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Assessing Technological Innovation on Education in the World of Coronavirus (Covid-19) 新冠肺炎疫情下全球教育技术创新评估
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000158
Gyimah N
Coronavirus (COVID-19) has become the most pressing virus that has affected the world negatively. This virus has brought many setbacks in all aspects of life including education. This study was conducted to find out how technological innovation has been introduced into education as the world is still battling with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study depended on primary and secondary sources of data. Wholly, the documents prepared by the International Labour Organisation captioned as ILO Sectoral Brief and United Nations Economic, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) constituted major facts of this research. It was identified that indeed technological innovation has become very relevant as in E-learning. Another finding was that numerous developing countries are still encountering barriers in enjoying E-learning as internet connectivity is a major problem. It was recommended that Non-Governmental Organisations should avail themselves to improve the state of internet connectivity in most of the developing countries to enjoy E-learning. Adequate training and workshop should be organized to educate students and teachers on the usage of E-learning in the world.
冠状病毒(COVID-19)已成为对世界造成负面影响的最紧迫的病毒。这种病毒给包括教育在内的生活各方面带来了许多挫折。这项研究是为了了解在世界仍在与COVID-19大流行作斗争的情况下,如何将技术创新引入教育。这项研究依赖于第一手和第二手的数据来源。总的来说,国际劳工组织编制的题为“劳工组织部门简报”和联合国经济、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)的文件构成了这项研究的主要事实。人们认为,技术创新确实与电子学习非常相关。另一个发现是,许多发展中国家在享受电子学习方面仍然遇到障碍,因为互联网连接是一个主要问题。会议建议非政府组织应利用自己的力量改善大多数发展中国家的互联网连接状况,以享受电子学习。应组织适当的培训和讲习班,教育学生和教师如何在世界范围内使用电子学习。
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引用次数: 3
Impact of Personal Protective Equipment in the Covid-19 Era: A Study of Health Workers in Ghana Covid-19时代个人防护装备的影响:加纳卫生工作者的研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000159
Gyimah N
COVID-19 has become well-known in the world. The measures to kill the virus have also become hard to come by. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) has been using by health workers to contain the virus in Ghana hence the study sought to ascertain the impact of Personal Protective Equipment on Ghanaian health workers in the COVID-19 era. The study used primary and secondary sources of data. Importantly, a simple random sampling technique was used to engage a total of 2,420 health workers in Ghana, and also convenience sampling technique was used to select 150 public hospitals and 150 private hospitals for the study. The study used both questionnaires and in-depth interviews to gather the required information. The information obtained from the participants was analyzed by content and statistical analysis. It was revealed that health workers have been using Personal Protective Equipment frequently to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the health care setting in Ghana. It was recommended that health workers should use the Personal Protective Equipment according to indication. Intensive monitoring was also recommended to check the proper uses of the Personal Protective Equipment by health workers in Ghana. Lastly, a sensitization programme was recommended to give more insight on the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment by health workers in Ghana.
新冠肺炎疫情已为世界所熟知。杀死病毒的措施也变得难以获得。在加纳,卫生工作者一直在使用个人防护装备(PPE)来控制病毒,因此该研究试图确定个人防护装备在COVID-19时代对加纳卫生工作者的影响。该研究使用了第一手和二手数据来源。重要的是,采用简单的随机抽样技术,在加纳共有2420名卫生工作者参与研究,并采用便利抽样技术,选择了150所公立医院和150所私立医院进行研究。该研究使用问卷调查和深度访谈来收集所需的信息。从参与者那里获得的信息通过内容分析和统计分析进行分析。据透露,在加纳的卫生保健机构中,卫生工作者经常使用个人防护装备来遏制COVID-19病毒的传播。建议卫生工作者根据指示使用个人防护装备。还建议加强监测,检查加纳卫生工作者对个人防护装备的正确使用情况。最后,建议开展一项宣传方案,以便更深入地了解加纳卫生工作者使用个人防护装备的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Hla-E Gene from Ophiocomina Nigra (Echinodermata-Invertebrates) Bioinformatics Data 黑蛇(棘皮-无脊椎动物)Hla-E基因的生物信息学数据
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000161
Leclerc M
HLA-E gene from MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) system has been recently discovered, in our laboratory, in Invertebrates. Blasts were performed against different protein species to find or not homologies. Results were given in the precedent communication.
来自MHC(主要组织相容性复合体)系统的HLA-E基因最近在我们实验室的无脊椎动物中被发现。对不同的蛋白种类进行了细胞实验,以寻找或不寻找同源性。在之前的沟通中给出了结果。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 Vaccine Development: The Need, the Fast-track, and the Concerns COVID-19疫苗开发:需求、快速通道和关注
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000130
N. V
The Nemesis-SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Leaving in its wake millions of infections, accompanied by an immense magnitude of morbidity and multitude of mortality, and an unfathomable economic toll, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global impact. A vaccine is urgently needed to prevent the disease, thwart the complications and avert deaths resulting from transmission of the infection. The Hubris-Vaccine Development: While most of the platforms of vaccine candidates have focused on the spike (S) protein and its variants as the primary antigen of COVID 19 infection, various techniques involved include nucleic acid technologies (RNA and DNA), non-replicating viral vectors, peptides, recombinant proteins, live attenuated viruses, and inactivated viruses. There are novel vaccine technologies being developed for COVID 19 using next-generation strategies for precision and flexibility for antigen manipulation on SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms. The Elpis-Updates and Prospects: There were nine different technology platforms under research and development to create an effective vaccine against COVID 19. Although there are no licensed vaccines against COVID-19 yet, there are various potential vaccine candidates under development and advanced clinical trials. Out of them, few having undergone phase III clinical trials, may soon be available for use among the high-risk groups following emergency use authorization. Conclusion-Hopes and Concerns: The hope of benefiting from the vaccine to the extent that it may be the only way to tide over and control the COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by the likely fear of adverse effects and opposition in public for COVID-19 vaccination, including the vaccine hesitancy. Further, there is concern among scientific circles that vaccine may have opposite of the desired effect by causing antibody-dependent disease enhancement.
新冠肺炎大流行:新冠肺炎大流行造成数百万人感染,发病率和死亡率极高,经济损失难以估量,已造成全球影响。迫切需要一种疫苗来预防这种疾病,防止并发症并避免因感染传播而导致的死亡。hubris -疫苗开发:虽然大多数候选疫苗平台都将重点放在刺突(S)蛋白及其变体作为COVID - 19感染的主要抗原上,但涉及的各种技术包括核酸技术(RNA和DNA)、非复制病毒载体、多肽、重组蛋白、减毒活病毒和灭活病毒。目前正在开发针对COVID - 19的新疫苗技术,利用新一代策略对SARS-CoV-2感染机制进行精确和灵活的抗原操作。elpis -更新与展望:目前正在研发9种不同的技术平台,以制造有效的COVID - 19疫苗。虽然目前还没有针对COVID-19的许可疫苗,但有各种潜在的候选疫苗正在开发和后期临床试验中。其中,很少有经过III期临床试验的药物,在获得紧急使用授权后,可能很快就可用于高危人群。结论-希望与担忧:希望从疫苗中获益,并认为这可能是渡过和控制COVID-19大流行的唯一途径,但同时可能存在对不良反应的恐惧和公众对COVID-19疫苗接种的反对,包括疫苗犹豫。此外,科学界还担心疫苗可能会引起抗体依赖性疾病的增强,从而产生与预期效果相反的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Covid-19: Natural Immunity Versus Vaccine Immunity Abstract Covid-19:自然免疫与疫苗免疫
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000153
Banoun H
It should not be necessary to write an article to demonstrate the superiority of natural immunity over vaccine immunity, but it is necessary in view of the many underhanded attacks that tend to make artificial immunity seem more effective. Furthermore, it is officially recommended to vaccinate people who have already been infected with Covid-19. Survivors of the 2003 SARS-CoV have cellular immune memory more than 17 years after infection. Numerous studies have explored humoral (antibody) and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 infection: it persists for at least one year (and even 14 months) in a robust manner in convalescents and would be of better quality than vaccine immunity: natural antibodies are more potent, have a broader spectrum, and are able to evolve against variants more efficiently than vaccine antibodies. These in vitro studies are confirmed by the protection against reinfections conferred by a primary infection, particularly in early and highly vaccinated countries such as Israel and the United Kingdom. Vaccination of a primo-infected person could also decrease the effectiveness of his natural immunity against future reinfections. Neutralizing antibodies may not be the correct correlate of protection against infection, as high levels of neutralizing antibodies have been found in patients with severe Covid, and vaccinated patients, who are more susceptible to reinfection than primary patients, have antibody levels equivalent to or higher than those observed in primary patients. The neutralizing capacity of these antibodies directed against the membrane spike protein is measured in vitro. This neutralizing capacity may be different in vivo; it may be diminished by the presence of antibodies that facilitate infection; and antibodies are produced against other viral antigens during natural infection. Cellular immunity could be the right correlate of protection and this type of response could be of lower quality in vaccinated subjects. In addition, vaccination of convalescent subjects could be risky: more systemic adverse events are observed in convalescent subjects than in naïve subjects after the first dose of vaccine. Vaccination may decrease the ability to respond to future variants. It could also have a non- specific effect of remodeling the innate immune response by decreasing the potential response to other viruses or cancers and by modifying the course of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The natural immunity of a population should therefore be explored before proposing vaccination: up to 50% of the population may have been infected in some countries.
没有必要写一篇文章来证明自然免疫比疫苗免疫优越,但鉴于许多不正当的攻击往往使人工免疫看起来更有效,因此有必要写一篇文章。此外,官方建议为已经感染Covid-19的人接种疫苗。2003年sars冠状病毒的幸存者在感染后17年多仍有细胞免疫记忆。许多研究已经探索了Covid-19感染后对SARS-CoV-2的体液(抗体)和细胞免疫:它在恢复期以强大的方式持续至少一年(甚至14个月),并且比疫苗免疫的质量更好:天然抗体更有效,具有更广泛的范围,并且能够比疫苗抗体更有效地进化对抗变体。这些体外研究证实了原发感染对再次感染的保护作用,特别是在早期和高度接种疫苗的国家,如以色列和联合王国。初次感染者接种疫苗也会降低其对未来再次感染的天然免疫力。中和抗体可能不是预防感染的正确关联,因为在严重的Covid患者中发现了高水平的中和抗体,而接种疫苗的患者比原发患者更容易再次感染,其抗体水平相当于或高于原发患者。这些针对膜刺突蛋白的抗体的中和能力在体外被测量。这种中和能力在体内可能是不同的;它可能会因易于感染的抗体的存在而减弱;在自然感染过程中会产生针对其他病毒抗原的抗体。细胞免疫可能是保护的正确关联,这种类型的反应在接种疫苗的受试者中可能质量较低。此外,恢复期受试者接种疫苗可能存在风险:在首次接种疫苗后,恢复期受试者比naïve受试者观察到更多的全身不良事件。接种疫苗可能会降低对未来变种的反应能力。它也可以通过减少对其他病毒或癌症的潜在反应以及通过改变炎症和自身免疫性疾病的进程来重塑先天免疫反应的非特异性作用。因此,在建议接种疫苗之前,应探索人群的自然免疫力:在一些国家,高达50%的人口可能已被感染。
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引用次数: 0
Immunomodulatory Effects of Bio-Clean II on T-Helper 4 and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes in Rats Exposed to Purified Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Bio-Clean II对纯化细菌脂多糖大鼠t -辅助性4和细胞毒性t淋巴细胞的免疫调节作用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000165
Enitan Ss
Introduction: Bio-Clean II has been previously shown to boost immunity, fight viral infection, and possesses anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the serum level of inflammatory cytokines in rats exposed to purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Bio-Clean II on T-Helper 4 and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes in rats exposed to purified bacterial LPS. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats weighing 150g±50g (mean±SD) were purchased and randomly assigned to six (6) groups of 6 rats each. Group 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 were induced with a single dose of 5mg/Kg of purified LPS® (E. coli 0127:B8, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), administered through intraperitoneal route using 1ml sterile needle and syringe, except for group 4 which served as the zero control (given water and feed only throughout the experiment). Group 1 served as the inflammation control. Group 2 which served as the positive control received 50mg/Kg/bid Diclofenac +500mg/kg/bid of Ciprofloxacin. Group 3 which served as the negative control received sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS). While rats in group 5 and group 6 were treated orally with the herbal remedy “Bio-Clean II” for 7 days and 14 days, respectively. After which, the rats were sacrificed and a cardiac blood specimen was taken from each rat by terminal bleeding from the heart. CD4 and CD8 Cell counts were evaluated using Fluorescence photomicroscopy and ELISA techniques, respectively. Results: The outcome of this investigation shows that treatment with Bio-Clean II resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in CD4 cell count in duration-dependent manner, 7 days (8.40±1.44 Cells/ul) and 14 days (18.40±2.66 Cells/ul), respectively, when compared to the inflammation control (4.80±1.16 Cells/ul). There was also a significant (P<0.05) decrease in CD8 cell count of the Bio-Clean II treated groups: 7 days (27.67±1.32ng/ml) and 14 days (17.44±1.00ng/ml) when compared to the inflammation control (32.93±2.52ng/ml). Conclusion: Bio-Clean Il caused significant alterations in the CD4 and CD8 counts of rats exposed to purified lipopolysaccharide. The outcome of this study, underscores the potential role of Bio-Clean Il in the treatment of bacterial inflammatory diseases, however, the molecular mechanism behind this action warrants for further investigation.
Bio-Clean II先前已被证明可以增强免疫力,对抗病毒感染,并通过调节暴露于纯化细菌脂多糖(LPS)的大鼠的血清炎症细胞因子水平而具有抗炎特性。在这项研究中,我们研究了Bio-Clean II对暴露于纯化细菌LPS的大鼠的T-Helper 4和细胞毒性t淋巴细胞的免疫调节作用。材料与方法:选取体重为150g±50g (mean±SD)的雄性Wistar大鼠36只,随机分为6组,每组6只。1、2、3、5、6组分别以5mg/Kg的纯化LPS®(E. coli 0127:B8, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA)单剂量诱导,使用1ml无菌针头和注射器腹腔注射,4组作为零对照组(整个实验期间只给水和饲料)。第1组作为炎症对照组。2组作为阳性对照,给予双氯芬酸50mg/Kg/bid +环丙沙星500mg/ Kg/bid。第三组作为阴性对照,给予无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)。第5组和第6组大鼠分别口服中药“Bio-Clean II”7 d和14 d。之后,处死大鼠,并从每只大鼠的心脏末端出血中取心脏血液标本。分别用荧光显微镜和ELISA技术检测CD4和CD8细胞计数。结果:与炎症对照组(4.80±1.16 Cells/ul)相比,Bio-Clean II治疗组CD4细胞计数分别在7天(8.40±1.44 Cells/ul)和14天(18.40±2.66 Cells/ul)显著增加(P<0.05),且呈时间依赖性。与炎症对照组(32.93±2.52ng/ml)相比,Bio-Clean II治疗组CD8细胞计数在第7天(27.67±1.32ng/ml)和第14天(17.44±1.00ng/ml)显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:Bio-Clean Il对暴露于纯化脂多糖的大鼠CD4和CD8计数有显著影响。本研究的结果强调了Bio-Clean Il在治疗细菌性炎症性疾病中的潜在作用,然而,其作用背后的分子机制有待进一步研究。
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引用次数: 2
The Journey of University Students in the Digital Society during the Closure of Schools at the Peak of Covid-19 新冠肺炎疫情高峰期停课期间大学生在数字社会中的旅程
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000160
Gyimah N
Schools across the globe were shut down at the peak of the COVID-19 with the reason to contain the spread of the virus and that universities were not exceptional as students walked home without any proper strategic plans towards the educational journey as the future of the pandemic was unknown. Universities around the globe started to embrace the future by moving from real classroom teaching to a more digital classroom where students were taught by lecturers online. It was for that reason this study was conducted to evaluate university students’ journey about the use of Learning Management System, Zoom and Google meet to navigate in the digital classroom during the closure of schools at the peak of COVID-19. The study used both primary and secondary data. A questionnaire was developed and administered to obtain the primary data. However, the study selected 10 public universities in Ghana and engaged 500 students as the research participants. Again, convenience and simple random sampling techniques were used to select universities and students respectively. It was confirmed by students that universities shifted from classroom teaching to virtual teaching and that this confirmation was substantiated by students to reveal that Learning Management System was greatly used to conduct virtual teaching that was followed by Zoom and lastly Google meet. In addition, it was found that some students were not digitally literate and this actuated difficulty to excel in the digital classroom created by the universities. It was recommended that universities should factor basic computing into the programme-based courses so that students could become digitally literate and fully prepared for the future.
在新冠肺炎疫情最严重的时候,世界各地的学校都以遏制新冠病毒的传播为理由关闭了学校,而且大学也不例外,因为大流行的未来未知,学生们在没有适当的教育旅程战略计划的情况下走回家。世界各地的大学开始拥抱未来,从真实的课堂教学转向更加数字化的课堂,学生们由在线讲师授课。正是出于这个原因,本研究旨在评估大学生在COVID-19高峰期学校关闭期间使用学习管理系统,Zoom和谷歌在数字教室中相遇的过程。这项研究同时使用了第一手和二手数据。制定并实施了一份调查问卷,以获取原始数据。然而,该研究选择了加纳的10所公立大学,并聘请了500名学生作为研究参与者。同样,采用方便和简单的随机抽样技术分别选择大学和学生。学生们证实了大学从课堂教学转向虚拟教学,这一证实得到了学生的证实,揭示了学习管理系统被大量用于进行虚拟教学,其次是Zoom,最后是谷歌会议。此外,我们发现一些学生没有数字素养,这使得他们很难在大学创建的数字课堂中脱颖而出。有人建议,大学应该把基本的计算机知识纳入课程中,这样学生就能掌握数字知识,为未来做好充分的准备。
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引用次数: 0
On the Pandemic Trail: Planning Post-Covid Outdoor and Indoor Healthcare 在大流行的道路上:规划后covid室外和室内医疗保健
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000171
N. V
Human Settlements and Ecological Footprints: As such, the ecosystems are the planet's life-support systems for the human species and all other forms of life. The ecological alterations in turn may lead to irreparable climate change, and have repercussions on human health, which are complex. The ecological alterations affect the distribution of patterns of human settlement, nutritional and health status, and disease patterns including pandemics. COVID-19 Pandemic and the Clinical Fallouts: There have been turbulent times with the novel pandemic COVID-19, engulfing, imprisoning, and debilitating the humanity all over the Globe. The unabated transmission of the virus led to immense human suffering and overwhelmed healthcare facilities. The disease has high infectivity and fatality, and the survivors have propensity to suffer with organopathies and exacerbation of other pre-existing diseases. Changing Healthcare Scenario and Options: The fallouts of COVID-19 pandemic have been striking. The pandemic has been a reality check for various provisions of available healthcare. As the existing healthcare facilities were unable to cope with the sudden surge leading to an intense pressure on the system, the pandemic has acted as a transformation catalyst and accelerated transformation in healthcare including remote and Hospitalat-Home care. Planning Healthcare for Post-Covid illness: The COVID-19 now persists as endemic in most places with the infection affecting those with a high-risk. Presently, a heightened awareness is required for diagnosing post-Covid symptoms and complications. There are needed specialized OPD services for diagnostic workup, treatment, and regular follow up, along with a dedicated indoor facility for profiling the post-Covid illness, treatment, and intensive care.
人类住区和生态足迹:因此,生态系统是地球上人类物种和所有其他生命形式的生命支持系统。生态变化反过来可能导致无法弥补的气候变化,并对人类健康产生复杂的影响。生态变化影响人类住区格局的分布、营养和健康状况以及包括流行病在内的疾病格局。COVID-19大流行和临床后果:新型大流行COVID-19在全球范围内吞没,监禁和削弱了人类,这是一个动荡的时期。该病毒的传播有增无减,给人类带来了巨大痛苦,并使卫生保健设施不堪重负。该病具有高传染性和致死率,幸存者有患器官病变和其他已有疾病加重的倾向。不断变化的医疗情景和选择:COVID-19大流行的后果是惊人的。这场大流行是对现有医疗保健各项规定的现实检验。由于现有卫生保健设施无法应对突如其来的激增,给该系统带来巨大压力,大流行已成为转型催化剂,加速了医疗保健的转型,包括远程和住院家庭护理。为COVID-19后疾病规划医疗保健:COVID-19目前在大多数地方仍然流行,感染影响高危人群。当前,需要提高对新冠肺炎后症状和并发症的诊断意识。需要专门的门诊服务来进行诊断检查、治疗和定期随访,以及专门的室内设施来分析covid - 19后的疾病、治疗和重症监护。
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引用次数: 0
Characterisation Covid-19 IgG Antibody Kinetics Post Infection and Vaccination using the Boditech iCHROMA™ Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA) Method 使用Boditech iCHROMA™荧光免疫分析(FIA)方法表征感染和接种后Covid-19 IgG抗体动力学
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000163
Bolodeoku J
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging threat affecting millions of people worldwide. This study aims to assess the serologic profiles and time kinetics of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with COVID-19 using the Boditech iCHROMA fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) method. Methods: Samples were collected from 43 subjects and analyzed for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using the Boditech iCHROMA FIA. The iCHROMA processes the signal using a cut off index of 0.9 – 1.1, results <0.9 are interpreted as negative, results between 0.9 and 1.1 are interpreted as indeterminate and results >1.1 are interpreted as positive. Longitudinal samples were collected on days between day 1- day 100 post onset of symptoms in 1 subject, single samples collected on days 40-90 post infection in 30 subjects, and single samples collected at 3 time points (pre vaccination, 8-18 days post vaccination and 20-28 days post vaccination) collected from 12 subjects non-infected and previously infected. Results: The Covid-19 IgG concentration was detected (positive and cut off index above 1.1) on day 11 and remained consistently elevated for another 100 days of measurement in the sera of the single infected subject. The IgG cut off indices between day 20 and 100 ranged between 26.8 and 46.7, with a mean of 36.5. In the sera of the 30 patients infected with Covid-19 collected 40 – 90 days post infection, IgG antibodies were detected in all the samples. The IgG cut off indices ranged between 14.0 and 32.60, with a mean of 20.65. Of the twelve subjects who were vaccinated, eight had not been previously infected, while 4 had been previously infected. All 4 (100%) previously infected subjects seroconverted by the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination), whilst only 1/8 (12.5%) of the non-infected subjects seroconverted by the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination). By the second time point (20 - 28 days post vaccination), 2/12 subjects (17%) had failed to seroconvert, whilst 10/12 (83%) of the subjects had seroconverted. In addition, a previously infected subject whose IgG antibodies had dropped to a very low-level, after receiving the first dose of vaccination his IgG antibodies had gone back to his previous antibody levels at the first time point (8-18 days post vaccination). Conclusion: The Boditech iCHROMA FIA method for antibody testing is useful in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of situations at different time points but has its limitations with regards to determining the difference between previously infected and vaccinated individuals.
背景:2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)是影响全球数百万人的新威胁。本研究旨在利用Boditech iCHROMA荧光免疫分析法(FIA)评估COVID-19患者抗严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)抗体的血清学特征和时间动力学。方法:采集43例样本,采用Boditech iCHROMA FIA检测SARS-CoV-2 IgG抗体。iCHROMA使用截断指数0.9 - 1.1处理信号,结果1.1被解释为正。纵向样本采集于1名受试者出现症状后第1天至第100天之间,30名受试者在感染后第40-90天采集单样本,12名未感染和既往感染受试者在接种前、接种后8-18天和接种后20-28天采集单样本。结果:在第11天检测到单个感染者血清中Covid-19 IgG浓度(阳性且切断指数大于1.1),并在随后的100天测量中持续升高。第20 ~ 100天IgG切断指数为26.8 ~ 46.7,平均值为36.5。在感染后40 ~ 90天采集的30例新冠肺炎患者血清中均检测到IgG抗体。IgG切断指数范围为14.0 ~ 32.60,平均值为20.65。在接种疫苗的12名受试者中,有8人以前没有感染过,而4人以前感染过。所有4名(100%)先前感染的受试者在第一个时间点(接种疫苗后8-18天)血清转化,而未感染的受试者中只有1/8(12.5%)在第一个时间点(接种疫苗后8-18天)血清转化。到第二个时间点(接种后20 - 28天),2/12(17%)的受试者血清转化失败,10/12(83%)的受试者血清转化成功。此外,先前感染的受试者,其IgG抗体已降至极低水平,在接受第一次疫苗接种后,其IgG抗体已恢复到第一个时间点(疫苗接种后8-18天)的抗体水平。结论:Boditech iCHROMA FIA抗体检测方法可用于多种情况下不同时间点的SARS-CoV-2检测,但在确定既往感染者和接种者之间的差异方面存在局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Possibilities of Viral Immune Evasion Exemplified by Human Papilloma Virus in HIV-Infected People 人类乳头瘤病毒在hiv感染者体内的病毒免疫逃避的可能性
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23880/aii-16000172
Boeva Ke
Immune surveillance is of great significance for development of papillomavirus infections, as it has an impact on the disease course and its transformation into neoplasias. Immune response in infection of HIV patients with human papillomavirus deserves particular attention. Numerous studies suggest modification of immune response by the viruses in monoinfections (human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus) and in combined infections. At present, numerous possible viral evasion mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity factors are known. Despite a large body of accumulated knowledge on the HIV and papillomavirus infection course, early diagnosis and timely treatment of coinfected patients are hampered, which adversely affects their prognosis. There is still a need for expanding the techniques for early diagnosis of papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected individuals and searching for effective treatment methods.
免疫监测对乳头瘤病毒感染的发展具有重要意义,因为它影响着疾病的进程和向肿瘤的转变。人乳头瘤病毒感染HIV患者的免疫反应值得特别关注。许多研究表明,在单一感染(人类免疫缺陷病毒、人乳头瘤病毒)和联合感染中,病毒会改变免疫反应。目前,已知许多可能的先天免疫和适应性免疫因子的病毒逃避机制。尽管对HIV和乳头瘤病毒感染的过程积累了大量的知识,但阻碍了对合并感染患者的早期诊断和及时治疗,这对其预后产生了不利影响。目前仍需要扩大对艾滋病毒感染者乳头瘤病毒感染的早期诊断技术,并寻找有效的治疗方法。
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Annals of Immunology &amp; Immunotherapy
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