","doi":"10.1080/10578310210398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10578310210398","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time elite wheelchair basketball players spent performing various game activities during a World Cup game, measure the heart rate response during such activity, and describe the physiological profile of each player participating in the game. Six male members of the Canadian World Cup wheelchair basketball team were videotaped during an entire game to determine the time spent performing seven different categories of activity. Time motion analysis indicated that players spent 8.9% of the game time sprinting, 23.5% gliding, 18.2% contesting for ball possession, 0.6% sprinting with the ball, 0.3% shooting, and 48.3% resting on the bench and floor. Twenty percent (20%) of game time was played at an intensity above the ventilatory threshold. The group mean value for peak oxygen uptake during incremental wheelchair exercise on rollers was 2.60L/min and group mean peak 5 and 30 second anaerobic power development on an arm crank ergometer was 486.3 W and 336.8 W, respectively, suggest that training for and playing elite wheelchair basketball induces significant improvement in these tests of fitness.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131531653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15438620109512101
K. Buck, L. Mcnaughton, R. Sherman, D. Bentley, A. Batterham
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of temperature and speed on the physiological response to walking on a water‐based treadmill. Methods: Six subjects walked on the treadmill for 30 minutes, at nine different combinations of water temperature and walking speed (30, 35, 40°C and 4, 5, 6 kmhr−1), in a randomized order. Blood lactate concentration (BLa), heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2) rating of thermal sensation (RTS) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), were recorded at rest in the water, prior to each test, every five minutes during each test and again at the end of a five minute recovery period. Results: Mean VO2 and BLa concentration significantly increased during each trial and with each increase in speed. BLa concentration significantly increased with an increase in water temperature from 30°C to 35 °C. HR, RPE, and RTS significantly increased during each trial and with each increase in speed. RTS also increased significantly with increased temperature and HR significantly increased with an increase in temperature from 30°C to 40°C. Conclusions: Treadmill walking at increasing speed in water of increasing temperature provides an increased physiological stress above that normally found with laboratory‐based treadmill exercise. This could provide a suitable rehabilitative activity for injured individuals.
{"title":"Physiological response to treadmill walking in water at different speeds and temperatures","authors":"K. Buck, L. Mcnaughton, R. Sherman, D. Bentley, A. Batterham","doi":"10.1080/15438620109512101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620109512101","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of temperature and speed on the physiological response to walking on a water‐based treadmill. Methods: Six subjects walked on the treadmill for 30 minutes, at nine different combinations of water temperature and walking speed (30, 35, 40°C and 4, 5, 6 kmhr−1), in a randomized order. Blood lactate concentration (BLa), heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2) rating of thermal sensation (RTS) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), were recorded at rest in the water, prior to each test, every five minutes during each test and again at the end of a five minute recovery period. Results: Mean VO2 and BLa concentration significantly increased during each trial and with each increase in speed. BLa concentration significantly increased with an increase in water temperature from 30°C to 35 °C. HR, RPE, and RTS significantly increased during each trial and with each increase in speed. RTS also increased significantly with increased temperature and HR significantly increased with an increase in temperature from 30°C to 40°C. Conclusions: Treadmill walking at increasing speed in water of increasing temperature provides an increased physiological stress above that normally found with laboratory‐based treadmill exercise. This could provide a suitable rehabilitative activity for injured individuals.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131653105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15438620109512102
S. Mercer, P. Beehler
The traditional Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) paradigm of setting cycle brake resistance relative to body weight has limited value in a lower limb impaired population. The purpose of this investigation is to define a loading scheme that elicits optimal performance of a wheelchair athlete on a WAnT using the Monark 881 arm‐crank ergometer. Seventeen elite male wheelchair basketball athletes performed a randomized series of 30 second WAnTs at four absolute brake force loads (3.50, 4.25, 5.00, and 5.75 kg) and an additional single 10 second maximal velocity WAnT using a 3.00kg load. A repeated measures ANOVA identified a significant difference in peak power {p < .01, F(3,47) = 25.46} and in mean power output {p < .01, F(3, 47) = 30.39} attributable to the variation in load. Post hoc analysis indicated that the mean optimal load for this elite group was the highest load examined. The relationship of each individual's optimal load with peak performance (average revolutions/minute for the peak 3 seconds) on a. 10 second maximal velocity test (MV3) was then used to develop a testing scheme in which an absolute load may be proposed to measure anaerobic power optimally based on performance in a maximal velocity test. Additional testing is recommended to expand this model to include non‐elite wheelchair users.
{"title":"An incremental brake force protocol for arm crank anaerobic testing of wheelchair athletes","authors":"S. Mercer, P. Beehler","doi":"10.1080/15438620109512102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620109512102","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) paradigm of setting cycle brake resistance relative to body weight has limited value in a lower limb impaired population. The purpose of this investigation is to define a loading scheme that elicits optimal performance of a wheelchair athlete on a WAnT using the Monark 881 arm‐crank ergometer. Seventeen elite male wheelchair basketball athletes performed a randomized series of 30 second WAnTs at four absolute brake force loads (3.50, 4.25, 5.00, and 5.75 kg) and an additional single 10 second maximal velocity WAnT using a 3.00kg load. A repeated measures ANOVA identified a significant difference in peak power {p < .01, F(3,47) = 25.46} and in mean power output {p < .01, F(3, 47) = 30.39} attributable to the variation in load. Post hoc analysis indicated that the mean optimal load for this elite group was the highest load examined. The relationship of each individual's optimal load with peak performance (average revolutions/minute for the peak 3 seconds) on a. 10 second maximal velocity test (MV3) was then used to develop a testing scheme in which an absolute load may be proposed to measure anaerobic power optimally based on performance in a maximal velocity test. Additional testing is recommended to expand this model to include non‐elite wheelchair users.","PeriodicalId":403174,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131008853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15438620009512563
M. Stickland, S. Petersen, R. Dressendorfer
The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between the Lactate Threshold (LT), maximal oxygen uptake (KO2max), performance time, and Critical Aerobic Power (CAP) during a simulated 20 km cycling time trial (20 kmTT). CAP was operationally defined as the average oxygen uptake sustained during the 20 kmTT. The subjects were 11 experienced male cyclists (mean±SD age: 29±7.2 yr; VO2max: 4.51±0.11 (L · min−1). Each subject completed two 20 kmTT using their own racing bicycle on a custom designed, computerized roller system. Elapsed time for the best trial averaged 34.58 ±3.29 min. Test‐retest reliability estimates for elapsed time, average heart rate and VO2 during the two trials were 0.92, 0.98 and 0.98, respectively. Oxygen uptake during the 20 kmTT averaged 115% of VO2 at LT and 86% of FO2max· A significant correlation was found between CAP and performance time (r= —0.81, p ≤ 0.01). Significant correlations were found between CAP and VO2 at LT (r = 0.62, p ≤ 0.05) and CAP and VO2max (r = 0.97, p ≤ 0.05). Using stepwise regression, VO2max was the strongest predictor of CAP with no further contribution from VO2 at LT. It was concluded that CAP is a strong determinant of cycling performance for 30–40 min duration. In this study, CAP was dependent more on VO2max than on the LT.
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