Coronavirus (COVID-19) has become the most pressing virus that has affected the world negatively. This virus has brought many setbacks in all aspects of life including education. This study was conducted to find out how technological innovation has been introduced into education as the world is still battling with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study depended on primary and secondary sources of data. Wholly, the documents prepared by the International Labour Organisation captioned as ILO Sectoral Brief and United Nations Economic, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) constituted major facts of this research. It was identified that indeed technological innovation has become very relevant as in E-learning. Another finding was that numerous developing countries are still encountering barriers in enjoying E-learning as internet connectivity is a major problem. It was recommended that Non-Governmental Organisations should avail themselves to improve the state of internet connectivity in most of the developing countries to enjoy E-learning. Adequate training and workshop should be organized to educate students and teachers on the usage of E-learning in the world.
{"title":"Assessing Technological Innovation on Education in the World of Coronavirus (Covid-19)","authors":"Gyimah N","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000158","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) has become the most pressing virus that has affected the world negatively. This virus has brought many setbacks in all aspects of life including education. This study was conducted to find out how technological innovation has been introduced into education as the world is still battling with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study depended on primary and secondary sources of data. Wholly, the documents prepared by the International Labour Organisation captioned as ILO Sectoral Brief and United Nations Economic, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) constituted major facts of this research. It was identified that indeed technological innovation has become very relevant as in E-learning. Another finding was that numerous developing countries are still encountering barriers in enjoying E-learning as internet connectivity is a major problem. It was recommended that Non-Governmental Organisations should avail themselves to improve the state of internet connectivity in most of the developing countries to enjoy E-learning. Adequate training and workshop should be organized to educate students and teachers on the usage of E-learning in the world.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131732476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 has become well-known in the world. The measures to kill the virus have also become hard to come by. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) has been using by health workers to contain the virus in Ghana hence the study sought to ascertain the impact of Personal Protective Equipment on Ghanaian health workers in the COVID-19 era. The study used primary and secondary sources of data. Importantly, a simple random sampling technique was used to engage a total of 2,420 health workers in Ghana, and also convenience sampling technique was used to select 150 public hospitals and 150 private hospitals for the study. The study used both questionnaires and in-depth interviews to gather the required information. The information obtained from the participants was analyzed by content and statistical analysis. It was revealed that health workers have been using Personal Protective Equipment frequently to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the health care setting in Ghana. It was recommended that health workers should use the Personal Protective Equipment according to indication. Intensive monitoring was also recommended to check the proper uses of the Personal Protective Equipment by health workers in Ghana. Lastly, a sensitization programme was recommended to give more insight on the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment by health workers in Ghana.
{"title":"Impact of Personal Protective Equipment in the Covid-19 Era: A Study of Health Workers in Ghana","authors":"Gyimah N","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000159","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 has become well-known in the world. The measures to kill the virus have also become hard to come by. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) has been using by health workers to contain the virus in Ghana hence the study sought to ascertain the impact of Personal Protective Equipment on Ghanaian health workers in the COVID-19 era. The study used primary and secondary sources of data. Importantly, a simple random sampling technique was used to engage a total of 2,420 health workers in Ghana, and also convenience sampling technique was used to select 150 public hospitals and 150 private hospitals for the study. The study used both questionnaires and in-depth interviews to gather the required information. The information obtained from the participants was analyzed by content and statistical analysis. It was revealed that health workers have been using Personal Protective Equipment frequently to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the health care setting in Ghana. It was recommended that health workers should use the Personal Protective Equipment according to indication. Intensive monitoring was also recommended to check the proper uses of the Personal Protective Equipment by health workers in Ghana. Lastly, a sensitization programme was recommended to give more insight on the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment by health workers in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122887527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HLA-E gene from MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) system has been recently discovered, in our laboratory, in Invertebrates. Blasts were performed against different protein species to find or not homologies. Results were given in the precedent communication.
{"title":"Hla-E Gene from Ophiocomina Nigra (Echinodermata-Invertebrates) Bioinformatics Data","authors":"Leclerc M","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000161","url":null,"abstract":"HLA-E gene from MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) system has been recently discovered, in our laboratory, in Invertebrates. Blasts were performed against different protein species to find or not homologies. Results were given in the precedent communication.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117120545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Nemesis-SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Leaving in its wake millions of infections, accompanied by an immense magnitude of morbidity and multitude of mortality, and an unfathomable economic toll, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global impact. A vaccine is urgently needed to prevent the disease, thwart the complications and avert deaths resulting from transmission of the infection. The Hubris-Vaccine Development: While most of the platforms of vaccine candidates have focused on the spike (S) protein and its variants as the primary antigen of COVID 19 infection, various techniques involved include nucleic acid technologies (RNA and DNA), non-replicating viral vectors, peptides, recombinant proteins, live attenuated viruses, and inactivated viruses. There are novel vaccine technologies being developed for COVID 19 using next-generation strategies for precision and flexibility for antigen manipulation on SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms. The Elpis-Updates and Prospects: There were nine different technology platforms under research and development to create an effective vaccine against COVID 19. Although there are no licensed vaccines against COVID-19 yet, there are various potential vaccine candidates under development and advanced clinical trials. Out of them, few having undergone phase III clinical trials, may soon be available for use among the high-risk groups following emergency use authorization. Conclusion-Hopes and Concerns: The hope of benefiting from the vaccine to the extent that it may be the only way to tide over and control the COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by the likely fear of adverse effects and opposition in public for COVID-19 vaccination, including the vaccine hesitancy. Further, there is concern among scientific circles that vaccine may have opposite of the desired effect by causing antibody-dependent disease enhancement.
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Development: The Need, the Fast-track, and the Concerns","authors":"N. V","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000130","url":null,"abstract":"The Nemesis-SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Leaving in its wake millions of infections, accompanied by an immense magnitude of morbidity and multitude of mortality, and an unfathomable economic toll, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global impact. A vaccine is urgently needed to prevent the disease, thwart the complications and avert deaths resulting from transmission of the infection. The Hubris-Vaccine Development: While most of the platforms of vaccine candidates have focused on the spike (S) protein and its variants as the primary antigen of COVID 19 infection, various techniques involved include nucleic acid technologies (RNA and DNA), non-replicating viral vectors, peptides, recombinant proteins, live attenuated viruses, and inactivated viruses. There are novel vaccine technologies being developed for COVID 19 using next-generation strategies for precision and flexibility for antigen manipulation on SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms. The Elpis-Updates and Prospects: There were nine different technology platforms under research and development to create an effective vaccine against COVID 19. Although there are no licensed vaccines against COVID-19 yet, there are various potential vaccine candidates under development and advanced clinical trials. Out of them, few having undergone phase III clinical trials, may soon be available for use among the high-risk groups following emergency use authorization. Conclusion-Hopes and Concerns: The hope of benefiting from the vaccine to the extent that it may be the only way to tide over and control the COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by the likely fear of adverse effects and opposition in public for COVID-19 vaccination, including the vaccine hesitancy. Further, there is concern among scientific circles that vaccine may have opposite of the desired effect by causing antibody-dependent disease enhancement.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132326859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It should not be necessary to write an article to demonstrate the superiority of natural immunity over vaccine immunity, but it is necessary in view of the many underhanded attacks that tend to make artificial immunity seem more effective. Furthermore, it is officially recommended to vaccinate people who have already been infected with Covid-19. Survivors of the 2003 SARS-CoV have cellular immune memory more than 17 years after infection. Numerous studies have explored humoral (antibody) and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 infection: it persists for at least one year (and even 14 months) in a robust manner in convalescents and would be of better quality than vaccine immunity: natural antibodies are more potent, have a broader spectrum, and are able to evolve against variants more efficiently than vaccine antibodies. These in vitro studies are confirmed by the protection against reinfections conferred by a primary infection, particularly in early and highly vaccinated countries such as Israel and the United Kingdom. Vaccination of a primo-infected person could also decrease the effectiveness of his natural immunity against future reinfections. Neutralizing antibodies may not be the correct correlate of protection against infection, as high levels of neutralizing antibodies have been found in patients with severe Covid, and vaccinated patients, who are more susceptible to reinfection than primary patients, have antibody levels equivalent to or higher than those observed in primary patients. The neutralizing capacity of these antibodies directed against the membrane spike protein is measured in vitro. This neutralizing capacity may be different in vivo; it may be diminished by the presence of antibodies that facilitate infection; and antibodies are produced against other viral antigens during natural infection. Cellular immunity could be the right correlate of protection and this type of response could be of lower quality in vaccinated subjects. In addition, vaccination of convalescent subjects could be risky: more systemic adverse events are observed in convalescent subjects than in naïve subjects after the first dose of vaccine. Vaccination may decrease the ability to respond to future variants. It could also have a non- specific effect of remodeling the innate immune response by decreasing the potential response to other viruses or cancers and by modifying the course of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The natural immunity of a population should therefore be explored before proposing vaccination: up to 50% of the population may have been infected in some countries.
{"title":"Covid-19: Natural Immunity Versus Vaccine Immunity Abstract","authors":"Banoun H","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000153","url":null,"abstract":"It should not be necessary to write an article to demonstrate the superiority of natural immunity over vaccine immunity, but it is necessary in view of the many underhanded attacks that tend to make artificial immunity seem more effective. Furthermore, it is officially recommended to vaccinate people who have already been infected with Covid-19. Survivors of the 2003 SARS-CoV have cellular immune memory more than 17 years after infection. Numerous studies have explored humoral (antibody) and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 infection: it persists for at least one year (and even 14 months) in a robust manner in convalescents and would be of better quality than vaccine immunity: natural antibodies are more potent, have a broader spectrum, and are able to evolve against variants more efficiently than vaccine antibodies. These in vitro studies are confirmed by the protection against reinfections conferred by a primary infection, particularly in early and highly vaccinated countries such as Israel and the United Kingdom. Vaccination of a primo-infected person could also decrease the effectiveness of his natural immunity against future reinfections. Neutralizing antibodies may not be the correct correlate of protection against infection, as high levels of neutralizing antibodies have been found in patients with severe Covid, and vaccinated patients, who are more susceptible to reinfection than primary patients, have antibody levels equivalent to or higher than those observed in primary patients. The neutralizing capacity of these antibodies directed against the membrane spike protein is measured in vitro. This neutralizing capacity may be different in vivo; it may be diminished by the presence of antibodies that facilitate infection; and antibodies are produced against other viral antigens during natural infection. Cellular immunity could be the right correlate of protection and this type of response could be of lower quality in vaccinated subjects. In addition, vaccination of convalescent subjects could be risky: more systemic adverse events are observed in convalescent subjects than in naïve subjects after the first dose of vaccine. Vaccination may decrease the ability to respond to future variants. It could also have a non- specific effect of remodeling the innate immune response by decreasing the potential response to other viruses or cancers and by modifying the course of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The natural immunity of a population should therefore be explored before proposing vaccination: up to 50% of the population may have been infected in some countries.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133375213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Bio-Clean II has been previously shown to boost immunity, fight viral infection, and possesses anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the serum level of inflammatory cytokines in rats exposed to purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Bio-Clean II on T-Helper 4 and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes in rats exposed to purified bacterial LPS. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats weighing 150g±50g (mean±SD) were purchased and randomly assigned to six (6) groups of 6 rats each. Group 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 were induced with a single dose of 5mg/Kg of purified LPS® (E. coli 0127:B8, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), administered through intraperitoneal route using 1ml sterile needle and syringe, except for group 4 which served as the zero control (given water and feed only throughout the experiment). Group 1 served as the inflammation control. Group 2 which served as the positive control received 50mg/Kg/bid Diclofenac +500mg/kg/bid of Ciprofloxacin. Group 3 which served as the negative control received sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS). While rats in group 5 and group 6 were treated orally with the herbal remedy “Bio-Clean II” for 7 days and 14 days, respectively. After which, the rats were sacrificed and a cardiac blood specimen was taken from each rat by terminal bleeding from the heart. CD4 and CD8 Cell counts were evaluated using Fluorescence photomicroscopy and ELISA techniques, respectively. Results: The outcome of this investigation shows that treatment with Bio-Clean II resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in CD4 cell count in duration-dependent manner, 7 days (8.40±1.44 Cells/ul) and 14 days (18.40±2.66 Cells/ul), respectively, when compared to the inflammation control (4.80±1.16 Cells/ul). There was also a significant (P<0.05) decrease in CD8 cell count of the Bio-Clean II treated groups: 7 days (27.67±1.32ng/ml) and 14 days (17.44±1.00ng/ml) when compared to the inflammation control (32.93±2.52ng/ml). Conclusion: Bio-Clean Il caused significant alterations in the CD4 and CD8 counts of rats exposed to purified lipopolysaccharide. The outcome of this study, underscores the potential role of Bio-Clean Il in the treatment of bacterial inflammatory diseases, however, the molecular mechanism behind this action warrants for further investigation.
{"title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Bio-Clean II on T-Helper 4 and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes in Rats Exposed to Purified Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide","authors":"Enitan Ss","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000165","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Bio-Clean II has been previously shown to boost immunity, fight viral infection, and possesses anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the serum level of inflammatory cytokines in rats exposed to purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Bio-Clean II on T-Helper 4 and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes in rats exposed to purified bacterial LPS. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats weighing 150g±50g (mean±SD) were purchased and randomly assigned to six (6) groups of 6 rats each. Group 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 were induced with a single dose of 5mg/Kg of purified LPS® (E. coli 0127:B8, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), administered through intraperitoneal route using 1ml sterile needle and syringe, except for group 4 which served as the zero control (given water and feed only throughout the experiment). Group 1 served as the inflammation control. Group 2 which served as the positive control received 50mg/Kg/bid Diclofenac +500mg/kg/bid of Ciprofloxacin. Group 3 which served as the negative control received sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS). While rats in group 5 and group 6 were treated orally with the herbal remedy “Bio-Clean II” for 7 days and 14 days, respectively. After which, the rats were sacrificed and a cardiac blood specimen was taken from each rat by terminal bleeding from the heart. CD4 and CD8 Cell counts were evaluated using Fluorescence photomicroscopy and ELISA techniques, respectively. Results: The outcome of this investigation shows that treatment with Bio-Clean II resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in CD4 cell count in duration-dependent manner, 7 days (8.40±1.44 Cells/ul) and 14 days (18.40±2.66 Cells/ul), respectively, when compared to the inflammation control (4.80±1.16 Cells/ul). There was also a significant (P<0.05) decrease in CD8 cell count of the Bio-Clean II treated groups: 7 days (27.67±1.32ng/ml) and 14 days (17.44±1.00ng/ml) when compared to the inflammation control (32.93±2.52ng/ml). Conclusion: Bio-Clean Il caused significant alterations in the CD4 and CD8 counts of rats exposed to purified lipopolysaccharide. The outcome of this study, underscores the potential role of Bio-Clean Il in the treatment of bacterial inflammatory diseases, however, the molecular mechanism behind this action warrants for further investigation.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134463926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Schools across the globe were shut down at the peak of the COVID-19 with the reason to contain the spread of the virus and that universities were not exceptional as students walked home without any proper strategic plans towards the educational journey as the future of the pandemic was unknown. Universities around the globe started to embrace the future by moving from real classroom teaching to a more digital classroom where students were taught by lecturers online. It was for that reason this study was conducted to evaluate university students’ journey about the use of Learning Management System, Zoom and Google meet to navigate in the digital classroom during the closure of schools at the peak of COVID-19. The study used both primary and secondary data. A questionnaire was developed and administered to obtain the primary data. However, the study selected 10 public universities in Ghana and engaged 500 students as the research participants. Again, convenience and simple random sampling techniques were used to select universities and students respectively. It was confirmed by students that universities shifted from classroom teaching to virtual teaching and that this confirmation was substantiated by students to reveal that Learning Management System was greatly used to conduct virtual teaching that was followed by Zoom and lastly Google meet. In addition, it was found that some students were not digitally literate and this actuated difficulty to excel in the digital classroom created by the universities. It was recommended that universities should factor basic computing into the programme-based courses so that students could become digitally literate and fully prepared for the future.
{"title":"The Journey of University Students in the Digital Society during the Closure of Schools at the Peak of Covid-19","authors":"Gyimah N","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000160","url":null,"abstract":"Schools across the globe were shut down at the peak of the COVID-19 with the reason to contain the spread of the virus and that universities were not exceptional as students walked home without any proper strategic plans towards the educational journey as the future of the pandemic was unknown. Universities around the globe started to embrace the future by moving from real classroom teaching to a more digital classroom where students were taught by lecturers online. It was for that reason this study was conducted to evaluate university students’ journey about the use of Learning Management System, Zoom and Google meet to navigate in the digital classroom during the closure of schools at the peak of COVID-19. The study used both primary and secondary data. A questionnaire was developed and administered to obtain the primary data. However, the study selected 10 public universities in Ghana and engaged 500 students as the research participants. Again, convenience and simple random sampling techniques were used to select universities and students respectively. It was confirmed by students that universities shifted from classroom teaching to virtual teaching and that this confirmation was substantiated by students to reveal that Learning Management System was greatly used to conduct virtual teaching that was followed by Zoom and lastly Google meet. In addition, it was found that some students were not digitally literate and this actuated difficulty to excel in the digital classroom created by the universities. It was recommended that universities should factor basic computing into the programme-based courses so that students could become digitally literate and fully prepared for the future.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125871401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human Settlements and Ecological Footprints: As such, the ecosystems are the planet's life-support systems for the human species and all other forms of life. The ecological alterations in turn may lead to irreparable climate change, and have repercussions on human health, which are complex. The ecological alterations affect the distribution of patterns of human settlement, nutritional and health status, and disease patterns including pandemics. COVID-19 Pandemic and the Clinical Fallouts: There have been turbulent times with the novel pandemic COVID-19, engulfing, imprisoning, and debilitating the humanity all over the Globe. The unabated transmission of the virus led to immense human suffering and overwhelmed healthcare facilities. The disease has high infectivity and fatality, and the survivors have propensity to suffer with organopathies and exacerbation of other pre-existing diseases. Changing Healthcare Scenario and Options: The fallouts of COVID-19 pandemic have been striking. The pandemic has been a reality check for various provisions of available healthcare. As the existing healthcare facilities were unable to cope with the sudden surge leading to an intense pressure on the system, the pandemic has acted as a transformation catalyst and accelerated transformation in healthcare including remote and Hospitalat-Home care. Planning Healthcare for Post-Covid illness: The COVID-19 now persists as endemic in most places with the infection affecting those with a high-risk. Presently, a heightened awareness is required for diagnosing post-Covid symptoms and complications. There are needed specialized OPD services for diagnostic workup, treatment, and regular follow up, along with a dedicated indoor facility for profiling the post-Covid illness, treatment, and intensive care.
{"title":"On the Pandemic Trail: Planning Post-Covid Outdoor and Indoor Healthcare","authors":"N. V","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000171","url":null,"abstract":"Human Settlements and Ecological Footprints: As such, the ecosystems are the planet's life-support systems for the human species and all other forms of life. The ecological alterations in turn may lead to irreparable climate change, and have repercussions on human health, which are complex. The ecological alterations affect the distribution of patterns of human settlement, nutritional and health status, and disease patterns including pandemics. COVID-19 Pandemic and the Clinical Fallouts: There have been turbulent times with the novel pandemic COVID-19, engulfing, imprisoning, and debilitating the humanity all over the Globe. The unabated transmission of the virus led to immense human suffering and overwhelmed healthcare facilities. The disease has high infectivity and fatality, and the survivors have propensity to suffer with organopathies and exacerbation of other pre-existing diseases. Changing Healthcare Scenario and Options: The fallouts of COVID-19 pandemic have been striking. The pandemic has been a reality check for various provisions of available healthcare. As the existing healthcare facilities were unable to cope with the sudden surge leading to an intense pressure on the system, the pandemic has acted as a transformation catalyst and accelerated transformation in healthcare including remote and Hospitalat-Home care. Planning Healthcare for Post-Covid illness: The COVID-19 now persists as endemic in most places with the infection affecting those with a high-risk. Presently, a heightened awareness is required for diagnosing post-Covid symptoms and complications. There are needed specialized OPD services for diagnostic workup, treatment, and regular follow up, along with a dedicated indoor facility for profiling the post-Covid illness, treatment, and intensive care.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"29 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125962377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging threat affecting millions of people worldwide. This study aims to assess the serologic profiles and time kinetics of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with COVID-19 using the Boditech iCHROMA fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) method. Methods: Samples were collected from 43 subjects and analyzed for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using the Boditech iCHROMA FIA. The iCHROMA processes the signal using a cut off index of 0.9 – 1.1, results <0.9 are interpreted as negative, results between 0.9 and 1.1 are interpreted as indeterminate and results >1.1 are interpreted as positive. Longitudinal samples were collected on days between day 1- day 100 post onset of symptoms in 1 subject, single samples collected on days 40-90 post infection in 30 subjects, and single samples collected at 3 time points (pre vaccination, 8-18 days post vaccination and 20-28 days post vaccination) collected from 12 subjects non-infected and previously infected. Results: The Covid-19 IgG concentration was detected (positive and cut off index above 1.1) on day 11 and remained consistently elevated for another 100 days of measurement in the sera of the single infected subject. The IgG cut off indices between day 20 and 100 ranged between 26.8 and 46.7, with a mean of 36.5. In the sera of the 30 patients infected with Covid-19 collected 40 – 90 days post infection, IgG antibodies were detected in all the samples. The IgG cut off indices ranged between 14.0 and 32.60, with a mean of 20.65. Of the twelve subjects who were vaccinated, eight had not been previously infected, while 4 had been previously infected. All 4 (100%) previously infected subjects seroconverted by the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination), whilst only 1/8 (12.5%) of the non-infected subjects seroconverted by the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination). By the second time point (20 - 28 days post vaccination), 2/12 subjects (17%) had failed to seroconvert, whilst 10/12 (83%) of the subjects had seroconverted. In addition, a previously infected subject whose IgG antibodies had dropped to a very low-level, after receiving the first dose of vaccination his IgG antibodies had gone back to his previous antibody levels at the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination). Conclusion: The Boditech iCHROMA FIA method for antibody testing is useful in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of situations at different time points but has its limitations with regards to determining the difference between previously infected and vaccinated individuals.
{"title":"Characterisation Covid-19 IgG Antibody Kinetics Post Infection and Vaccination using the Boditech iCHROMA™ Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA) Method","authors":"Bolodeoku J","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000163","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging threat affecting millions of people worldwide. This study aims to assess the serologic profiles and time kinetics of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with COVID-19 using the Boditech iCHROMA fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) method. Methods: Samples were collected from 43 subjects and analyzed for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using the Boditech iCHROMA FIA. The iCHROMA processes the signal using a cut off index of 0.9 – 1.1, results <0.9 are interpreted as negative, results between 0.9 and 1.1 are interpreted as indeterminate and results >1.1 are interpreted as positive. Longitudinal samples were collected on days between day 1- day 100 post onset of symptoms in 1 subject, single samples collected on days 40-90 post infection in 30 subjects, and single samples collected at 3 time points (pre vaccination, 8-18 days post vaccination and 20-28 days post vaccination) collected from 12 subjects non-infected and previously infected. Results: The Covid-19 IgG concentration was detected (positive and cut off index above 1.1) on day 11 and remained consistently elevated for another 100 days of measurement in the sera of the single infected subject. The IgG cut off indices between day 20 and 100 ranged between 26.8 and 46.7, with a mean of 36.5. In the sera of the 30 patients infected with Covid-19 collected 40 – 90 days post infection, IgG antibodies were detected in all the samples. The IgG cut off indices ranged between 14.0 and 32.60, with a mean of 20.65. Of the twelve subjects who were vaccinated, eight had not been previously infected, while 4 had been previously infected. All 4 (100%) previously infected subjects seroconverted by the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination), whilst only 1/8 (12.5%) of the non-infected subjects seroconverted by the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination). By the second time point (20 - 28 days post vaccination), 2/12 subjects (17%) had failed to seroconvert, whilst 10/12 (83%) of the subjects had seroconverted. In addition, a previously infected subject whose IgG antibodies had dropped to a very low-level, after receiving the first dose of vaccination his IgG antibodies had gone back to his previous antibody levels at the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination). Conclusion: The Boditech iCHROMA FIA method for antibody testing is useful in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of situations at different time points but has its limitations with regards to determining the difference between previously infected and vaccinated individuals.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125965304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immune surveillance is of great significance for development of papillomavirus infections, as it has an impact on the disease course and its transformation into neoplasias. Immune response in infection of HIV patients with human papillomavirus deserves particular attention. Numerous studies suggest modification of immune response by the viruses in monoinfections (human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus) and in combined infections. At present, numerous possible viral evasion mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity factors are known. Despite a large body of accumulated knowledge on the HIV and papillomavirus infection course, early diagnosis and timely treatment of coinfected patients are hampered, which adversely affects their prognosis. There is still a need for expanding the techniques for early diagnosis of papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected individuals and searching for effective treatment methods.
{"title":"Possibilities of Viral Immune Evasion Exemplified by Human Papilloma Virus in HIV-Infected People","authors":"Boeva Ke","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000172","url":null,"abstract":"Immune surveillance is of great significance for development of papillomavirus infections, as it has an impact on the disease course and its transformation into neoplasias. Immune response in infection of HIV patients with human papillomavirus deserves particular attention. Numerous studies suggest modification of immune response by the viruses in monoinfections (human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus) and in combined infections. At present, numerous possible viral evasion mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity factors are known. Despite a large body of accumulated knowledge on the HIV and papillomavirus infection course, early diagnosis and timely treatment of coinfected patients are hampered, which adversely affects their prognosis. There is still a need for expanding the techniques for early diagnosis of papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected individuals and searching for effective treatment methods.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127312065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}