Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942541
Jinwen Mai, Chong Sze Tong, Yuetao Wu, Yang Xu, Yi Hong, Xia Hua, Jiahuan Feng, Zhihao Fang, Xujiang Shi, H. Lin
As one of the most prevalent kinds of Renewable energy resources (RES), distributed photovoltaic (PV) generations are widely used in Microgrids. During the lightning storms, the Microgrids with more PV would face more challenges of reliability in practice. To improve the lightning performance of Microgrids, the paper presented a mode named Dynamic Lightning Protection (DLP). The paper also proposed a dynamic multilevel control model which shows advantages on the adjustment of power exchange and dynamic balance so as to enhance the reliability of system. The dynamic protection mode, which was discussed in this paper, could provide a more effective lightning protection solution for the Microgrids with high proportion of photovoltaic power generation.
{"title":"Dynamic Lightning Protection of Microgrids with High Proportion of Photovoltaic Power Generation","authors":"Jinwen Mai, Chong Sze Tong, Yuetao Wu, Yang Xu, Yi Hong, Xia Hua, Jiahuan Feng, Zhihao Fang, Xujiang Shi, H. Lin","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942541","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most prevalent kinds of Renewable energy resources (RES), distributed photovoltaic (PV) generations are widely used in Microgrids. During the lightning storms, the Microgrids with more PV would face more challenges of reliability in practice. To improve the lightning performance of Microgrids, the paper presented a mode named Dynamic Lightning Protection (DLP). The paper also proposed a dynamic multilevel control model which shows advantages on the adjustment of power exchange and dynamic balance so as to enhance the reliability of system. The dynamic protection mode, which was discussed in this paper, could provide a more effective lightning protection solution for the Microgrids with high proportion of photovoltaic power generation.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129801125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942452
Elizabeth Piskliukova, D. Belko
This paper focuses on a review of lightning resulted issues in electric power supply of productive and extractive industry in South Africa. The article presents the interview result among representatives from companies in the industry above. Analysis of interviews showed that it is essential to prevent any interruptions of technological processes. Possible ways of lightning consequences mitigation are presented. Line lightning performance before and after installation of lightning protection means is being evaluated. Also the paper presents an economic analysis of such protection benefits based on mitigation of production losses by reduction of lightning outages quantity and their cumulative duration.
{"title":"Review of Lightning Impacts on Power Supply of Productive and Extractive Industry in South Africa and Such Ways of Production Loss Mitigation as Installation of Line Lightning Protection Devices","authors":"Elizabeth Piskliukova, D. Belko","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942452","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on a review of lightning resulted issues in electric power supply of productive and extractive industry in South Africa. The article presents the interview result among representatives from companies in the industry above. Analysis of interviews showed that it is essential to prevent any interruptions of technological processes. Possible ways of lightning consequences mitigation are presented. Line lightning performance before and after installation of lightning protection means is being evaluated. Also the paper presents an economic analysis of such protection benefits based on mitigation of production losses by reduction of lightning outages quantity and their cumulative duration.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130586595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942509
M. Talbi, K. Arzag, Z. Azzouz
In this work, we are interested in the study of the lightning return stroke current distribution along a tall object namely a tower and along the lightning channel. The considered tower is that of Peissenberg in Germany. To carry out this study, we have developed a computer code based on the use of electromagnetic models and the three dimensions finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method. The latter is combined to UMPL boundary conditions and is based on Taflove formulation. The program was developed in MATLAB environment. So, in this study electromagnetic models have two configurations. The first one is that adopted for the Peissenberg tower, in which the latter is represented by a perfectly conducing wire and a cubic extension below the ground. The second one is the lightning channel configuration, which is represented by a vertical resistive wire coated by a fictitious material having a relative permittivity and a relative permeability values greater than that of the air. In the validation aim of the used approach and the developed calculating code, the simulation results are compared to those taken from the literature data recorded of the current waveforms at the top of the tower. According to this comparison, the approach proposed in this work yields reasonably accurate results. Thus, the effect of the variation of the ground conductivity values on the lightning current magnitudes and waveforms is examined. This investigation showed that the lightning current is affected by the variation of the ground conductivity values when it propagates along the tower and along the lightning channel.
{"title":"Analysis of Lightning Current Using Electromagnetic Models and 3D-FDTD Method in Presence of a Tall Object","authors":"M. Talbi, K. Arzag, Z. Azzouz","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942509","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we are interested in the study of the lightning return stroke current distribution along a tall object namely a tower and along the lightning channel. The considered tower is that of Peissenberg in Germany. To carry out this study, we have developed a computer code based on the use of electromagnetic models and the three dimensions finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method. The latter is combined to UMPL boundary conditions and is based on Taflove formulation. The program was developed in MATLAB environment. So, in this study electromagnetic models have two configurations. The first one is that adopted for the Peissenberg tower, in which the latter is represented by a perfectly conducing wire and a cubic extension below the ground. The second one is the lightning channel configuration, which is represented by a vertical resistive wire coated by a fictitious material having a relative permittivity and a relative permeability values greater than that of the air. In the validation aim of the used approach and the developed calculating code, the simulation results are compared to those taken from the literature data recorded of the current waveforms at the top of the tower. According to this comparison, the approach proposed in this work yields reasonably accurate results. Thus, the effect of the variation of the ground conductivity values on the lightning current magnitudes and waveforms is examined. This investigation showed that the lightning current is affected by the variation of the ground conductivity values when it propagates along the tower and along the lightning channel.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130311987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942488
M. A. Alves, B. A. Oliveira, Willian Maia, Waterson S. Soares, Douglas B. da S. Ferreira, Ana P. P. dos Santos, Fernando P. Silvestrow, Eugenio L. Daher, O. P. Júnior
In this paper we describe a new methodology for generating real-time lightning warning prediction by using a reliable multi-source data. To do so, it was used two years of data covering 50km radius over three regions in Brazil. For 5-minutes intervals, it was evaluated three approaches: a rule-based model that monitors an area of radius greater than the protected area, a machine learning model that considers the amount of lightning that hit small nearby regions, and an integrated approach that combines the two above. The results achieved, on average, about 80% of false alarm ratio, when the model generated an alert but no lightning strikes the area, 14% of failures, opposite to the previous one, had lightning without alert, 1% of the total time operations had to be stopped because of alerts, and 9 minutes of lead time between the generation of the alert and there is a lightning strike. A multi-criteria decision method was used to rank the best method for each location. Rule-based and Integrated models were preferred according to the importance of each criterion for stakeholders. Each methodology has its advantages and they can be extended to other areas according to business needs.
{"title":"Lightning Warning Prediction with Multi-source Data","authors":"M. A. Alves, B. A. Oliveira, Willian Maia, Waterson S. Soares, Douglas B. da S. Ferreira, Ana P. P. dos Santos, Fernando P. Silvestrow, Eugenio L. Daher, O. P. Júnior","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942488","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe a new methodology for generating real-time lightning warning prediction by using a reliable multi-source data. To do so, it was used two years of data covering 50km radius over three regions in Brazil. For 5-minutes intervals, it was evaluated three approaches: a rule-based model that monitors an area of radius greater than the protected area, a machine learning model that considers the amount of lightning that hit small nearby regions, and an integrated approach that combines the two above. The results achieved, on average, about 80% of false alarm ratio, when the model generated an alert but no lightning strikes the area, 14% of failures, opposite to the previous one, had lightning without alert, 1% of the total time operations had to be stopped because of alerts, and 9 minutes of lead time between the generation of the alert and there is a lightning strike. A multi-criteria decision method was used to rank the best method for each location. Rule-based and Integrated models were preferred according to the importance of each criterion for stakeholders. Each methodology has its advantages and they can be extended to other areas according to business needs.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"77 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131073324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942485
W. D. van Schalkwyk, Chandima Gomes, J. Van Coller
The effect of Cloud-to-Cloud (CC) lightning on Medium Voltage (MV) lines has previously been assumed to be negligible due to the distance between the line and the CC lightning channel [1]. During a study [2] to distinguish between nearby Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning and direct lightning strikes to a 714 km (including branches) 22 kV line, lightning-related line faults were measured also where only CC lightning was present. These line faults were investigated and the network and CC lightning were modelled. It was found that the faults were initiated by CC lightning but that the flashover could be attributed to insufficient wet creepage distance and not due to insufficient Basic Insulation Level (BIL).
{"title":"The Effect of Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning on Medium Voltage Lines","authors":"W. D. van Schalkwyk, Chandima Gomes, J. Van Coller","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942485","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of Cloud-to-Cloud (CC) lightning on Medium Voltage (MV) lines has previously been assumed to be negligible due to the distance between the line and the CC lightning channel [1]. During a study [2] to distinguish between nearby Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning and direct lightning strikes to a 714 km (including branches) 22 kV line, lightning-related line faults were measured also where only CC lightning was present. These line faults were investigated and the network and CC lightning were modelled. It was found that the faults were initiated by CC lightning but that the flashover could be attributed to insufficient wet creepage distance and not due to insufficient Basic Insulation Level (BIL).","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126866821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942511
Shriyog Sharma, Shriram Sharma, Chandima Gomes
This study investigates the present-day lightning risks of a large number of archaeological sites in Asia, with special attention to religious monuments in South Asia with invaluable historical value. The study reveals that in most cases, no lightning protection measures (LPM) have been adopted and in several structures, LPM have been adopted but without conducting a methodical risk assessment or standard system design under experts' advice. In a majority of archaeological buildings in Nepal, appropriate lightning protection systems have not been installed, though an apparent air termination system could be observed in the form of a metallic spire or a metallic roof component. However, a system of down conductors and earth terminations has not been properly installed or not installed at all. Both the Department of archaeology and the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) have not taken adequate steps to install LPS in archaeological sites fearing losing the aesthetic appearance and historical values of the structures. Appropriate LPM has not been adopted even on the structures that have been rebuilt after they were partly or fully damaged by the 2015 earthquake. In many historical structures in the southern part of India, on the other hand, partial LPM has been adopted. Even those that are designed up to the knowledge and standards that existed at the time of design, have not been maintained, and as a result, the components are most often loosely hanging or partially destroyed. Many authorities argue that concerned monuments have survived for several centuries or even over a millennium thus they do not need lightning protection. However, the environment of many such monuments is now modified with rain shelters, lighting systems, CCTVs etc., without having any LPM, thus their exposure level has been increased. However, there are no attempts made in estimating the new risk with modifications that have been done. Also, in the South Indian region, several highly significant monuments and structures have been observed to have Early Streamer Emission (ESE) devices with single down conductors. Most often, these down conductors have multiple acute bends due to the architectural topography of the building. In many such cases, the earthing system is obscured and impossible to be inspected. On such a backdrop, we propose new compulsory international or national standards or an annexure to existing standards for risk assessment, design, implementation and maintenance of LPS of archaeological structures.
{"title":"Archaeological sites in Nepal and India: Concerns of lightning risks","authors":"Shriyog Sharma, Shriram Sharma, Chandima Gomes","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942511","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the present-day lightning risks of a large number of archaeological sites in Asia, with special attention to religious monuments in South Asia with invaluable historical value. The study reveals that in most cases, no lightning protection measures (LPM) have been adopted and in several structures, LPM have been adopted but without conducting a methodical risk assessment or standard system design under experts' advice. In a majority of archaeological buildings in Nepal, appropriate lightning protection systems have not been installed, though an apparent air termination system could be observed in the form of a metallic spire or a metallic roof component. However, a system of down conductors and earth terminations has not been properly installed or not installed at all. Both the Department of archaeology and the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) have not taken adequate steps to install LPS in archaeological sites fearing losing the aesthetic appearance and historical values of the structures. Appropriate LPM has not been adopted even on the structures that have been rebuilt after they were partly or fully damaged by the 2015 earthquake. In many historical structures in the southern part of India, on the other hand, partial LPM has been adopted. Even those that are designed up to the knowledge and standards that existed at the time of design, have not been maintained, and as a result, the components are most often loosely hanging or partially destroyed. Many authorities argue that concerned monuments have survived for several centuries or even over a millennium thus they do not need lightning protection. However, the environment of many such monuments is now modified with rain shelters, lighting systems, CCTVs etc., without having any LPM, thus their exposure level has been increased. However, there are no attempts made in estimating the new risk with modifications that have been done. Also, in the South Indian region, several highly significant monuments and structures have been observed to have Early Streamer Emission (ESE) devices with single down conductors. Most often, these down conductors have multiple acute bends due to the architectural topography of the building. In many such cases, the earthing system is obscured and impossible to be inspected. On such a backdrop, we propose new compulsory international or national standards or an annexure to existing standards for risk assessment, design, implementation and maintenance of LPS of archaeological structures.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127693949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human safety is a major concern in lightning disasters. The step voltage around grounding grids under a direct lightning strike may cause an electric shock to the human body and result in casualty. Therefore, the design of the grounding system plays a crucial role in the safety of personal electricity. In this study, the partial element equivalent circuit method (PEEC) is adopted to calculate the ground potential rise (GPR) at the nearby grounding grids under direct lightning strokes. The influence of the buried depth of the grounding grids on the ground potential distribution is discussed. Different grounding configurations such as single electrodes, fork-type grounding grids, and ground grids are studied. This will facilitate the design of the grounding system and ensure electrical safety.
{"title":"The Distribution of Ground Potential around Grounding grids under a Direct Lightning Strike","authors":"Zhe Li, Yuxuan Ding, Jinxin Cao, Yaping Du, Chuanzhen Jia, Xiangen Zhao","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942629","url":null,"abstract":"Human safety is a major concern in lightning disasters. The step voltage around grounding grids under a direct lightning strike may cause an electric shock to the human body and result in casualty. Therefore, the design of the grounding system plays a crucial role in the safety of personal electricity. In this study, the partial element equivalent circuit method (PEEC) is adopted to calculate the ground potential rise (GPR) at the nearby grounding grids under direct lightning strokes. The influence of the buried depth of the grounding grids on the ground potential distribution is discussed. Different grounding configurations such as single electrodes, fork-type grounding grids, and ground grids are studied. This will facilitate the design of the grounding system and ensure electrical safety.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114384030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942489
Isabell Stucke, Deborah Morgernstern, G. Diendorfer, G. Mayr, H. Pichler, W. Schulz, T. Simon, A. Zeileis
Upwardlightning is rare, but destructive and not confined to the winter season as frequently pre-sented in literature. This study identifies the dominant thunderstorm types for upward lightning and the underlying meteorological settings for its initiation in the cold, warm and transition seasons. Further, it assesses the ability to diagnose the upward lightning occurrence at the Gaisberg Tower (Austria) from meteorological conditions using random forest models. Results show that high-shear and high-wind speed thunderstorms with enhanced particle loadings dominate upward light-ning initiation in the cold and in the transition seasons. In the warm season this dominance is reduced due to an increase in high-CAPE thunderstorms associated with increased low-level moisture and higher-based cloud charge centers. The ability to diagnose upward light-ning is highest in winter and when it occurs associated with the dominant wind-field thunderstorm type in combination with enhanced cloud physics.
{"title":"Thunderstorm types and meteorological characteristics of upward lightning","authors":"Isabell Stucke, Deborah Morgernstern, G. Diendorfer, G. Mayr, H. Pichler, W. Schulz, T. Simon, A. Zeileis","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942489","url":null,"abstract":"Upwardlightning is rare, but destructive and not confined to the winter season as frequently pre-sented in literature. This study identifies the dominant thunderstorm types for upward lightning and the underlying meteorological settings for its initiation in the cold, warm and transition seasons. Further, it assesses the ability to diagnose the upward lightning occurrence at the Gaisberg Tower (Austria) from meteorological conditions using random forest models. Results show that high-shear and high-wind speed thunderstorms with enhanced particle loadings dominate upward light-ning initiation in the cold and in the transition seasons. In the warm season this dominance is reduced due to an increase in high-CAPE thunderstorms associated with increased low-level moisture and higher-based cloud charge centers. The ability to diagnose upward light-ning is highest in winter and when it occurs associated with the dominant wind-field thunderstorm type in combination with enhanced cloud physics.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114029416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942483
N. Bacci, P. Randolph-Quinney, H. Hunt, K. Nixon, T. Augustine
Actualistic laboratory-based experimentation has shown that high impulse currents induce microtrauma to cadaveric bone, the patterns of which may have utility in lightning fatality determination However, it is unclear whether embalming solutions used to replace bodily $mathbf{fluids}$ and preserve the cadaveric tissues, may interfere with current transfer and induced-microtrauma patterns. As such, testing the resistance and impulse current passage of embalming fluids is crucial to build construct validity for biological studies. Low and high voltage impulse currents were applied to isotonic saline, used and fresh embalming solutions. Shunt voltage consistently increased across all solutions, despite embalming fluid having greater resistance to current flow. High voltage tests demonstrated fluid breakdown and current passage throughout all solutions. Current transfer results through embalming fluids suggest that high impulse currents are of sufficient magnitude to allow use of embalmed tissues in experimentation.
{"title":"Testing embalming solution suitability for high impulse current experimentation on biological tissue","authors":"N. Bacci, P. Randolph-Quinney, H. Hunt, K. Nixon, T. Augustine","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942483","url":null,"abstract":"Actualistic laboratory-based experimentation has shown that high impulse currents induce microtrauma to cadaveric bone, the patterns of which may have utility in lightning fatality determination However, it is unclear whether embalming solutions used to replace bodily $mathbf{fluids}$ and preserve the cadaveric tissues, may interfere with current transfer and induced-microtrauma patterns. As such, testing the resistance and impulse current passage of embalming fluids is crucial to build construct validity for biological studies. Low and high voltage impulse currents were applied to isotonic saline, used and fresh embalming solutions. Shunt voltage consistently increased across all solutions, despite embalming fluid having greater resistance to current flow. High voltage tests demonstrated fluid breakdown and current passage throughout all solutions. Current transfer results through embalming fluids suggest that high impulse currents are of sufficient magnitude to allow use of embalmed tissues in experimentation.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122994255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942631
P. H. Pretorius
In protecting against lightning damage, specifically related to RS 485 industrial communication systems, the approach is typically to apply surge protective devices as mitigation measure. However, knowledge about the RS485 communication system dictates that a single point earth is required for its successful operation. Reverse operation of surge protective devices, applied downstream from the data acquisition unit, are likely to override the single point earthing system to introduce a multipoint earthing system, that can lead to exacerbated damage in large industrial plant, compared to before the installation of the surge protective devices. In this paper, the behaviour of a surge protective device applied to a typical industrial communication line, is assessed with support of numerical modelling to demonstrate the anticipated reverse operation of the protective device. This paper raises awareness about lightning ground potential rise and the application of surge protective devices, particularly in the case of wire-line technology, important to the lightning protection system designer.
{"title":"Reverse Operation of Surge Protective Devices on RS 485 Communication Lines Under Lightning Ground Potential Rise","authors":"P. H. Pretorius","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942631","url":null,"abstract":"In protecting against lightning damage, specifically related to RS 485 industrial communication systems, the approach is typically to apply surge protective devices as mitigation measure. However, knowledge about the RS485 communication system dictates that a single point earth is required for its successful operation. Reverse operation of surge protective devices, applied downstream from the data acquisition unit, are likely to override the single point earthing system to introduce a multipoint earthing system, that can lead to exacerbated damage in large industrial plant, compared to before the installation of the surge protective devices. In this paper, the behaviour of a surge protective device applied to a typical industrial communication line, is assessed with support of numerical modelling to demonstrate the anticipated reverse operation of the protective device. This paper raises awareness about lightning ground potential rise and the application of surge protective devices, particularly in the case of wire-line technology, important to the lightning protection system designer.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121346237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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