Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110911
Zeqi Zhang , Liang Qiao , Xue Bi , Keshan Zhang , Wenchao Zhang , Rongjie Yang
Vinyl ester resin (VER) are widely used in various applications, including automotive parts, yachts, wind turbine blades, and cooling towers, due to their excellent properties. However, the high flammability of VER limits its application in fields requiring stringent fire resistance. In this work, we used ionic liquid containing phospholipid structures (VIDHP) in combination with lithium-containing polyhedral oligomeric phenyl sesquisiloxanes (Li-POSS) to improve the mechanical and flame retardant properties of VER. The coordination between the VIDHP and Li-POSS increases the thermal stability of VIDHP and improve the solubility of Li-POSS in VER. The experimental results show an increase in initial decomposition temperature of VIDHP4/POSS1/VER compared to VIDHP/VER, while the solubility of Li-POSS in VER is improved. The Cone calorimeter results show that the total heat and smoke release of VIDHP4/POSS1/VER are reduced by 29.37 % and 36.55 % compared with the pure VER. The investigation of the flame retardant mechanism shows that the combined use of VIDHP and Li-POSS exhibits flame-retardant activity in both the gas and condensed phases, effectively enhancing the flame-retardant property of VER.
乙烯基酯树脂(VER)因其优异的性能而被广泛应用于各种领域,包括汽车零件、游艇、风力涡轮机叶片和冷却塔。然而,乙烯基酯树脂的高易燃性限制了其在对耐火性有严格要求的领域中的应用。在这项研究中,我们使用含磷脂结构的离子液体(VIDHP)与含锂的多面体低聚苯基倍半硅氧烷(Li-POSS)相结合,来改善 VER 的机械和阻燃性能。VIDHP 与 Li-POSS 之间的配位增加了 VIDHP 的热稳定性,提高了 Li-POSS 在 VER 中的溶解度。实验结果表明,与 VIDHP/VER 相比,VIDHP4/POSS1/VER 的初始分解温度有所提高,同时 Li-POSS 在 VER 中的溶解度也有所改善。锥形量热仪结果表明,与纯 VER 相比,VIDHP4/POSS1/VER 的总热量和烟雾释放量分别减少了 29.37 % 和 36.55 %。阻燃机理研究表明,联合使用 VIDHP 和 Li-POSS 在气相和凝结相中都具有阻燃活性,有效提高了 VER 的阻燃性能。
{"title":"Improved mechanical and flame retardant properties of vinyl ester resin composites by combination of lithium-containing polyhedral oligomeric phenyl sesquisiloxanes and phosphorus-containing ionic liquid","authors":"Zeqi Zhang , Liang Qiao , Xue Bi , Keshan Zhang , Wenchao Zhang , Rongjie Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vinyl ester resin (VER) are widely used in various applications, including automotive parts, yachts, wind turbine blades, and cooling towers, due to their excellent properties. However, the high flammability of VER limits its application in fields requiring stringent fire resistance. In this work, we used ionic liquid containing phospholipid structures (VIDHP) in combination with lithium-containing polyhedral oligomeric phenyl sesquisiloxanes (Li-POSS) to improve the mechanical and flame retardant properties of VER. The coordination between the VIDHP and Li-POSS increases the thermal stability of VIDHP and improve the solubility of Li-POSS in VER. The experimental results show an increase in initial decomposition temperature of VIDHP4/POSS1/VER compared to VIDHP/VER, while the solubility of Li-POSS in VER is improved. The Cone calorimeter results show that the total heat and smoke release of VIDHP4/POSS1/VER are reduced by 29.37 % and 36.55 % compared with the pure VER. The investigation of the flame retardant mechanism shows that the combined use of VIDHP and Li-POSS exhibits flame-retardant activity in both the gas and condensed phases, effectively enhancing the flame-retardant property of VER.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141593471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110910
Polyurethane adhesives have been widely used in industrial production and daily life for their excellent properties. With the urgent need for social progress, the intelligent responsiveness of polyurethane adhesives has become more and more important. Here, we demonstrate a stimulus-responsive polyurethane adhesive. Starting from the structural design, sulfur (S8) is added into the polyurethane adhesive for the first time using the inverse vulcanized mechanism, and the controllable disassembly response of the polyurethane adhesive under the condition of thermal stimulation is realized. In addition, the stimulus response of the adhesive can also be activated through the permeation process of methoxide anion (CH3O−), and the rapid disassembly response property is displayed in the methanol solution of CH3ONa, to realize the recovery of the bonding substrate. Simultaneously, the implementation of the inverse vulcanized mechanism imparts the adhesive with a diminished water absorption swelling rate and heightened cross-link density. On the surface of the metal substrate, it shows excellent bonding properties, with a lap shear adhesion strength reaching 2.8 MPa. It is worth noting that the adhesive also exhibits excellent underwater durability. After 36 h of underwater soaking treatment, its adhesion can still be maintained at 2.4 MPa. This work reveals the mechanism of rapid disassembly of polyurethane adhesives at the molecular level. By density functional theory (DFT) calculation, it is found that the minimum bond energy of the S-S bond in a polyurethane adhesive system is 134 KJ·mol−1, and the disassembly response can be triggered by heating to 53.79℃. At the same time, the mechanism of the disassembly response induced by CH3O− is further analyzed using an electrostatic potential (ESP) diagram. This work utilizes sulfur (S8) and castor oil (CO) as raw materials, which can be sourced from industrial or agricultural by-products. It breaks away from traditional polyurethane adhesive preparation methods and offers a "green" strategy that can be synthesized through a solvent-free one-pot process, thus providing a new way of thinking about obtaining sustainable polymers from industrial and agricultural by-products.
{"title":"Sulfur-modified polyurethane adhesives: Green synthesis process and disassembly-responsive characteristics","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyurethane adhesives have been widely used in industrial production and daily life for their excellent properties. With the urgent need for social progress, the intelligent responsiveness of polyurethane adhesives has become more and more important. Here, we demonstrate a stimulus-responsive polyurethane adhesive. Starting from the structural design, sulfur (S<sub>8</sub>) is added into the polyurethane adhesive for the first time using the inverse vulcanized mechanism, and the controllable disassembly response of the polyurethane adhesive under the condition of thermal stimulation is realized. In addition, the stimulus response of the adhesive can also be activated through the permeation process of methoxide anion (CH<sub>3</sub>O<sup>−</sup>), and the rapid disassembly response property is displayed in the methanol solution of CH<sub>3</sub>ONa, to realize the recovery of the bonding substrate. Simultaneously, the implementation of the inverse vulcanized mechanism imparts the adhesive with a diminished water absorption swelling rate and heightened cross-link density. On the surface of the metal substrate, it shows excellent bonding properties, with a lap shear adhesion strength reaching 2.8 MPa. It is worth noting that the adhesive also exhibits excellent underwater durability. After 36 h of underwater soaking treatment, its adhesion can still be maintained at 2.4 MPa. This work reveals the mechanism of rapid disassembly of polyurethane adhesives at the molecular level. By density functional theory (DFT) calculation, it is found that the minimum bond energy of the S-S bond in a polyurethane adhesive system is 134 KJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>, and the disassembly response can be triggered by heating to 53.79℃. At the same time, the mechanism of the disassembly response induced by CH<sub>3</sub>O<sup>−</sup> is further analyzed using an electrostatic potential (ESP) diagram. This work utilizes sulfur (S<sub>8</sub>) and castor oil (CO) as raw materials, which can be sourced from industrial or agricultural by-products. It breaks away from traditional polyurethane adhesive preparation methods and offers a \"green\" strategy that can be synthesized through a solvent-free one-pot process, thus providing a new way of thinking about obtaining sustainable polymers from industrial and agricultural by-products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-29DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110906
Jingsheng Wang , Jun Wang , Shuang Yang , Chaoqun Wu , Xi Chen , Kaiwen Chen , Pingan Song , Hao Wang , Siqi Huo
To address the growing need for fire-safe single-component epoxy resin (EP) systems, this study introduced a phosphorus-containing copper complex (Cu-DA) as a multifunctional latent curing agent. The Cu-DA complex, synthesized by coordinating copper (II) chloride and a phosphorus-based imidazole, significantly improved the latency, thermal stability, and fire resistance of single-component EP. The obtained EP/Cu-DA-2 mixture with 15.3 wt% Cu-DA showed a 43-day shelf life and a rapid gel time of 22 min at 150 °C, highlighting its superb latency and fast curing. After curing, the resultant thermoset had a high glass transition temperature of 160.9 °C and increased crosslinking density, indicating superior thermal stability. The EP/Cu-DA-3 system with 17.4 wt% Cu-DA achieved a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 37.8 % and a UL-94 V-0 rating, reflecting its satisfactory flame retardancy. Furthermore, compared to the control EP system, the total smoke production (TSP) and maximum smoke density (MSD) of EP/Cu-DA-3 were reduced by approximately 28.4 % and 25.8 %, respectively, demonstrating significantly enhanced smoke suppression. The research offers a scalable strategy for developing single-component EP systems with rapid curing, high fire resistance, and great smoke suppression, meeting the demands of industrial applications.
为了满足对防火安全的单组分环氧树脂(EP)体系日益增长的需求,本研究引入了一种含磷铜络合物(Cu-DA)作为多功能潜伏固化剂。Cu-DA 复合物由氯化铜 (II) 和磷基咪唑配位合成,能显著改善单组分 EP 的潜伏期、热稳定性和耐火性。所获得的 EP/Cu-DA-2 混合物(Cu-DA 含量为 15.3 wt%)的保质期为 43 天,在 150 °C 下的快速凝胶时间为 22 分钟,显示出其卓越的潜伏性和快速固化性。固化后,所得热固性材料的玻璃化转变温度高达 160.9 ℃,交联密度也有所提高,这表明该材料具有极佳的热稳定性。含 17.4 wt% Cu-DA 的 EP/Cu-DA-3 系统的极限氧指数(LOI)高达 37.8%,并达到了 UL-94 V-0 级,反映出其令人满意的阻燃性。此外,与对照 EP 系统相比,EP/Cu-DA-3 的总产烟量(TSP)和最大烟密度(MSD)分别降低了约 28.4% 和 25.8%,表明烟雾抑制能力显著增强。这项研究为开发具有快速固化、高耐火性和强抑烟性的单组分 EP 系统提供了一种可扩展的策略,可满足工业应用的需求。
{"title":"Development of single-component epoxy resin with superb thermal stability, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and latency via Cu-based phosphorus/imidazole-containing complex","authors":"Jingsheng Wang , Jun Wang , Shuang Yang , Chaoqun Wu , Xi Chen , Kaiwen Chen , Pingan Song , Hao Wang , Siqi Huo","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the growing need for fire-safe single-component epoxy resin (EP) systems, this study introduced a phosphorus-containing copper complex (Cu-DA) as a multifunctional latent curing agent. The Cu-DA complex, synthesized by coordinating copper (II) chloride and a phosphorus-based imidazole, significantly improved the latency, thermal stability, and fire resistance of single-component EP. The obtained EP/Cu-DA-2 mixture with 15.3 wt% Cu-DA showed a 43-day shelf life and a rapid gel time of 22 min at 150 °C, highlighting its superb latency and fast curing. After curing, the resultant thermoset had a high glass transition temperature of 160.9 °C and increased crosslinking density, indicating superior thermal stability. The EP/Cu-DA-3 system with 17.4 wt% Cu-DA achieved a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 37.8 % and a UL-94 V-0 rating, reflecting its satisfactory flame retardancy. Furthermore, compared to the control EP system, the total smoke production (TSP) and maximum smoke density (MSD) of EP/Cu-DA-3 were reduced by approximately 28.4 % and 25.8 %, respectively, demonstrating significantly enhanced smoke suppression. The research offers a scalable strategy for developing single-component EP systems with rapid curing, high fire resistance, and great smoke suppression, meeting the demands of industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110905
Huijie Qin , Tongwei Zhang , Lihong Bao , Bo Dang , Jianxi Li
In this study, MXene@Ag@PA hybrids were synthesized using radiation methods and chelation, aiming to enhance the key properties of EVA/MH composites, particularly their flame retardancy. The test results demonstrated that the addition of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids effectively reduced the amount of heat and smoke released during the combustion process of EVA composites. When 2 parts of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids were added, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of the EVA/MH/2.0MXene@Ag@PA composite was reduced to 233 kW/m², representing a decrease of 78.5% and 63.3% compared to pure EVA and EVA/MH composites, respectively. Additionally, the time to reach the peak heat release rate was delayed to 300–400 s. Moreover, the MXene@Ag@PA hybrids further reduced the total smoke production (TSP) of the EVA composites to 3 m², which is 50% and 38.7% lower than that of pure EVA and EVA/MH composites, respectively. Besides providing significant flame-retardant enhancement to EVA/MH composites, the MXene@Ag@PA hybrids also acted as a radiation sensitizer. At an irradiation dose of 100 kGy, the addition of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids enhanced the cross-linking effect of EVA composites, thereby strengthening their mechanical properties.
本研究采用辐射法和螯合法合成了MXene@Ag@PA杂化物,旨在提高EVA/MH复合材料的主要性能,尤其是阻燃性能。测试结果表明,添加 MXene@Ag@PA 混合物可有效降低 EVA 复合材料燃烧过程中释放的热量和烟雾量。当添加 2 份 MXene@Ag@PA 混合物时,EVA/MH/2.0MXene@Ag@PA 复合材料的峰值热释放率(pHRR)降低到 233 kW/m²,与纯 EVA 和 EVA/MH 复合材料相比,分别降低了 78.5% 和 63.3%。此外,MXene@Ag@PA 混合材料还进一步将 EVA 复合材料的总产烟量(TSP)降至 3 m²,比纯 EVA 和 EVA/MH 复合材料分别降低了 50%和 38.7%。MXene@Ag@PA 混合物除了能显著增强 EVA/MH 复合材料的阻燃性能外,还能起到辐射敏化剂的作用。在 100 kGy 的辐照剂量下,添加 MXene@Ag@PA 混合物可增强 EVA 复合材料的交联效果,从而提高其机械性能。
{"title":"Facile and rapid synthesis of core-shell structured MXene@Ag@PA hybrids for enhanced fire safety and radiation cross-linking in EVA/MH composites","authors":"Huijie Qin , Tongwei Zhang , Lihong Bao , Bo Dang , Jianxi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, MXene@Ag@PA hybrids were synthesized using radiation methods and chelation, aiming to enhance the key properties of EVA/MH composites, particularly their flame retardancy. The test results demonstrated that the addition of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids effectively reduced the amount of heat and smoke released during the combustion process of EVA composites. When 2 parts of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids were added, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of the EVA/MH/2.0MXene@Ag@PA composite was reduced to 233 kW/m², representing a decrease of 78.5% and 63.3% compared to pure EVA and EVA/MH composites, respectively. Additionally, the time to reach the peak heat release rate was delayed to 300–400 s. Moreover, the MXene@Ag@PA hybrids further reduced the total smoke production (TSP) of the EVA composites to 3 m², which is 50% and 38.7% lower than that of pure EVA and EVA/MH composites, respectively. Besides providing significant flame-retardant enhancement to EVA/MH composites, the MXene@Ag@PA hybrids also acted as a radiation sensitizer. At an irradiation dose of 100 kGy, the addition of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids enhanced the cross-linking effect of EVA composites, thereby strengthening their mechanical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141593563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110907
Xi Zhou , Quanzhen Liu , Xueman Chen , Ning Zhou , Guoguang Wei , Feifei Chen , Alei Zhang , Kequan Chen
In this study, we present an efficient and green extraction-pretreatment integrated approach for enhancing enzymatic conversion of chitinous wastes into N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Firstly, the enzyme cocktail containing a chitinase CmChi1 and a N-acetyl glucosaminase CmNAGase were constructed for hydrolyzing chitin into sole GlcNAc. Secondly, deep eutectic solvent (DES), consisting of choline chloride and glycollic acid was used to treat chitinous wastes. Under optimal conditions, chitin yield reach to 72 % with a purity of 98 %. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystallinity and thermal stability of the obtained chitin decreased upon DES treatment without alteration of the chemical structure or deacetylation. Finally, the concentration of GlcNAc was increased 2–6 folds by enzymatic hydrolysis of DES-treated chitinous wastes (including shrimp shell, crab shell, ganoderma spores wall, and mycelium). The process provides a promising strategy for degrading chitinous wastes to produce high valued GlcNAc.
在本研究中,我们提出了一种高效、绿色的提取-预处理一体化方法,用于提高甲壳质废料向 N-乙酰-d-葡糖胺(GlcNAc)的酶转化率。首先,我们构建了包含甲壳素酶 CmChi1 和 N-乙酰葡糖胺酶 CmNAGase 的鸡尾酒酶,用于将甲壳素水解为唯一的 GlcNAc。其次,利用由氯化胆碱和甘醇酸组成的深共晶溶剂(DES)处理甲壳质废料。在最佳条件下,甲壳素产量达到 72%,纯度为 98%。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析、热重分析和 X 射线衍射分析表明,DES 处理后甲壳素的结晶度和热稳定性都有所下降,但化学结构和脱乙酰度没有发生变化。最后,通过酶水解 DES 处理过的几丁质废弃物(包括虾壳、蟹壳、灵芝孢子壁和菌丝体),GlcNAc 的浓度增加了 2-6 倍。该工艺为降解几丁质废料以生产高价值的 GlcNAc 提供了一种前景广阔的策略。
{"title":"Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitinous wastes pretreated by deep eutectic solvents into N-acetyl glucosamine","authors":"Xi Zhou , Quanzhen Liu , Xueman Chen , Ning Zhou , Guoguang Wei , Feifei Chen , Alei Zhang , Kequan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we present an efficient and green extraction-pretreatment integrated approach for enhancing enzymatic conversion of chitinous wastes into <em>N</em>-acetyl-<em>d</em>-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Firstly, the enzyme cocktail containing a chitinase <em>Cm</em>Chi1 and a N-acetyl glucosaminase <em>Cm</em>NAGase were constructed for hydrolyzing chitin into sole GlcNAc. Secondly, deep eutectic solvent (DES), consisting of choline chloride and glycollic acid was used to treat chitinous wastes. Under optimal conditions, chitin yield reach to 72 % with a purity of 98 %. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystallinity and thermal stability of the obtained chitin decreased upon DES treatment without alteration of the chemical structure or deacetylation. Finally, the concentration of GlcNAc was increased 2–6 folds by enzymatic hydrolysis of DES-treated chitinous wastes (including shrimp shell, crab shell, ganoderma spores wall, and mycelium). The process provides a promising strategy for degrading chitinous wastes to produce high valued GlcNAc.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110904
Xuefan Yang , Xiaochen Dong , Mengna Liu , Haoqi Xing , Jichun Liu , Haibo Chang , Tong Lin
The most conspicuous problem regarding fire retardation of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer is that the flame-retardant efficiency of traditional fire retardants is very low. How to achieve high-efficient flame retardation has long been a big challenge. Herein, polyurea-modified microencapsulated expandable graphite (MEG) was synthesized through in-situ polymerization, and it was found that the proper combination of MEG and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) exhibits an unexpectedly high flame-retardant efficiency to EVA. The incorporation of just 5 wt% MEG/PPA enables EVA to achieve V-0 rating in UL-94 flammability test, increases its limiting oxygen index from 19.3 % to 25.7 %, and reduces its peak heat release rate by 72 % during combustion. The EVA/MEG/PPA composite, containing 5 wt% MEG/PPA, not only demonstrates improved fire retardancy, smoke suppression, and processability compared to virgin EVA, but also maintains good electrical insulation, water resistance, and mechanical properties. The high fire-retardant efficiency is ascribed to the larger expansion volume of MEG and the formation of high-quality intumescent char, which shield the polymer from burning. This work renders a simple and cheap approach for development of high-efficient flame-retarded EVA with good processability and mechanical property simultaneously.
乙烯-醋酸乙烯(EVA)共聚物阻燃方面最突出的问题是传统阻燃剂的阻燃效率非常低。如何实现高效阻燃一直是一个巨大的挑战。本文通过原位聚合合成了聚脲改性微胶囊可膨胀石墨(MEG),并发现 MEG 和聚磷酸(PPA)的适当组合对 EVA 具有意想不到的高阻燃效率。仅加入 5 wt% 的 MEG/PPA 就能使 EVA 在 UL-94 易燃性测试中达到 V-0 级,其极限氧指数从 19.3% 提高到 25.7%,燃烧时的峰值热释放率降低了 72%。与原生 EVA 相比,含有 5 wt% MEG/PPA 的 EVA/MEG/PPA 复合材料不仅在阻燃性、抑烟性和加工性方面得到了改善,而且还保持了良好的电绝缘性、耐水性和机械性能。高阻燃效率归功于 MEG 较大的膨胀体积和优质膨胀炭的形成,从而保护聚合物免于燃烧。这项研究为开发同时具有良好加工性能和机械性能的高效阻燃 EVA 提供了一种简单而廉价的方法。
{"title":"Efficient flame-retarded ethylene vinyl acetate composite containing microencapsulated expandable graphite and polyphosphoric acid","authors":"Xuefan Yang , Xiaochen Dong , Mengna Liu , Haoqi Xing , Jichun Liu , Haibo Chang , Tong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The most conspicuous problem regarding fire retardation of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer is that the flame-retardant efficiency of traditional fire retardants is very low. How to achieve high-efficient flame retardation has long been a big challenge. Herein, polyurea-modified microencapsulated expandable graphite (MEG) was synthesized through in-situ polymerization, and it was found that the proper combination of MEG and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) exhibits an unexpectedly high flame-retardant efficiency to EVA. The incorporation of just 5 wt% MEG/PPA enables EVA to achieve V-0 rating in UL-94 flammability test, increases its limiting oxygen index from 19.3 % to 25.7 %, and reduces its peak heat release rate by 72 % during combustion. The EVA/MEG/PPA composite, containing 5 wt% MEG/PPA, not only demonstrates improved fire retardancy, smoke suppression, and processability compared to virgin EVA, but also maintains good electrical insulation, water resistance, and mechanical properties. The high fire-retardant efficiency is ascribed to the larger expansion volume of MEG and the formation of high-quality intumescent char, which shield the polymer from burning. This work renders a simple and cheap approach for development of high-efficient flame-retarded EVA with good processability and mechanical property simultaneously.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), a prevalent additive manufacturing technique utilising polymeric materials, facilitates intricate geometric customisation and rapid prototyping. The ongoing development of FDM technology emphasises the importance of the thermal characteristics of FDM-printed polymeric materials, which are essential for various applications, including aerospace and biomedical engineering. The thermal properties of FDM-printed polymeric materials, covering a wide range of thermoplastic polymers and composites, were examined in this review. Despite the versatility of FDM technology, thermal challenges persist in 3D printed parts, manifesting as anisotropy, voids, and sub-optimal conductivity, thereby impeding performance. Achieving precise control over printing parameters such as nozzle temperature, layer height, and speed is pivotal for optimising thermal properties. Additionally, controlled thermal treatments, like annealing, offer avenues for manipulating the crystalline structure of printed components to enhance the thermal conductivity. By elucidating the effects of reinforcements, this article aims to provide insights into potential enhancements and adjustments for developing thermally resistant FDM-based polymeric materials.
{"title":"The thermal properties of FDM printed polymeric materials: A review","authors":"Vigneshwaran Shanmugam , Karthik Babu , Gokul Kannan , Rhoda Afriyie Mensah , Saroj Kumar Samantaray , Oisik Das","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), a prevalent additive manufacturing technique utilising polymeric materials, facilitates intricate geometric customisation and rapid prototyping. The ongoing development of FDM technology emphasises the importance of the thermal characteristics of FDM-printed polymeric materials, which are essential for various applications, including aerospace and biomedical engineering. The thermal properties of FDM-printed polymeric materials, covering a wide range of thermoplastic polymers and composites, were examined in this review. Despite the versatility of FDM technology, thermal challenges persist in 3D printed parts, manifesting as anisotropy, voids, and sub-optimal conductivity, thereby impeding performance. Achieving precise control over printing parameters such as nozzle temperature, layer height, and speed is pivotal for optimising thermal properties. Additionally, controlled thermal treatments, like annealing, offer avenues for manipulating the crystalline structure of printed components to enhance the thermal conductivity. By elucidating the effects of reinforcements, this article aims to provide insights into potential enhancements and adjustments for developing thermally resistant FDM-based polymeric materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391024002465/pdfft?md5=5175f2c31d4f81d5af32706d5b8f1c9b&pid=1-s2.0-S0141391024002465-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110903
Alexander N. Tavtorkin , Egor A. Kretov , Maria P. Ryndyk , Ilya E. Nifant'ev , Andrey V. Shlyakhtin , Vladimir V. Bagrov , Alexander A. Vinogradov , Pavel V. Ivchenko
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)s (PLGAs) hold considerable significance for their biomedical applications. Biodegradation and mechanical properties of PLGAs and PLGA-based composites are strongly influenced by lactate/glycolate (L/G) ratio in copolymers, molecular weight characteristics and microstructure of PLGAs. The common approach to PLGAs is based on ring-opening copolymerization of lactides and glycolide, the products of which contain long (L)n and (G)n segments. An efficient but expensive approach to PLGAs with given l-G sequences is a segmer assembly polymerization that is hardly applicable for the synthesis of high-MW PLGAs. In the present work, for the first time we synthesized lactate-enriched PLGAs using ring-opening copolymerization of l-lactide (l-LA) with l-methylglycolide (l-MeGL) in 85:15 and 70:30 molar ratios, resulting in l-PLMG 85/15 and l-PLMG 70/30 copolymers. l-PLGA 85/15 with the same L/G ratio as in PLMG 70/30 was synthesized by ring-opening copolymerization of l-LA with glycolide as a sample for a comparison. According to 1H and 13C NMR data and [α]D measurements, l-MeGL-based PLGAs had a unique microstructure, e.g. macromolecules of l-PLMG 85/15 consisted of Ln sequences with single G insertions. Composites of PLLA and three samples of PLGAs with plate-like carbonated apatite (pCAp) containing 25 and 50 wt.% of the filler were prepared. Rectangular specimens from (co)polymers and (co)polymer composites were obtained by injection molding and studied. Due to the absence of highly reactive (G)n fragments, l-PLMG 85/15 and PLMG 70/30-based materials demonstrated higher thermal and hydrolytic stability, mechanical testing showed that l-MeGL-based copolymers provide better maintaining of the bending strength in comparison with l-PLGA 85/15 matrix.
{"title":"Synthesis, melt molding and hydrolytic degradation of poly(L-lactide-co-l-methylglycolide) and its composites with carbonated apatite","authors":"Alexander N. Tavtorkin , Egor A. Kretov , Maria P. Ryndyk , Ilya E. Nifant'ev , Andrey V. Shlyakhtin , Vladimir V. Bagrov , Alexander A. Vinogradov , Pavel V. Ivchenko","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poly(lactic-<em>co</em>-glycolic acid)s (PLGAs) hold considerable significance for their biomedical applications. Biodegradation and mechanical properties of PLGAs and PLGA-based composites are strongly influenced by lactate/glycolate (L/G) ratio in copolymers, molecular weight characteristics and microstructure of PLGAs. The common approach to PLGAs is based on ring-opening copolymerization of lactides and glycolide, the products of which contain long (L)<sub>n</sub> and (G)<sub>n</sub> segments. An efficient but expensive approach to PLGAs with given <span>l</span>-G sequences is a segmer assembly polymerization that is hardly applicable for the synthesis of high-MW PLGAs. In the present work, for the first time we synthesized lactate-enriched PLGAs using ring-opening copolymerization of <em><span>l</span></em>-lactide (<em><span>l</span></em>-LA) with <em><span>l</span></em>-methylglycolide (<em><span>l</span></em>-MeGL) in 85:15 and 70:30 molar ratios, resulting in <em><span>l</span></em>-PLMG 85/15 and <em><span>l</span></em>-PLMG 70/30 copolymers. <em><span>l</span></em>-PLGA 85/15 with the same L/G ratio as in PLMG 70/30 was synthesized by ring-opening copolymerization of <em><span>l</span></em>-LA with glycolide as a sample for a comparison. According to <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR data and [α]<sub>D</sub> measurements, <em><span>l</span></em>-MeGL-based PLGAs had a unique microstructure, e.g. macromolecules of <em><span>l</span></em>-PLMG 85/15 consisted of L<sub>n</sub> sequences with single G insertions. Composites of PLLA and three samples of PLGAs with plate-like carbonated apatite (pCAp) containing 25 and 50 wt.% of the filler were prepared. Rectangular specimens from (co)polymers and (co)polymer composites were obtained by injection molding and studied. Due to the absence of highly reactive (G)<sub>n</sub> fragments, <em><span>l</span></em>-PLMG 85/15 and PLMG 70/30-based materials demonstrated higher thermal and hydrolytic stability, mechanical testing showed that <em><span>l</span></em>-MeGL-based copolymers provide better maintaining of the bending strength in comparison with <em><span>l</span></em>-PLGA 85/15 matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141480908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The degradation behaviors, mechanisms and compatibility are not well understood and hard to be harnessed for EPDM composite in the coupled gamma radiation-thermal environments. This contribution performs a thorough study accordingly with 0 ∼ 200 kGy dose under temperatures varying from room temperature to 90 °C in N2/O2 mixture atmosphere. Radiation-thermal aging leads to annealing effect and chemi-crystallization that rebuilds the semi-crystalline structure and invokes competitive filler migration, reconfiguration and loss. Crosslinking reactions prevail the scission during the investigated conditions. However, the surface oxidation and damage are not severe. In-situ nondestructive gas-phase FTIR sensitively find the formed various gaseous products, whose generation kinetics behaviors are temperature and dose dependent. Most surprisingly, the radiolysis caused carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are discovered with indispensable gamma radiation, which manifest temperature reined conversion thermodynamics and kinetics behavior. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of gas products is also validated by GC and GC-MS tests. The evolved semi-crystalline structure, macromolecular chain network and filler network significantly impact the mechanical property, but the barrier property and hydrophobic property are slightly influenced. The inverse temperature effect occurred at 50 °C for the mechanical properties, which show abnormal rejuvenation behavior due to the counteraction between aging induced change in molecular structure, aggregation structure and filler reconfiguration, migration and loss. The multiscale structure-property-behavior relationships possess good interdependency, indicating the main aging mechanism and failure mode are almost invariant. By ReaxFF simulation, the complex degradation mechanism for EPDM composite at atomic scale is revealed for the first time.
{"title":"Experimental and simulation studies of degraded EPDM composite in the coupled gamma radiation-thermal environments","authors":"Qiang Liu, Ruiyang Dou, Yiqian Zhang, Wei Huang, Xianfu Meng, Hongbing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The degradation behaviors, mechanisms and compatibility are not well understood and hard to be harnessed for EPDM composite in the coupled gamma radiation-thermal environments. This contribution performs a thorough study accordingly with 0 ∼ 200 kGy dose under temperatures varying from room temperature to 90 °C in N<sub>2</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> mixture atmosphere. Radiation-thermal aging leads to annealing effect and chemi-crystallization that rebuilds the semi-crystalline structure and invokes competitive filler migration, reconfiguration and loss. Crosslinking reactions prevail the scission during the investigated conditions. However, the surface oxidation and damage are not severe. In-situ nondestructive gas-phase FTIR sensitively find the formed various gaseous products, whose generation kinetics behaviors are temperature and dose dependent. Most surprisingly, the radiolysis caused carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are discovered with indispensable gamma radiation, which manifest temperature reined conversion thermodynamics and kinetics behavior. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of gas products is also validated by GC and GC-MS tests. The evolved semi-crystalline structure, macromolecular chain network and filler network significantly impact the mechanical property, but the barrier property and hydrophobic property are slightly influenced. The inverse temperature effect occurred at 50 °C for the mechanical properties, which show abnormal rejuvenation behavior due to the counteraction between aging induced change in molecular structure, aggregation structure and filler reconfiguration, migration and loss. The multiscale structure-property-behavior relationships possess good interdependency, indicating the main aging mechanism and failure mode are almost invariant. By ReaxFF simulation, the complex degradation mechanism for EPDM composite at atomic scale is revealed for the first time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110900
Marco Pecchiari, Francesco Degli-Innocenti, Maurizio Tosin
The ecological risk assessment of a product released into the environment is a complex process that takes into account both its ecotoxicity and the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) in the environment. The latter depends on the use, transport, fate (i.e. persistence) of the product. This article describes a model to determine the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) of a biodegradable mulch film taking into account its characteristics, the frequency of application of the mulch film, its degradation rate, and the density of the soil to which it is applied. The effect of temperature on biodegradation kinetics was also taken into account to estimate the biodegradation rate achievable at a given temperature based on data obtained in the laboratory under standard conditions. Using the same approach as for pharmacokinetics, the model can calculate the average mulch film concentration at steady state and the maximum concentration applied. The PEC values can be compared with the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) derived from ecotoxicity studies to characterise the risk associated with use of mulch film. The model, if validated by comparison of the calculated PECs with the Measured Environmental Concentrations (MECs), determined by detection and quantification of biodegradable mulch film residues in soil, may provide a valuable tool for the ecological risk assessment of biodegradable mulch films.
{"title":"Biodegradation rate and build-up of plastics in soil: A theoretical approach","authors":"Marco Pecchiari, Francesco Degli-Innocenti, Maurizio Tosin","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ecological risk assessment of a product released into the environment is a complex process that takes into account both its ecotoxicity and the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) in the environment. The latter depends on the use, transport, fate (i.e. persistence) of the product. This article describes a model to determine the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) of a biodegradable mulch film taking into account its characteristics, the frequency of application of the mulch film, its degradation rate, and the density of the soil to which it is applied. The effect of temperature on biodegradation kinetics was also taken into account to estimate the biodegradation rate achievable at a given temperature based on data obtained in the laboratory under standard conditions. Using the same approach as for pharmacokinetics, the model can calculate the average mulch film concentration at steady state and the maximum concentration applied. The PEC values can be compared with the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) derived from ecotoxicity studies to characterise the risk associated with use of mulch film. The model, if validated by comparison of the calculated PECs with the Measured Environmental Concentrations (MECs), determined by detection and quantification of biodegradable mulch film residues in soil, may provide a valuable tool for the ecological risk assessment of biodegradable mulch films.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391024002441/pdfft?md5=c63b26cbffbed034bd7f7f1b39ea9c4d&pid=1-s2.0-S0141391024002441-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}