Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111854
Silvia Ďurišová , Róbert Janík , Omid Sharifahmadian , Jana Pagáčová , Kamalan Kirubaharan Amirtharaj Mosas , Aleksandra Ewa Nowicka , Iveta Papučová , Mariana Pajtášová
As a widely used polymer surface treatment technique, the atmospheric pressure plasma in configuration of diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) has garnered significant attention under the environmentally-friendly and low-cost equipment conditions. Despite that, it has not been compared with other types of radiation yet. For this purpose, the present study is primarily and systematically dealing with comparison of DCSBD plasma and accelerating weathering processes during 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure on the surfaces of natural rubber (NR) composites. Comprehensive analyses of microstructural, processing, and mechanical evolution revealed clear antagonistic and synergistic effects of DCSBD plasma and accelerated weathering. Both treatments led to an oxidation of NR composite surface, although accelerated weathering led to distinct surfaces degradation, crack propagation, and formation of multiple heterogeneities affecting its differences in surface free energies. However, not all exposures led to the same results within hours. This study elucidates the dynamic alterations induced by plasma and accelerated weathering processes, presents mechanisms of treatments and studies processing performance, followed by alteration of mechanical properties. Findings of the present study may serve as a starting tool or as a reference for optimizing properties of NR composites, since DCSBD plasma was found to be accelerating vulcanization with improving tensile strength and elongation at break properties.
{"title":"Comparative study of atmospheric plasma and accelerated weathering on NR composites: Insights into microscopic and macroscopic properties","authors":"Silvia Ďurišová , Róbert Janík , Omid Sharifahmadian , Jana Pagáčová , Kamalan Kirubaharan Amirtharaj Mosas , Aleksandra Ewa Nowicka , Iveta Papučová , Mariana Pajtášová","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a widely used polymer surface treatment technique, the atmospheric pressure plasma in configuration of diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) has garnered significant attention under the environmentally-friendly and low-cost equipment conditions. Despite that, it has not been compared with other types of radiation yet. For this purpose, the present study is primarily and systematically dealing with comparison of DCSBD plasma and accelerating weathering processes during 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure on the surfaces of natural rubber (NR) composites. Comprehensive analyses of microstructural, processing, and mechanical evolution revealed clear antagonistic and synergistic effects of DCSBD plasma and accelerated weathering. Both treatments led to an oxidation of NR composite surface, although accelerated weathering led to distinct surfaces degradation, crack propagation, and formation of multiple heterogeneities affecting its differences in surface free energies. However, not all exposures led to the same results within hours. This study elucidates the dynamic alterations induced by plasma and accelerated weathering processes, presents mechanisms of treatments and studies processing performance, followed by alteration of mechanical properties. Findings of the present study may serve as a starting tool or as a reference for optimizing properties of NR composites, since DCSBD plasma was found to be accelerating vulcanization with improving tensile strength and elongation at break properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111854"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111848
Zi-Hao Wang , Jia-Yan Zhang , Dong Li , Yan-Qin Wang , Rong Ding , Xiu-Li Wang , Fu-Rong Zeng , Hai-Bo Zhao
Flame-retardant and antibacterial natural fabrics have garnered rising concern due to the effective protection from environmental threats like fire and microbes. Here, we demonstrate an aromatic siloxane derived multifunctional protective coating that simultaneously exhibits excellent flame retardancy and antibacterial property for cotton and silk fabrics. The construction of this coating leverages a specially designed α-aminophosphonate-doped covalent bonding structure, capable of integrating high transparency, strong interfacial adhesion, as well as durable resistance to moisture and friction. Notably, the as-prepared coating show a high light transmittance close to 100 % in the visible light region of 400–800 nm. The combination of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) provide high-efficiency flame retardancy, enabling coated natural fabrics self-extinguishing behavior, desired LOI value and low heat release upon fire exposure. Furthermore, the unique covalent bonding α-aminophosphonate structure imparts excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The relative resulting improvement in cohesive energy confers high interfacial adhesion (2.7 MPa shear strength), further contributing to moisture durability and mechanical stability. This work offers a new avenue for creating durable protective coatings towards transparency, strong adhesive, efficiency flame retardancy and antibacterial properties.
{"title":"Durable transparent flame-retardant and antibacterial coating for natural fabrics","authors":"Zi-Hao Wang , Jia-Yan Zhang , Dong Li , Yan-Qin Wang , Rong Ding , Xiu-Li Wang , Fu-Rong Zeng , Hai-Bo Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flame-retardant and antibacterial natural fabrics have garnered rising concern due to the effective protection from environmental threats like fire and microbes. Here, we demonstrate an aromatic siloxane derived multifunctional protective coating that simultaneously exhibits excellent flame retardancy and antibacterial property for cotton and silk fabrics. The construction of this coating leverages a specially designed α-aminophosphonate-doped covalent bonding structure, capable of integrating high transparency, strong interfacial adhesion, as well as durable resistance to moisture and friction. Notably, the as-prepared coating show a high light transmittance close to 100 % in the visible light region of 400–800 nm. The combination of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) provide high-efficiency flame retardancy, enabling coated natural fabrics self-extinguishing behavior, desired LOI value and low heat release upon fire exposure. Furthermore, the unique covalent bonding α-aminophosphonate structure imparts excellent antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The relative resulting improvement in cohesive energy confers high interfacial adhesion (2.7 MPa shear strength), further contributing to moisture durability and mechanical stability. This work offers a new avenue for creating durable protective coatings towards transparency, strong adhesive, efficiency flame retardancy and antibacterial properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111848"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111850
Jingqi Feng , Ruiping Wang , Jiaqi Geng , Siqi Huo , Zhiyong Zhang , Miaojun Xu , Mingyang Zhu , Bin Li
The flame-retardant modification of polypropylene (PP) often deteriorates its resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, leading to severe degradation in both flame retardancy and mechanical properties during long-term service. To address this issue, cerium oxide (CeO₂) was incorporated into an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system to achieve synergistic flame retardancy and enhance anti-UV performance. The resultant PP/IFR/CeO2 achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.7 % at a total loading of only 20 wt% IFR and CeO2. After UV irradiation for 120 h, the surface of PP/IFR/CeO2 remained smooth, with only shallow cracks, and its water contact angle was maintained at 64.5°. The carbonyl index increased merely to 1.45, indicating a markedly low degree of photo-oxidative aging. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by 9.4 % and 28.5%, respectively, which were significantly smaller reductions than those of PP/IFR. The results indicate that CeO2 can effectively improve the anti-UV performance and flame retardancy of PP/IFR, providing a valuable foundation for developing durable, flame-retardant PP composites with improved anti-UV performance.
{"title":"Enhancing flame retardancy and ultraviolet aging resistance of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene by incorporating cerium oxide","authors":"Jingqi Feng , Ruiping Wang , Jiaqi Geng , Siqi Huo , Zhiyong Zhang , Miaojun Xu , Mingyang Zhu , Bin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flame-retardant modification of polypropylene (PP) often deteriorates its resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, leading to severe degradation in both flame retardancy and mechanical properties during long-term service. To address this issue, cerium oxide (CeO₂) was incorporated into an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system to achieve synergistic flame retardancy and enhance anti-UV performance. The resultant PP/IFR/CeO<sub>2</sub> achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.7 % at a total loading of only 20 wt% IFR and CeO<sub>2</sub>. After UV irradiation for 120 h, the surface of PP/IFR/CeO<sub>2</sub> remained smooth, with only shallow cracks, and its water contact angle was maintained at 64.5°. The carbonyl index increased merely to 1.45, indicating a markedly low degree of photo-oxidative aging. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by 9.4 % and 28.5%, respectively, which were significantly smaller reductions than those of PP/IFR. The results indicate that CeO<sub>2</sub> can effectively improve the anti-UV performance and flame retardancy of PP/IFR, providing a valuable foundation for developing durable, flame-retardant PP composites with improved anti-UV performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111850"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The poor interfacial compatibility between polylactic acid (PLA) and poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) in biodegradable blends often leads to unsatisfactory mechanical properties and, critically, processing instability due to uncontrolled cross-linking during reactive compatibilization. To address this, a novel reactive compatibilizer, a terpolymer (MGB), was synthesized from methyl methacrylate (MMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and n‑butyl acrylate (BA). Its molecular design strategically integrates segments for compatibility (MMA), reactive functionality (GMA), and enhanced thermal stability (BA). More importantly, a two-step melt blending process was developed, wherein MGB was pre-mixed with PPC to establish a confined reactive interface before final blending with PLA. This processing strategy was pivotal in localizing the in-situ interfacial reaction, effectively suppressing gel formation and maintaining excellent processability. The resulting PLA/PPC blend with only 1 wt% MGB exhibited a remarkable elongation at break of 345 % and a tensile toughness of 123 MJ/m3, representing increases of 360 % and 450 %, respectively, over the uncompatibilized blend. Furthermore, the compatibilized system retained high optical transparency (>93 %) and showed an improved water vapor barrier (WVP=6.9 × 10–14g·cm/(cm2·s·Pa)). This work successfully demonstrates a route to simultaneously enhance the toughness, barrier properties, and processing stability of fully bio-based biodegradable PLA/PPC blends, offering significant value for developing high-performance sustainable materials.
{"title":"Achieving robust and transparency in polylactic acid/polypropylene carbonate blends through tailored reactive compatibilizer and controlled interfacial reaction","authors":"Jieyu Guan, Chuang Han, Jiale Liu, Deyu Niu, Weijun Yang, Pengwu Xu, Piming Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The poor interfacial compatibility between polylactic acid (PLA) and poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) in biodegradable blends often leads to unsatisfactory mechanical properties and, critically, processing instability due to uncontrolled cross-linking during reactive compatibilization. To address this, a novel reactive compatibilizer, a terpolymer (MGB), was synthesized from methyl methacrylate (MMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and n‑butyl acrylate (BA). Its molecular design strategically integrates segments for compatibility (MMA), reactive functionality (GMA), and enhanced thermal stability (BA). More importantly, a two-step melt blending process was developed, wherein MGB was pre-mixed with PPC to establish a confined reactive interface before final blending with PLA. This processing strategy was pivotal in localizing the in-situ interfacial reaction, effectively suppressing gel formation and maintaining excellent processability. The resulting PLA/PPC blend with only 1 wt% MGB exhibited a remarkable elongation at break of 345 % and a tensile toughness of 123 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>, representing increases of 360 % and 450 %, respectively, over the uncompatibilized blend. Furthermore, the compatibilized system retained high optical transparency (>93 %) and showed an improved water vapor barrier (WVP=6.9 × 10<sup>–14</sup> <em>g</em>·cm/(cm<sup>2</sup>·s·Pa)). This work successfully demonstrates a route to simultaneously enhance the toughness, barrier properties, and processing stability of fully bio-based biodegradable PLA/PPC blends, offering significant value for developing high-performance sustainable materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111843"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111849
Ying Qin , Xiaotao Zhu , Zeru Wang , Qianping Rong , Qianfa Liu , Ke Wang
Polymer composites with ultra-low dielectric loss and excellent flame retardancy are ideal substrates for high-speed electronic devices used in 5G/6G communications. This study rationally designed and synthesized a halogen-free flame retardant (DH) with a highly symmetrical structure under a structure-property-application-guided strategy. This flame retardant was subsequently incorporated into a thermosetting polyphenylene ether (PPO) matrix to prepare PPO/DH composites. The resulting PPO/4.0DH composite exhibits an ultra-low dielectric loss (Df = 0.0027 at 10 GHz), outstanding flame retardancy (UL-94 V-0), and favorable low thermal expansion. Notably, the incorporation of DH significantly enhanced the long-term dielectric stability of PPO under thermal-oxidative conditions. After aging at 150 °C for 14 days, the Df of PPO/4.0DH increased by only 48.7 %, markedly lower than that of the neat PPO (292.5 %). This enhanced stability is attributed to the radical scavenging activity of DH. The multifunctional flame retardant proposed in this study enables a synergistic balance of low dielectric loss, halogen-free flame retardancy, and long-term dielectric stability, showing great potential for high-frequency communication substrate applications.
{"title":"Multifunctional halogen-free flame retardants for polymer composites with ultra-low dielectric loss and aging resistance","authors":"Ying Qin , Xiaotao Zhu , Zeru Wang , Qianping Rong , Qianfa Liu , Ke Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer composites with ultra-low dielectric loss and excellent flame retardancy are ideal substrates for high-speed electronic devices used in 5G/6G communications. This study rationally designed and synthesized a halogen-free flame retardant (DH) with a highly symmetrical structure under a structure-property-application-guided strategy. This flame retardant was subsequently incorporated into a thermosetting polyphenylene ether (PPO) matrix to prepare PPO/DH composites. The resulting PPO/4.0DH composite exhibits an ultra-low dielectric loss (D<sub>f</sub> = 0.0027 at 10 GHz), outstanding flame retardancy (UL-94 V-0), and favorable low thermal expansion. Notably, the incorporation of DH significantly enhanced the long-term dielectric stability of PPO under thermal-oxidative conditions. After aging at 150 °C for 14 days, the D<sub>f</sub> of PPO/4.0DH increased by only 48.7 %, markedly lower than that of the neat PPO (292.5 %). This enhanced stability is attributed to the radical scavenging activity of DH. The multifunctional flame retardant proposed in this study enables a synergistic balance of low dielectric loss, halogen-free flame retardancy, and long-term dielectric stability, showing great potential for high-frequency communication substrate applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111849"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111847
Jieyun Zhao , Lina Jiang , Chunlong Zuo , Lei Tan , Wei Tan , Yuanlin Ren , Ping Li , Xiaohui Liu
Triggered by heightened public safety concerns and the imperative of sustainable chemistry, an urgent demand has emerged for the development of eco-friendly and durable flame retardant Lyocell fibers. However, reconciling high flame retardancy, washing durability, mechanical strength, and formaldehyde-free processing within an environmentally benign and feasible approach remains a significant challenge. To address the issue, a novel co-coordination system of biomass tea polyphenols, L-lysine and Fe3+, cooperating with covalent linking of 3-epoxypropyl trimethoxysilane was constructed. Compared with Lyocell fabric, the treated Lyocell fabric exhibited substantial reductions of 70.35 % for total heat release (THR) and 61.82 % for peak heat release rate (PHRR), alongside a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26.8 % even after 50 laundering cycles. Meanwhile, the modified fabric had excellent UV resistance, antibacterial and hydrophobic properties. Encouragingly, the proposed modification process basically retained the high mechanical properties of the Lyocell fabrics, providing a sustainable, green route toward multifunctional, durable Lyocell textiles for protective and technical apparel applications.
{"title":"Construction of Fe3+-tea polyphenols-amino acids co-coordination system for preparation of flame retardant, antibacterial and UV-resistant Lyocell fabric","authors":"Jieyun Zhao , Lina Jiang , Chunlong Zuo , Lei Tan , Wei Tan , Yuanlin Ren , Ping Li , Xiaohui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triggered by heightened public safety concerns and the imperative of sustainable chemistry, an urgent demand has emerged for the development of eco-friendly and durable flame retardant Lyocell fibers. However, reconciling high flame retardancy, washing durability, mechanical strength, and formaldehyde-free processing within an environmentally benign and feasible approach remains a significant challenge. To address the issue, a novel co-coordination system of biomass tea polyphenols, L-lysine and Fe<sup>3+</sup>, cooperating with covalent linking of 3-epoxypropyl trimethoxysilane was constructed. Compared with Lyocell fabric, the treated Lyocell fabric exhibited substantial reductions of 70.35 % for total heat release (THR) and 61.82 % for peak heat release rate (PHRR), alongside a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26.8 % even after 50 laundering cycles. Meanwhile, the modified fabric had excellent UV resistance, antibacterial and hydrophobic properties. Encouragingly, the proposed modification process basically retained the high mechanical properties of the Lyocell fabrics, providing a sustainable, green route toward multifunctional, durable Lyocell textiles for protective and technical apparel applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111847"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111846
Lukas Vonbrül, Johannes Fetz, Avinash Pradip Manian, Thomas Bechtold, Tung Pham
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers dominate the textile market, accounting for 57% of global fiber production, yet its recycling is hindered by the presence of elastane in textile blends. This study investigates the stability of PET in the chemical separation process that selectively removes elastane using a solvent mixture of bio-based 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Unlike traditional methods that often rely on harsh conditions and toxic solvents, this process is mild, achieving efficient separation at room temperature within 15–30 min. In a case study involving a textile blend containing 6% elastane, two cycles of treatment (1 g of textile in 20 mL of solvent blend) successfully removed elastane almost completely. Comprehensive analyses confirm the stability of the recovered PET fibers with no chemical alterations detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Minimal changes in number- and weight-average molar masses were observed (M decreased from 12.4 to 11.7 kg mol −1, M from 24.7 to 23.8 kg mol −1; Ð remained 2). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveal consistent thermal behavior (T 255 °C; crystallinity 29%), while mechanical testing shows preserved tenacity (35 cN/tex) and elongation at break ( 26%). This method addresses a critical challenge in textile recycling by overcoming the barriers posed by elastane, ensuring the recovered PET meets quality requirements for respinning and offering a solution that contributes to the advancement of circular economy practices.
聚对苯二甲酸乙酯（PET）纤维主导着纺织品市场，占全球纤维产量的57%，但其回收利用受到纺织品混纺中弹性烷的阻碍。本研究考察了PET在生物基2-甲基四氢呋喃（2-MeTHF）和二甲基亚砜（DMSO）混合溶剂选择性去除弹性烷的化学分离过程中的稳定性。与传统的依赖于恶劣条件和有毒溶剂的方法不同，这个过程是温和的，在室温下15-30分钟内实现有效的分离。在一项涉及含有~ 6%弹性烷的纺织品共混物的案例研究中，两次循环处理（1g纺织品放入20ml溶剂共混物中）成功地几乎完全去除了弹性烷。综合分析证实了回收的PET纤维的稳定性，傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）没有检测到化学变化。数量和重量平均摩尔质量的变化很小（Mn从12.4降至11.7 kg mol−1，Mw从24.7降至23.8 kg mol−1；Ð保持≈2）。热重分析（TGA）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）显示了一致的热行为（Tm≈255℃，结晶度≈29%），而力学测试显示保持了韧性（35 cN/tex）和断裂伸长率（≈26%）。这种方法克服了弹性橡胶带来的障碍，解决了纺织品回收中的一个关键挑战，确保回收的PET符合再生的质量要求，并提供了一种有助于推进循环经济实践的解决方案。
{"title":"Investigation of the chemical and thermomechanical stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during chemical separation from elastane-containing textile waste","authors":"Lukas Vonbrül, Johannes Fetz, Avinash Pradip Manian, Thomas Bechtold, Tung Pham","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers dominate the textile market, accounting for 57% of global fiber production, yet its recycling is hindered by the presence of elastane in textile blends. This study investigates the stability of PET in the chemical separation process that selectively removes elastane using a solvent mixture of bio-based 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Unlike traditional methods that often rely on harsh conditions and toxic solvents, this process is mild, achieving efficient separation at room temperature within 15–30 min. In a case study involving a textile blend containing <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>6% elastane, two cycles of treatment (1 g of textile in 20 mL of solvent blend) successfully removed elastane almost completely. Comprehensive analyses confirm the stability of the recovered PET fibers with no chemical alterations detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Minimal changes in number- and weight-average molar masses were observed (M<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>n</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> decreased from 12.4 to 11.7 kg mol <sup>−1</sup>, M<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>w</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> from 24.7 to 23.8 kg mol <sup>−1</sup>; Ð remained <span><math><mi>≈</mi></math></span> 2). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveal consistent thermal behavior (T<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>m</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> <span><math><mi>≈</mi></math></span> 255 °C; crystallinity <span><math><mi>≈</mi></math></span> 29%), while mechanical testing shows preserved tenacity (35 cN/tex) and elongation at break (<span><math><mi>≈</mi></math></span> 26%). This method addresses a critical challenge in textile recycling by overcoming the barriers posed by elastane, ensuring the recovered PET meets quality requirements for respinning and offering a solution that contributes to the advancement of circular economy practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111846"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111839
Sandro Lehner , Alessia Arpaia , Jessica Passaro , Michał Góra , Robin Pauer , Patrick Rupper , Pietro Russo , Antonio Aronne , Aurelio Bifulco , Sabyasachi Gaan
Silica–polymer composites are widely used to enhance mechanical performance in industries ranging from packaging to transportation. However, extending their use into high-demand sectors such as electronics and construction requires additional functionalities, particularly transparency and fire safety. Here, we demonstrate both by developing fully transparent, self-extinguishing silica–epoxy nanocomposites (SiEpo-NCs) via an in situ sol–gel process. Using a Novolac epoxy matrix cured with a cycloaliphatic hardener, we obtained uniformly dispersed amorphous silica nanoparticles (SNPs), as confirmed by microscopy and particle size analysis. An alternative masterbatch-dilution route produced silica-rich and silica-free domains, which further enhanced the thermo-mechanical performance of the composite materials. To achieve flame retardance while maintaining optical clarity, we incorporated the liquid phosphorus-based additive 6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide (DOB) into the SiEpo network. This strategy yielded a UL94-V0 classification at only 3 wt.% phosphorus and 2 wt.% SNPs, delivering a rare combination of transparency, non-dripping behavior, and self-extinguishing performance. Cone calorimetry and gas analysis revealed a synergistic mechanism between SNP-induced char formation and DOB’s gas-phase inhibition, establishing a promising route toward multifunctional epoxy nanocomposites.
{"title":"Simultaneous optical clarity and fire protection in Novolac resin via in situ amorphous silica and a liquid DOPO derivative","authors":"Sandro Lehner , Alessia Arpaia , Jessica Passaro , Michał Góra , Robin Pauer , Patrick Rupper , Pietro Russo , Antonio Aronne , Aurelio Bifulco , Sabyasachi Gaan","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silica–polymer composites are widely used to enhance mechanical performance in industries ranging from packaging to transportation. However, extending their use into high-demand sectors such as electronics and construction requires additional functionalities, particularly transparency and fire safety. Here, we demonstrate both by developing fully transparent, self-extinguishing silica–epoxy nanocomposites (SiEpo-NCs) via an in situ sol–gel process. Using a Novolac epoxy matrix cured with a cycloaliphatic hardener, we obtained uniformly dispersed amorphous silica nanoparticles (SNPs), as confirmed by microscopy and particle size analysis. An alternative masterbatch-dilution route produced silica-rich and silica-free domains, which further enhanced the thermo-mechanical performance of the composite materials. To achieve flame retardance while maintaining optical clarity, we incorporated the liquid phosphorus-based additive 6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide (DOB) into the SiEpo network. This strategy yielded a UL94-V0 classification at only 3 wt.% phosphorus and 2 wt.% SNPs, delivering a rare combination of transparency, non-dripping behavior, and self-extinguishing performance. Cone calorimetry and gas analysis revealed a synergistic mechanism between SNP-induced char formation and DOB’s gas-phase inhibition, establishing a promising route toward multifunctional epoxy nanocomposites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111839"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multifunctional conductive polymeric composites (m-CPCs) have emerged as a promising solution for addressing electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in sensitive electronics equipment. To tackle fire safety hazards and improve EMI shielding performance, we developed eco-friendly, flame-retardant EMI shielding materials with excellent overall performance. Through a simple mechanical mixing and hot-pressing method, segregated-structural composites were fabricated by incorporating high-loading polydopamine (PDA) functionalized MWCNT (PDA@MWCNT) into ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The high-loading dense segregated structure of PDA@MWCNT enabled the composite to achieve metal-grade EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 67.7 dB, significantly surpassing the commercial requirement of 20 dB. Additionally, the composite demonstrated favorable flame retardancy, thermal management, and mechanical strength. At 70 wt% PDA@MWCNT, the composite achieved a thermal conductivity (TC) of 0.8603 W/m·K and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 14.25 MPa. While at 30 wt%, the UTS increased to 19.78 MPa. Enhanced interfacial bonding between MWCNT filler and UHMWPE, achieved through PDA interfacial modification, explains the improved electrical conductivity, flame retardancy, mechanical property, EMI SE, and thermal conductivity. This research not only highlights the merits of integrating the segregated structure with the high loading conductive fillers in forming dense conductive pathways but also positions m-CPCs as formidable pioneers in thermal management and fire safety.
{"title":"Highly loaded PDA@MWCNT/UHMWPE multifunctional flame-retardant composites for EMI shielding and thermal management","authors":"Huibin Cheng , Yinye Chen , Ziyong Chen , Jiangtao Li , Changlin Cao , Fangmei Huang , Baoquan Huang , Liren Xiao , Qinghua Chen , Qingrong Qian , Chen Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multifunctional conductive polymeric composites (m-CPCs) have emerged as a promising solution for addressing electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in sensitive electronics equipment. To tackle fire safety hazards and improve EMI shielding performance, we developed eco-friendly, flame-retardant EMI shielding materials with excellent overall performance. Through a simple mechanical mixing and hot-pressing method, segregated-structural composites were fabricated by incorporating high-loading polydopamine (PDA) functionalized MWCNT (PDA@MWCNT) into ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The high-loading dense segregated structure of PDA@MWCNT enabled the composite to achieve metal-grade EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 67.7 dB, significantly surpassing the commercial requirement of 20 dB. Additionally, the composite demonstrated favorable flame retardancy, thermal management, and mechanical strength. At 70 wt% PDA@MWCNT, the composite achieved a thermal conductivity (TC) of 0.8603 W/m·K and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 14.25 MPa. While at 30 wt%, the UTS increased to 19.78 MPa. Enhanced interfacial bonding between MWCNT filler and UHMWPE, achieved through PDA interfacial modification, explains the improved electrical conductivity, flame retardancy, mechanical property, EMI SE, and thermal conductivity. This research not only highlights the merits of integrating the segregated structure with the high loading conductive fillers in forming dense conductive pathways but also positions m-CPCs as formidable pioneers in thermal management and fire safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111842"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111840
Muhammad Naveed Aslam , Aleem Touseef Khan , Siti Hajjar Che Man , Norfhairna Baharulrazi , R.A. Ilyas
Thermal reversion degrades sulfur crosslinks in tire treads which leads to reduced durability and performance. Reversion can be effectively countered through bismaleimide-based anti-reversion agents such as 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene (Perkalink-900), which stabilize sulfur crosslinks, while rubber blends and hybrid fillers further enhance durability and dynamic performance. Optimization of P-900 loading in NR/SBR/PBR (50/30/20 phr) blends reinforced with CB-silica (45/15 phr) hybrid fillers was carried out and compounds formulated with an SEV sulfur system containing 0-2 phr P-900 were evaluated through rheological, Mooney viscosity, mechanical, hardness, abrasion, specific gravity, DMA, TGA, DSC, and SEM analyses. At 2 phr, MH increased from 8.23 to 13.06 dN·m and ΔM from 5.73 to 9.69 dN·m, but a marching modulus indicated over-crosslinking. At 1.5 phr, reversion was suppressed from 4.93% to 0.27%, scorch time (ts2) improved 13.2%, and cure rate index increased 18.5%, reflecting stable crosslink formation. Mechanical performance exhibited notable improvements, including increases in tensile strength (3.5%), M100 (19.4%), M300 (21.8%), hardness (3.2%), and abrasion resistance (7.3%). The slight rise in elongation at break (2.8%) and a modulus ratio (M300/M100) of 1.93 further indicate enhanced strain-induced crystallization behavior. Mooney viscosity remained stable (ML ≈ 57). DMA showed a 17.88% decrease in tan δ at 60°C indicating lower rolling resistance, a 108.57% rise in E′ at -80°C showing enhanced elasticity. TGA/DSC results confirmed improved thermal stability with increase in Tonset from 338.22 to 347.93°C, Tmax from 420.21 to 434.19°C and a 4.95% increase in ΔHc, evidencing additional C–C crosslink formation. SEM revealed denser, more uniform morphologies. These results confirm P-900 stabilizes sulfur crosslinks via C–C Diels-Alder bond formation and highlight broader opportunities for applying bismaleimide chemistry in advanced tire formulations using rubber blends with hybrid fillers for enhanced performance.
{"title":"Bismaleimide-based anti-reversion chemistry in hybrid-filled NR/SBR/PBR composites for high-performance tire applications","authors":"Muhammad Naveed Aslam , Aleem Touseef Khan , Siti Hajjar Che Man , Norfhairna Baharulrazi , R.A. Ilyas","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal reversion degrades sulfur crosslinks in tire treads which leads to reduced durability and performance. Reversion can be effectively countered through bismaleimide-based anti-reversion agents such as 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene (Perkalink-900), which stabilize sulfur crosslinks, while rubber blends and hybrid fillers further enhance durability and dynamic performance. Optimization of P-900 loading in NR/SBR/PBR (50/30/20 phr) blends reinforced with CB-silica (45/15 phr) hybrid fillers was carried out and compounds formulated with an SEV sulfur system containing 0-2 phr P-900 were evaluated through rheological, Mooney viscosity, mechanical, hardness, abrasion, specific gravity, DMA, TGA, DSC, and SEM analyses. At 2 phr, M<sub>H</sub> increased from 8.23 to 13.06 dN·m and ΔM from 5.73 to 9.69 dN·m, but a marching modulus indicated over-crosslinking. At 1.5 phr, reversion was suppressed from 4.93% to 0.27%, scorch time (t<sub>s2</sub>) improved 13.2%, and cure rate index increased 18.5%, reflecting stable crosslink formation. Mechanical performance exhibited notable improvements, including increases in tensile strength (3.5%), M<sub>100</sub> (19.4%), M<sub>300</sub> (21.8%), hardness (3.2%), and abrasion resistance (7.3%). The slight rise in elongation at break (2.8%) and a modulus ratio (M<sub>300</sub>/M<sub>100</sub>) of 1.93 further indicate enhanced strain-induced crystallization behavior. Mooney viscosity remained stable (ML ≈ 57). DMA showed a 17.88% decrease in tan δ at 60°C indicating lower rolling resistance, a 108.57% rise in E′ at -80°C showing enhanced elasticity. TGA/DSC results confirmed improved thermal stability with increase in T<sub>onset</sub> from 338.22 to 347.93°C, T<sub>max</sub> from 420.21 to 434.19°C and a 4.95% increase in ΔH<sub>c</sub>, evidencing additional C–C crosslink formation. SEM revealed denser, more uniform morphologies. These results confirm P-900 stabilizes sulfur crosslinks via C–C Diels-Alder bond formation and highlight broader opportunities for applying bismaleimide chemistry in advanced tire formulations using rubber blends with hybrid fillers for enhanced performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 111840"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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