Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942454
Ndiadia Kandolo Emmanuel, Rostha Loha Paulo, Tondozi Keto Francois, Tshitenge Mbuebue Jean Marie, Kayembe Kalombo Jean Claude, Phuku Phuati Edmond
The aims of this paper is to compare the lightning activity (number of lightning flashes) of mesoscale convective systems over North and South Equatorial Africa. It examines also the correlation between the lightning activity in the Northern Equatorial Africa and that in the Southern one. Indeed, spatial observations have shown that the highest concentrations of lightning on the Earth are mostly located in Equatorial Africa. This study has been made using data processing, descriptive statistical analysis and wavelet coherence analysis. The obtained results show that there is more lightning activity in the North region of Equatorial Africa than in the South one, in an average ratio of about 1.12 to 1. At the same time, a North-South regional contrast in lightning activity is observed over the Equatorial Africa. Concerning their relationships, it has been found that the lightning activity is strongly and negatively correlated (R=-0.588) between the two hemispheres. Furthermore, using the wavelet method we have obtained the same results. The degree of linearity between the lightning activity signals S1 of the Northern Equatorial Africa and S2 of the Southern one has been characterized (linear correlation level between 0 and 1) for any time-scale location and shows that the interactions between the two signals are at sub-annual and seasonal scales, with a relative phase difference of 180° (in phase opposition). Thus, the two signals are negatively correlated. Lightning activity shows very high trends in both sub-regions and the variation in its monthly as well as seasonal mean could be explained given the strong convection and thunderstorms throughout the region.
{"title":"Comparative study of lightning activity over north vs south Equatorial Africa","authors":"Ndiadia Kandolo Emmanuel, Rostha Loha Paulo, Tondozi Keto Francois, Tshitenge Mbuebue Jean Marie, Kayembe Kalombo Jean Claude, Phuku Phuati Edmond","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942454","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this paper is to compare the lightning activity (number of lightning flashes) of mesoscale convective systems over North and South Equatorial Africa. It examines also the correlation between the lightning activity in the Northern Equatorial Africa and that in the Southern one. Indeed, spatial observations have shown that the highest concentrations of lightning on the Earth are mostly located in Equatorial Africa. This study has been made using data processing, descriptive statistical analysis and wavelet coherence analysis. The obtained results show that there is more lightning activity in the North region of Equatorial Africa than in the South one, in an average ratio of about 1.12 to 1. At the same time, a North-South regional contrast in lightning activity is observed over the Equatorial Africa. Concerning their relationships, it has been found that the lightning activity is strongly and negatively correlated (R=-0.588) between the two hemispheres. Furthermore, using the wavelet method we have obtained the same results. The degree of linearity between the lightning activity signals S1 of the Northern Equatorial Africa and S2 of the Southern one has been characterized (linear correlation level between 0 and 1) for any time-scale location and shows that the interactions between the two signals are at sub-annual and seasonal scales, with a relative phase difference of 180° (in phase opposition). Thus, the two signals are negatively correlated. Lightning activity shows very high trends in both sub-regions and the variation in its monthly as well as seasonal mean could be explained given the strong convection and thunderstorms throughout the region.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122893788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942623
Simisi Mosamane, Chandima Gomes
The need for a good quality power supply in PV systems makes lightning protection one of the primary requirements in Photovoltaic installations (PVIs). Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) are connected to the DC and AC cables in PVIs to protect the electronic components against lightning transients. In this paper, the protection of the microinverter against lightning transients was investigated by simulation using Power System Computer-Aided Design (PSCAD) software. A Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) surge protective device was connected to the DC cables of a PV panel with a microinverter while subjected to lightning-induced overvoltage (LIO) stresses for various lightning current waveforms, amplitudes, and protection scenarios. This investigation measured the energy overload and the current flowing through the SPD. The results demonstrated that a class II internal SPD seems appropriate for PV installations with a microinverter with and without an external lightning protection system (LPS) for impulse currents not exceeding 20 kA.
{"title":"Lightning-induced overvoltage protection for microinverters using surge protective devices","authors":"Simisi Mosamane, Chandima Gomes","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942623","url":null,"abstract":"The need for a good quality power supply in PV systems makes lightning protection one of the primary requirements in Photovoltaic installations (PVIs). Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) are connected to the DC and AC cables in PVIs to protect the electronic components against lightning transients. In this paper, the protection of the microinverter against lightning transients was investigated by simulation using Power System Computer-Aided Design (PSCAD) software. A Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) surge protective device was connected to the DC cables of a PV panel with a microinverter while subjected to lightning-induced overvoltage (LIO) stresses for various lightning current waveforms, amplitudes, and protection scenarios. This investigation measured the energy overload and the current flowing through the SPD. The results demonstrated that a class II internal SPD seems appropriate for PV installations with a microinverter with and without an external lightning protection system (LPS) for impulse currents not exceeding 20 kA.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131541085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942512
A. Gomes, A. Rousseau, M. Guthrie, A. Barwise, Chandima Gomes
This paper discusses the issues encountered by design engineers due to the lack of a method specified in IEe 62305–2 to conduct the risk assessment only for the solar PV system mounted on a part of a large roof. Typically, the Solar PV system provider is a party independent from the building contractor and the building owner, thus, they would be interested only in the protection of the PV system rather than the total building. On the other hand, a lightning strike to the parts of the roof beyond the PV panel may also affect the PV system due to fire hazards and injected (or induced) current into the power system. Thus, it may not be advisable to consider only the part of the building with a PV panel as an isolated system. In this study we first show the difference in the risk level by conducting the risk assessment for a hypothetical case of a roof-mounted solar PV system, considering the entire building and the part of the building with PV panel on the rooftop as an isolated structure in the presence of the other parts. The computations show a significant difference in the outcomes for the two cases. We also discuss other methods adopted by lightning protection professionals in the region in computing the lightning risk for roof-mounted solar PV systems. The key objective of this study is to demonstrate the confusion concerning this subject rather than proposing a solid methodology for conducting the risk assessment for roof-mounted solar PV systems. It is of prime importance for the working groups of standards committees to come to an agreement in this regard.
{"title":"Risk Assessment of Rooftop-Mounted Solar PV Systems","authors":"A. Gomes, A. Rousseau, M. Guthrie, A. Barwise, Chandima Gomes","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942512","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the issues encountered by design engineers due to the lack of a method specified in IEe 62305–2 to conduct the risk assessment only for the solar PV system mounted on a part of a large roof. Typically, the Solar PV system provider is a party independent from the building contractor and the building owner, thus, they would be interested only in the protection of the PV system rather than the total building. On the other hand, a lightning strike to the parts of the roof beyond the PV panel may also affect the PV system due to fire hazards and injected (or induced) current into the power system. Thus, it may not be advisable to consider only the part of the building with a PV panel as an isolated system. In this study we first show the difference in the risk level by conducting the risk assessment for a hypothetical case of a roof-mounted solar PV system, considering the entire building and the part of the building with PV panel on the rooftop as an isolated structure in the presence of the other parts. The computations show a significant difference in the outcomes for the two cases. We also discuss other methods adopted by lightning protection professionals in the region in computing the lightning risk for roof-mounted solar PV systems. The key objective of this study is to demonstrate the confusion concerning this subject rather than proposing a solid methodology for conducting the risk assessment for roof-mounted solar PV systems. It is of prime importance for the working groups of standards committees to come to an agreement in this regard.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133857844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942489
Isabell Stucke, Deborah Morgernstern, G. Diendorfer, G. Mayr, H. Pichler, W. Schulz, T. Simon, A. Zeileis
Upwardlightning is rare, but destructive and not confined to the winter season as frequently pre-sented in literature. This study identifies the dominant thunderstorm types for upward lightning and the underlying meteorological settings for its initiation in the cold, warm and transition seasons. Further, it assesses the ability to diagnose the upward lightning occurrence at the Gaisberg Tower (Austria) from meteorological conditions using random forest models. Results show that high-shear and high-wind speed thunderstorms with enhanced particle loadings dominate upward light-ning initiation in the cold and in the transition seasons. In the warm season this dominance is reduced due to an increase in high-CAPE thunderstorms associated with increased low-level moisture and higher-based cloud charge centers. The ability to diagnose upward light-ning is highest in winter and when it occurs associated with the dominant wind-field thunderstorm type in combination with enhanced cloud physics.
{"title":"Thunderstorm types and meteorological characteristics of upward lightning","authors":"Isabell Stucke, Deborah Morgernstern, G. Diendorfer, G. Mayr, H. Pichler, W. Schulz, T. Simon, A. Zeileis","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942489","url":null,"abstract":"Upwardlightning is rare, but destructive and not confined to the winter season as frequently pre-sented in literature. This study identifies the dominant thunderstorm types for upward lightning and the underlying meteorological settings for its initiation in the cold, warm and transition seasons. Further, it assesses the ability to diagnose the upward lightning occurrence at the Gaisberg Tower (Austria) from meteorological conditions using random forest models. Results show that high-shear and high-wind speed thunderstorms with enhanced particle loadings dominate upward light-ning initiation in the cold and in the transition seasons. In the warm season this dominance is reduced due to an increase in high-CAPE thunderstorms associated with increased low-level moisture and higher-based cloud charge centers. The ability to diagnose upward light-ning is highest in winter and when it occurs associated with the dominant wind-field thunderstorm type in combination with enhanced cloud physics.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114029416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human safety is a major concern in lightning disasters. The step voltage around grounding grids under a direct lightning strike may cause an electric shock to the human body and result in casualty. Therefore, the design of the grounding system plays a crucial role in the safety of personal electricity. In this study, the partial element equivalent circuit method (PEEC) is adopted to calculate the ground potential rise (GPR) at the nearby grounding grids under direct lightning strokes. The influence of the buried depth of the grounding grids on the ground potential distribution is discussed. Different grounding configurations such as single electrodes, fork-type grounding grids, and ground grids are studied. This will facilitate the design of the grounding system and ensure electrical safety.
{"title":"The Distribution of Ground Potential around Grounding grids under a Direct Lightning Strike","authors":"Zhe Li, Yuxuan Ding, Jinxin Cao, Yaping Du, Chuanzhen Jia, Xiangen Zhao","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942629","url":null,"abstract":"Human safety is a major concern in lightning disasters. The step voltage around grounding grids under a direct lightning strike may cause an electric shock to the human body and result in casualty. Therefore, the design of the grounding system plays a crucial role in the safety of personal electricity. In this study, the partial element equivalent circuit method (PEEC) is adopted to calculate the ground potential rise (GPR) at the nearby grounding grids under direct lightning strokes. The influence of the buried depth of the grounding grids on the ground potential distribution is discussed. Different grounding configurations such as single electrodes, fork-type grounding grids, and ground grids are studied. This will facilitate the design of the grounding system and ensure electrical safety.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114384030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942646
I. Grobbelaar, S. Weber
Lightning current transients injected onto the PV modules in large Solar Power Plants (SPPs) may cause damage to downstream connected systems, resulting in permanent equipment failure and power production down time. Surge protective devices installed to protect electronic equipment on SPPs will not be able to withstand the peak lightning currents without sufficient energy dissipation through the SPP. With the correct implementation of external lightning protection and earthing meshes, it is shown that the surge protection is not overstressed due to sufficient energy diversion and dissipation in the SPP before reaching critical equipment. The resultant current distribution, transient waveform and specific energy are calculated at critical locations in the PV field through XGSLab simulations. Advantages are shown for the strategic and cost-effective design considerations with regards to earthing, and how it reduces stress on equipment and surge protective devices during lightning events.
{"title":"External Lightning Protection and Earthing to Reduce Stress on SPDs within Electrical Equipment in Photovoltaic Plants","authors":"I. Grobbelaar, S. Weber","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942646","url":null,"abstract":"Lightning current transients injected onto the PV modules in large Solar Power Plants (SPPs) may cause damage to downstream connected systems, resulting in permanent equipment failure and power production down time. Surge protective devices installed to protect electronic equipment on SPPs will not be able to withstand the peak lightning currents without sufficient energy dissipation through the SPP. With the correct implementation of external lightning protection and earthing meshes, it is shown that the surge protection is not overstressed due to sufficient energy diversion and dissipation in the SPP before reaching critical equipment. The resultant current distribution, transient waveform and specific energy are calculated at critical locations in the PV field through XGSLab simulations. Advantages are shown for the strategic and cost-effective design considerations with regards to earthing, and how it reduces stress on equipment and surge protective devices during lightning events.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123394850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942472
F. Grange, S. Journet, F. Dawalibi, Zainal Kadir
Photovoltaic (PV) power plants cover large areas that are susceptible to multiple lightning strikes. Consequences of the electromagnetic interference caused by lightning can be a major concern for people safety and equipment integrity. In this paper, we investigate lightning overvoltage and transient ground potential rise in large PV plants for different lightning strike scenarios. The main objectives of this paper is to describe the analysis that was carried out and propose cost-effective mitigation techniques based on the most advanced simulation techniques.
{"title":"Lightning Overvoltage and Transient Ground Potential Rise in large PV plants","authors":"F. Grange, S. Journet, F. Dawalibi, Zainal Kadir","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942472","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic (PV) power plants cover large areas that are susceptible to multiple lightning strikes. Consequences of the electromagnetic interference caused by lightning can be a major concern for people safety and equipment integrity. In this paper, we investigate lightning overvoltage and transient ground potential rise in large PV plants for different lightning strike scenarios. The main objectives of this paper is to describe the analysis that was carried out and propose cost-effective mitigation techniques based on the most advanced simulation techniques.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122091743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942541
Jinwen Mai, Chong Sze Tong, Yuetao Wu, Yang Xu, Yi Hong, Xia Hua, Jiahuan Feng, Zhihao Fang, Xujiang Shi, H. Lin
As one of the most prevalent kinds of Renewable energy resources (RES), distributed photovoltaic (PV) generations are widely used in Microgrids. During the lightning storms, the Microgrids with more PV would face more challenges of reliability in practice. To improve the lightning performance of Microgrids, the paper presented a mode named Dynamic Lightning Protection (DLP). The paper also proposed a dynamic multilevel control model which shows advantages on the adjustment of power exchange and dynamic balance so as to enhance the reliability of system. The dynamic protection mode, which was discussed in this paper, could provide a more effective lightning protection solution for the Microgrids with high proportion of photovoltaic power generation.
{"title":"Dynamic Lightning Protection of Microgrids with High Proportion of Photovoltaic Power Generation","authors":"Jinwen Mai, Chong Sze Tong, Yuetao Wu, Yang Xu, Yi Hong, Xia Hua, Jiahuan Feng, Zhihao Fang, Xujiang Shi, H. Lin","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942541","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most prevalent kinds of Renewable energy resources (RES), distributed photovoltaic (PV) generations are widely used in Microgrids. During the lightning storms, the Microgrids with more PV would face more challenges of reliability in practice. To improve the lightning performance of Microgrids, the paper presented a mode named Dynamic Lightning Protection (DLP). The paper also proposed a dynamic multilevel control model which shows advantages on the adjustment of power exchange and dynamic balance so as to enhance the reliability of system. The dynamic protection mode, which was discussed in this paper, could provide a more effective lightning protection solution for the Microgrids with high proportion of photovoltaic power generation.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129801125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942452
Elizabeth Piskliukova, D. Belko
This paper focuses on a review of lightning resulted issues in electric power supply of productive and extractive industry in South Africa. The article presents the interview result among representatives from companies in the industry above. Analysis of interviews showed that it is essential to prevent any interruptions of technological processes. Possible ways of lightning consequences mitigation are presented. Line lightning performance before and after installation of lightning protection means is being evaluated. Also the paper presents an economic analysis of such protection benefits based on mitigation of production losses by reduction of lightning outages quantity and their cumulative duration.
{"title":"Review of Lightning Impacts on Power Supply of Productive and Extractive Industry in South Africa and Such Ways of Production Loss Mitigation as Installation of Line Lightning Protection Devices","authors":"Elizabeth Piskliukova, D. Belko","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942452","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on a review of lightning resulted issues in electric power supply of productive and extractive industry in South Africa. The article presents the interview result among representatives from companies in the industry above. Analysis of interviews showed that it is essential to prevent any interruptions of technological processes. Possible ways of lightning consequences mitigation are presented. Line lightning performance before and after installation of lightning protection means is being evaluated. Also the paper presents an economic analysis of such protection benefits based on mitigation of production losses by reduction of lightning outages quantity and their cumulative duration.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130586595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942511
Shriyog Sharma, Shriram Sharma, Chandima Gomes
This study investigates the present-day lightning risks of a large number of archaeological sites in Asia, with special attention to religious monuments in South Asia with invaluable historical value. The study reveals that in most cases, no lightning protection measures (LPM) have been adopted and in several structures, LPM have been adopted but without conducting a methodical risk assessment or standard system design under experts' advice. In a majority of archaeological buildings in Nepal, appropriate lightning protection systems have not been installed, though an apparent air termination system could be observed in the form of a metallic spire or a metallic roof component. However, a system of down conductors and earth terminations has not been properly installed or not installed at all. Both the Department of archaeology and the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) have not taken adequate steps to install LPS in archaeological sites fearing losing the aesthetic appearance and historical values of the structures. Appropriate LPM has not been adopted even on the structures that have been rebuilt after they were partly or fully damaged by the 2015 earthquake. In many historical structures in the southern part of India, on the other hand, partial LPM has been adopted. Even those that are designed up to the knowledge and standards that existed at the time of design, have not been maintained, and as a result, the components are most often loosely hanging or partially destroyed. Many authorities argue that concerned monuments have survived for several centuries or even over a millennium thus they do not need lightning protection. However, the environment of many such monuments is now modified with rain shelters, lighting systems, CCTVs etc., without having any LPM, thus their exposure level has been increased. However, there are no attempts made in estimating the new risk with modifications that have been done. Also, in the South Indian region, several highly significant monuments and structures have been observed to have Early Streamer Emission (ESE) devices with single down conductors. Most often, these down conductors have multiple acute bends due to the architectural topography of the building. In many such cases, the earthing system is obscured and impossible to be inspected. On such a backdrop, we propose new compulsory international or national standards or an annexure to existing standards for risk assessment, design, implementation and maintenance of LPS of archaeological structures.
{"title":"Archaeological sites in Nepal and India: Concerns of lightning risks","authors":"Shriyog Sharma, Shriram Sharma, Chandima Gomes","doi":"10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942511","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the present-day lightning risks of a large number of archaeological sites in Asia, with special attention to religious monuments in South Asia with invaluable historical value. The study reveals that in most cases, no lightning protection measures (LPM) have been adopted and in several structures, LPM have been adopted but without conducting a methodical risk assessment or standard system design under experts' advice. In a majority of archaeological buildings in Nepal, appropriate lightning protection systems have not been installed, though an apparent air termination system could be observed in the form of a metallic spire or a metallic roof component. However, a system of down conductors and earth terminations has not been properly installed or not installed at all. Both the Department of archaeology and the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) have not taken adequate steps to install LPS in archaeological sites fearing losing the aesthetic appearance and historical values of the structures. Appropriate LPM has not been adopted even on the structures that have been rebuilt after they were partly or fully damaged by the 2015 earthquake. In many historical structures in the southern part of India, on the other hand, partial LPM has been adopted. Even those that are designed up to the knowledge and standards that existed at the time of design, have not been maintained, and as a result, the components are most often loosely hanging or partially destroyed. Many authorities argue that concerned monuments have survived for several centuries or even over a millennium thus they do not need lightning protection. However, the environment of many such monuments is now modified with rain shelters, lighting systems, CCTVs etc., without having any LPM, thus their exposure level has been increased. However, there are no attempts made in estimating the new risk with modifications that have been done. Also, in the South Indian region, several highly significant monuments and structures have been observed to have Early Streamer Emission (ESE) devices with single down conductors. Most often, these down conductors have multiple acute bends due to the architectural topography of the building. In many such cases, the earthing system is obscured and impossible to be inspected. On such a backdrop, we propose new compulsory international or national standards or an annexure to existing standards for risk assessment, design, implementation and maintenance of LPS of archaeological structures.","PeriodicalId":403323,"journal":{"name":"2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127693949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}