In today’s research world, peptides and related functions are mostly undermined, undervalued, underappreciated, and sometimes maybe marginalized. It could be mainly due to the fact that peptides are shorter in amino acid length (less sequence conservation or variation), less structured (more random structures i.e., many do not form defined secondary structures), single-functioned (not as dual or even multifunctional), more direct-action oriented (less indirect and consequently more complex effects, e.g., signaling cascade events), and less global impacts (e.g., peptidomes are far less characterized than proteomes to date, due to either lack of interest or lack of available and validated tools and methods). These factors make peptides less attractive for research studies than their protein counterparts.
{"title":"Are Peptides Truly Less Important than Proteins, or are Peptides and Proteins Mutually Inclusive of Each other?","authors":"Cheng Jtj","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000136","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s research world, peptides and related functions are mostly undermined, undervalued, underappreciated, and sometimes maybe marginalized. It could be mainly due to the fact that peptides are shorter in amino acid length (less sequence conservation or variation), less structured (more random structures i.e., many do not form defined secondary structures), single-functioned (not as dual or even multifunctional), more direct-action oriented (less indirect and consequently more complex effects, e.g., signaling cascade events), and less global impacts (e.g., peptidomes are far less characterized than proteomes to date, due to either lack of interest or lack of available and validated tools and methods). These factors make peptides less attractive for research studies than their protein counterparts.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124890674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The co-occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In this case report, we present a 45-year-old male with a history of multiple joint pain for 8 years, suggestive of RA. The patient had been taking NSAIDs for 3 years, but his symptoms worsened in the last month. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated levels of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (antiCCP) antibodies, supporting the diagnosis of RA. He was initiated on methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and folate. However, he developed respiratory symptoms, including a productive cough and fever. Physical examination findings indicated respiratory abnormalities and radiographic imaging showed bilateral opacities. Further assessment with HRCT thorax revealed fibrocavitary lung lesions and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Microbiological confirmation through CBNAAT testing demonstrated the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to the diagnosis of pulmonary Tuberculosis. The patient was promptly started on anti-tubercular treatment. This case highlights the challenges faced in managing patients with both RA and TB under immunosuppressive therapy. A multidisciplinary approach involving rheumatologists and infectious disease specialists is crucial for optimal management and favourable outcomes.
{"title":"Co-occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge","authors":"Devi L","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000176","url":null,"abstract":"The co-occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In this case report, we present a 45-year-old male with a history of multiple joint pain for 8 years, suggestive of RA. The patient had been taking NSAIDs for 3 years, but his symptoms worsened in the last month. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated levels of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (antiCCP) antibodies, supporting the diagnosis of RA. He was initiated on methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and folate. However, he developed respiratory symptoms, including a productive cough and fever. Physical examination findings indicated respiratory abnormalities and radiographic imaging showed bilateral opacities. Further assessment with HRCT thorax revealed fibrocavitary lung lesions and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Microbiological confirmation through CBNAAT testing demonstrated the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to the diagnosis of pulmonary Tuberculosis. The patient was promptly started on anti-tubercular treatment. This case highlights the challenges faced in managing patients with both RA and TB under immunosuppressive therapy. A multidisciplinary approach involving rheumatologists and infectious disease specialists is crucial for optimal management and favourable outcomes.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114903529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: All the things that exist in our universe is composed of energy, including human being. In this article, I will show the most important clinical manifestations presented by patients nowadays, caused by this energy deficiency condition, after the implementation of the modernization of telecommunication. Due to these energy alterations, there is the necessity of using more highly diluted medications in the treatment of the majority of diseases and also there is the necessity to recharge the “battery” of these organs’ energy using Phosphorus, Sulphur, Calcarea carbonica, Silicea, Natrum muriaticum in their daily life according to the theory of Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine, to keep our health in harmony and prevent the formation of the majority of chronic diseases. The use of these five highly diluted medications is of paramount importance to treat the cause of the formation of the majority of emotional and physical symptoms presented by our patients nowadays, independently on the age group or the type of diagnosis and disease that the patient is presenting nowadays.
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Adults Patients Considered Immunosuppressed in this New Global Immunodeficiency","authors":"Huang Wl","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000175","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: All the things that exist in our universe is composed of energy, including human being. In this article, I will show the most important clinical manifestations presented by patients nowadays, caused by this energy deficiency condition, after the implementation of the modernization of telecommunication. Due to these energy alterations, there is the necessity of using more highly diluted medications in the treatment of the majority of diseases and also there is the necessity to recharge the “battery” of these organs’ energy using Phosphorus, Sulphur, Calcarea carbonica, Silicea, Natrum muriaticum in their daily life according to the theory of Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine, to keep our health in harmony and prevent the formation of the majority of chronic diseases. The use of these five highly diluted medications is of paramount importance to treat the cause of the formation of the majority of emotional and physical symptoms presented by our patients nowadays, independently on the age group or the type of diagnosis and disease that the patient is presenting nowadays.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"366 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122341283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to antineoplastic agents have increased in the 21st century with the emergence of new therapeutic agents. Rapid drug desensitization (RDD) to chemotherapeutic agents and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has emerged as a safe and effective strategy for those patients who develop HSRs to their necessary medication, given their limited therapeutic options. Drug desensitization (DS) induces a temporary tolerance to the drug, allowing the patient with an HSR to safely receive an uninterrupted course of medication. The knowledge of the recently described new phenotypes, within HSRs, with their corresponding endotypes and biomarkers, provides a better diagnostic approach and more accurate risk stratification for a more secure and effective desensitization protocol. In addition, premedication can be tailored according to the phenotype, endotype and biomarkers of the reaction. Any desensitization should always be carried out with maximum safety in mind and adapted to the care organization of each allergy department. Desensitization is a temporary process, once the medication is discontinued the patient's hypersensitivity to the medication returns. Objective: The aim of this review is to briefly summarize updated information on the mechanisms of desensitization, indications, contraindications, risk stratification and treatment of reactions during desensitization to chemotherapeutic drugs and mAbs. Also to emphasize the importance of maintaining the first-line of treatment in cancer patients, thus improving the patient's life expectancy and quality of life.
{"title":"The Importance of Drug Desensitization in Cancer","authors":"Nuez Al","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000145","url":null,"abstract":"Drug hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to antineoplastic agents have increased in the 21st century with the emergence of new therapeutic agents. Rapid drug desensitization (RDD) to chemotherapeutic agents and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has emerged as a safe and effective strategy for those patients who develop HSRs to their necessary medication, given their limited therapeutic options. Drug desensitization (DS) induces a temporary tolerance to the drug, allowing the patient with an HSR to safely receive an uninterrupted course of medication. The knowledge of the recently described new phenotypes, within HSRs, with their corresponding endotypes and biomarkers, provides a better diagnostic approach and more accurate risk stratification for a more secure and effective desensitization protocol. In addition, premedication can be tailored according to the phenotype, endotype and biomarkers of the reaction. Any desensitization should always be carried out with maximum safety in mind and adapted to the care organization of each allergy department. Desensitization is a temporary process, once the medication is discontinued the patient's hypersensitivity to the medication returns. Objective: The aim of this review is to briefly summarize updated information on the mechanisms of desensitization, indications, contraindications, risk stratification and treatment of reactions during desensitization to chemotherapeutic drugs and mAbs. Also to emphasize the importance of maintaining the first-line of treatment in cancer patients, thus improving the patient's life expectancy and quality of life.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128806580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Influence of Cell Phones and Computers on Our Immune System","authors":"Huang Wl","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129056037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To study the state of the main parameters of immunity in the peripheral blood of adult patients with trichophytia and microsporia of the skin of the genitals and surrounding areas. Materials and Methods: 137 patients (88 men, 49 women) aged 16 to 40 years were examined. The duration of the disease was, on average, 6.9 ± 0.2 weeks. 77.4% of patients with mycoses became sexually infected. 28.5% of patients had sexual promiscuity. Research Methods: microscopic, cultural, and immunological. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the number of CD4 lymphocytes (P < 0.02), PANL (P < 0.01), FN (P < 0.01), IL-10 (P < 0.01) and an increase in the content of IgA (P < 0.01), IgM (P < 0.01), CIC (P < 0.01), IL-1β (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) were detected in the blood of the patients. Patients with a disease duration of up to 1 month showed a change in 8 of the 16 immunological indicators studied, but not a single indicator of cellular immunity, in patients with a disease duration of more than 1 month - 11, including 2 main indicators of cellular immunity (CD3 and CD4 lymphocytes) Conclusion: In adult patients with zoonotic trichophytia and microsporia with atypical localization, there is an inhibition of cellular immunity, phagocytic reactions, anti-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in the activity of humoral and proinflammatory cytokines. Immunological disorders are more pronounced in patients with the disease duration of more than 1 month.
{"title":"Immunological Disorders in Adult Patients with Trichophytia and Microsporia of the Genital Area, Tajikistan","authors":"Mun Sh","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000140","url":null,"abstract":"To study the state of the main parameters of immunity in the peripheral blood of adult patients with trichophytia and microsporia of the skin of the genitals and surrounding areas. Materials and Methods: 137 patients (88 men, 49 women) aged 16 to 40 years were examined. The duration of the disease was, on average, 6.9 ± 0.2 weeks. 77.4% of patients with mycoses became sexually infected. 28.5% of patients had sexual promiscuity. Research Methods: microscopic, cultural, and immunological. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the number of CD4 lymphocytes (P < 0.02), PANL (P < 0.01), FN (P < 0.01), IL-10 (P < 0.01) and an increase in the content of IgA (P < 0.01), IgM (P < 0.01), CIC (P < 0.01), IL-1β (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) were detected in the blood of the patients. Patients with a disease duration of up to 1 month showed a change in 8 of the 16 immunological indicators studied, but not a single indicator of cellular immunity, in patients with a disease duration of more than 1 month - 11, including 2 main indicators of cellular immunity (CD3 and CD4 lymphocytes) Conclusion: In adult patients with zoonotic trichophytia and microsporia with atypical localization, there is an inhibition of cellular immunity, phagocytic reactions, anti-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in the activity of humoral and proinflammatory cytokines. Immunological disorders are more pronounced in patients with the disease duration of more than 1 month.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114534608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How is the Mechanism of Immunodeficiency Caused by Metallic Implants and What Can they Cause when Inside the Patient's Body?","authors":"Huang Wl","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114684619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmids, that is, extrachromosomal DNA, were first recognized in Enterobacteriaceae. From that point onward, they were found in practically every one of the strains noticed. The plasmid structure is made out of roundabout twofold abandoned DNA atoms that self-governingly recreate in the host cell. Its length can differ from a couple to many kilobases (kb). In microorganisms, plasmids are moved chiefly on a level plane through the formation cycle. The plasmid replication interaction can be isolated into three phases: inception, expansion and end. The interaction includes DNA helicase I, DNA gyrase, DNA polymerase III, endonuclease and ligase. The plasmid contains qualities fundamental for the capacity of the plasmid and its conservation in the host cell (commencement and control of replication). Some of them have qualities that control the steadiness of the plasmid. Notwithstanding, microorganisms have numerous organic capacities identified with plasmids. The recognizable proof and order of plasmids depend on their lasting hereditary qualities in all plasmids. They are: the capacity to protect themselves and control the replication cycle in the host cell. Along these lines, the plasmid order between the contradictory gatherings is done. The replicon composing technique dependent on genotype instead of phenotypic qualities has similar outcomes as jumble bunching
{"title":"Plasmids: Cause of Bacterial Diversity","authors":"I-ling Ko","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000146","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmids, that is, extrachromosomal DNA, were first recognized in Enterobacteriaceae. From that point onward, they were found in practically every one of the strains noticed. The plasmid structure is made out of roundabout twofold abandoned DNA atoms that self-governingly recreate in the host cell. Its length can differ from a couple to many kilobases (kb). In microorganisms, plasmids are moved chiefly on a level plane through the formation cycle. The plasmid replication interaction can be isolated into three phases: inception, expansion and end. The interaction includes DNA helicase I, DNA gyrase, DNA polymerase III, endonuclease and ligase. The plasmid contains qualities fundamental for the capacity of the plasmid and its conservation in the host cell (commencement and control of replication). Some of them have qualities that control the steadiness of the plasmid. Notwithstanding, microorganisms have numerous organic capacities identified with plasmids. The recognizable proof and order of plasmids depend on their lasting hereditary qualities in all plasmids. They are: the capacity to protect themselves and control the replication cycle in the host cell. Along these lines, the plasmid order between the contradictory gatherings is done. The replicon composing technique dependent on genotype instead of phenotypic qualities has similar outcomes as jumble bunching","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133276002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sea star IGKappa gene was cloned in 2014 by the use of primers. It was compared, in the present work, to 3 other sea star genomes: Acanthaster planci, Patiria miniata and Marthasterias glacialis sea star genomes. A high identity, from a bioinformatic point of view, was found, with these last ones, with, a significant e-value. Sea star Igkappa genes may be present in these 4 asterids which belong to the Echinoderm Phylum (Invertebrates)
{"title":"A Sea Star Asterias Rubens IGKappa Gene when Compared to 3 Other Sea Star Genomes from Patiria Miniata, Acanthaster Planci and Marthasterias Glacialis (Echinodermata)","authors":"Leclerc M","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000156","url":null,"abstract":"The sea star IGKappa gene was cloned in 2014 by the use of primers. It was compared, in the present work, to 3 other sea star genomes: Acanthaster planci, Patiria miniata and Marthasterias glacialis sea star genomes. A high identity, from a bioinformatic point of view, was found, with these last ones, with, a significant e-value. Sea star Igkappa genes may be present in these 4 asterids which belong to the Echinoderm Phylum (Invertebrates)","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133785790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some evidence suggests that HIV itself is associated with frailty; a syndrome typically viewed as being related to ageing. The researcher determines the prevalence and predictors of frailty in a population of HIV infected individuals at Mutawatawa Hospital in UMP district, Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe. He also determined the association between frailty and comorbidities. A retrospective cohort study of 153 adults (>30 years) people living with HIV was used. The mean age of the study participants was 44.49 and a median of 41. The majority were female (62.7%). Frailty as defined by standardized assessment comprised of ≥3 of weight loss, low physical activity, exhaustion, weak grip strength and slow waling time. 64.7% of the study participants were found to be frail. Independent predictors of frailty were evaluated using Binary logistic regression. Association between frailty and comorbidities was determined using Binary logistic regression. CD4 count was a strong predictor of frailty (OR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.03-5.74, p=0.026). Age was also a strong predictor of frailty (OR=2.993; 95% CI: 1.049-3.039, p=0.023). Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (OR=3.59; 95% CI: 1.028-4.53; p=0.029), CVD (OR= 1.632; 95% CI: 1.117-22.735; p=0.015) and dyslipidemia (OR=0.713; 95% CI: 1.020-25.275; p=0.042) were strongly associated with frailty. Lower CD4 counts and older age were strong predictors of frailty in HIV infected populations. Earlier initiation of ART may be protective. Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, CVD and Dyslipidemia were strongly associated with frailty. A cardiovascular exercise regimen can help overcome frailty.
{"title":"Frailty and Comorbidities in Adult People Living with HIV a Case Study in Uzumba Maramba Pfungwe District, Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe","authors":"C. F","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000162","url":null,"abstract":"Some evidence suggests that HIV itself is associated with frailty; a syndrome typically viewed as being related to ageing. The researcher determines the prevalence and predictors of frailty in a population of HIV infected individuals at Mutawatawa Hospital in UMP district, Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe. He also determined the association between frailty and comorbidities. A retrospective cohort study of 153 adults (>30 years) people living with HIV was used. The mean age of the study participants was 44.49 and a median of 41. The majority were female (62.7%). Frailty as defined by standardized assessment comprised of ≥3 of weight loss, low physical activity, exhaustion, weak grip strength and slow waling time. 64.7% of the study participants were found to be frail. Independent predictors of frailty were evaluated using Binary logistic regression. Association between frailty and comorbidities was determined using Binary logistic regression. CD4 count was a strong predictor of frailty (OR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.03-5.74, p=0.026). Age was also a strong predictor of frailty (OR=2.993; 95% CI: 1.049-3.039, p=0.023). Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (OR=3.59; 95% CI: 1.028-4.53; p=0.029), CVD (OR= 1.632; 95% CI: 1.117-22.735; p=0.015) and dyslipidemia (OR=0.713; 95% CI: 1.020-25.275; p=0.042) were strongly associated with frailty. Lower CD4 counts and older age were strong predictors of frailty in HIV infected populations. Earlier initiation of ART may be protective. Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, CVD and Dyslipidemia were strongly associated with frailty. A cardiovascular exercise regimen can help overcome frailty.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115917837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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