{"title":"COVID-19 and Long Covid as Complex, Multi-Organs Involvement and Multi-System Disease","authors":"","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"14 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113942451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, a multicellular organism could be viewed as an organismal system consisting of one or more groups of cells that are specialized in different functions. Examples include commonly known circulatory, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, musculoskeletal, reproductive, and immune systems, to name a few. In this traditional point of view, each group of specialized cells acts as a dependent system within the organism as an independent whole being. Each system serves to support the well-being of the whole organism. In today’s governmental system, one could parallel the organism as a country’s central or national government, and each system as an individual ministry or department (e.g., education, finance, national defense, etc.). All these ministries or departments (individual systems) perform their functions to support the centralized governmental structure, which acts in turn as an umbrella over to maintain integrity and order of the country (organism as a whole). This is a topdown view of a multicellular organism, which provides well organized structure and hierarchy.
{"title":"Are we Hierarchically Definitive Multicellular Organisms or Governing Bodies Consisting of Multiple Independent Multicellular Systems?","authors":"Cheng Jtj","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000132","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, a multicellular organism could be viewed as an organismal system consisting of one or more groups of cells that are specialized in different functions. Examples include commonly known circulatory, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, musculoskeletal, reproductive, and immune systems, to name a few. In this traditional point of view, each group of specialized cells acts as a dependent system within the organism as an independent whole being. Each system serves to support the well-being of the whole organism. In today’s governmental system, one could parallel the organism as a country’s central or national government, and each system as an individual ministry or department (e.g., education, finance, national defense, etc.). All these ministries or departments (individual systems) perform their functions to support the centralized governmental structure, which acts in turn as an umbrella over to maintain integrity and order of the country (organism as a whole). This is a topdown view of a multicellular organism, which provides well organized structure and hierarchy.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133076059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory action of Biofield Energy Healing (the Trivedi Effect®) Treatment to the animals and to the novel proprietary test formulation in tri-nitro benzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The test formulation consists of minerals (zinc, magnesium, iron, and copper) and vitamins (B6 , B12, and D3 ). Each ingredient of the test formulation was divided into two parts. One part was denoted as the control without any Biofield Energy Healing Treatment, while the other part was defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi. Additionally, three group of animals were also received Biofield Energy Treatment per se under similar conditions. The cellular biomarkers like cluster of differentiation-4 (CD4+ ), CD8+ , and CD28+ , biochemistry and hematology along with histopathologic profile were evaluated. The percentage of CD4+ count was increased by 8.87% in the G6 (Biofield Energy Treatment per se at day -15) group as compared to the untreated test formulation (G4) group. While the expression of CD8+ count was increased by 10.12% and 13.01% in the G6 and G7 (Biofield Energy Treated test formulation at day -15) groups, respectively as compared with the disease control (G2) group. Moreover, the level of CD28+ was significantly (p≤0.001) increased by 15.50% in the G5 (Biofield Energy Treated test formulation) group compared to the G2 group. In hematological analysis, platelet count was increased in the G7 by 8% compared with the G4. The level of uric acid was decreased by 40.47%, 13.8%, and 14.28% in the G6, G8 (Biofield Energy Treatment per se to animals plus Biofield Energy Treated test formulation at -15 day), and G9 (Biofield Energy Treatment per se to animals plus untreated test formulation) groups, respectively as compared with the G4 group. Histopathologic findings of all the tested groups did not show any abnormal findings with respect to the safe and nontoxic treatment strategies, which indicated that, the test formulation and Biofield Energy Treatment per se ameliorates colon inflammation in the TNBS-induced colitis rats by decreasing histopathologic lesions. Overall, the experimental data concluded that the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation showed considerable improved cellular and humoral immune response as compared with the untreated test formulation. Thus, the Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Healing Treatment per se and the test formulation considerable improved cellular immune response, immunomodulatory effect, and gut health function.
{"title":"The Effect of Novel Proprietary Test Formulation for Immunomodulatory activity by Assessing the CD Biomarkers and Colon Microscopy in TNBS-induced Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Rats Model","authors":"Jana S","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000133","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory action of Biofield Energy Healing (the Trivedi Effect®) Treatment to the animals and to the novel proprietary test formulation in tri-nitro benzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The test formulation consists of minerals (zinc, magnesium, iron, and copper) and vitamins (B6 , B12, and D3 ). Each ingredient of the test formulation was divided into two parts. One part was denoted as the control without any Biofield Energy Healing Treatment, while the other part was defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi. Additionally, three group of animals were also received Biofield Energy Treatment per se under similar conditions. The cellular biomarkers like cluster of differentiation-4 (CD4+ ), CD8+ , and CD28+ , biochemistry and hematology along with histopathologic profile were evaluated. The percentage of CD4+ count was increased by 8.87% in the G6 (Biofield Energy Treatment per se at day -15) group as compared to the untreated test formulation (G4) group. While the expression of CD8+ count was increased by 10.12% and 13.01% in the G6 and G7 (Biofield Energy Treated test formulation at day -15) groups, respectively as compared with the disease control (G2) group. Moreover, the level of CD28+ was significantly (p≤0.001) increased by 15.50% in the G5 (Biofield Energy Treated test formulation) group compared to the G2 group. In hematological analysis, platelet count was increased in the G7 by 8% compared with the G4. The level of uric acid was decreased by 40.47%, 13.8%, and 14.28% in the G6, G8 (Biofield Energy Treatment per se to animals plus Biofield Energy Treated test formulation at -15 day), and G9 (Biofield Energy Treatment per se to animals plus untreated test formulation) groups, respectively as compared with the G4 group. Histopathologic findings of all the tested groups did not show any abnormal findings with respect to the safe and nontoxic treatment strategies, which indicated that, the test formulation and Biofield Energy Treatment per se ameliorates colon inflammation in the TNBS-induced colitis rats by decreasing histopathologic lesions. Overall, the experimental data concluded that the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation showed considerable improved cellular and humoral immune response as compared with the untreated test formulation. Thus, the Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Healing Treatment per se and the test formulation considerable improved cellular immune response, immunomodulatory effect, and gut health function.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133130456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Impact of Pandemic on Realms of Human Life: It is hard to imagine a worse pandemic than COVID-19 which has affected not only health but every realm of human life, being the most disruptive pandemic in modern times.In fact, the pandemic seems like a singular, once-in-a-lifetime event, and ongoing with no definite end in sight. As such, greater protective measures are needed to fight off the highly contagious variants and develop more effective therapeutic modalities to improve the disease outcomes. Research, Rationality and Mass Hysteria: Fundamentally, the viruses outnumber all the members of animal and plant kingdom including bacteria. The public-health measures are age-old and general rather than specific and aimed initially at stemming the tide of the novel virus and have been applied including avoiding close and non-ventilated spaces. COVID-19 is not the deadliest pandemic, HIV has killed more people than SARS-CoV-2, yet the pandemic is accompanied by a mass hysteria. The Mutagenesis and Emerging Variants: SARS-CoV-2 has a steady rate of mutations and accumulates mutations over time. The evolving variants affect the transmissibility, disease severity, immune response, and resultant immunity. The emerging variants have either replaced the previous ones or de-escalated depending on their properties. A number of variants are associated with immune escape. The variants pose a challenge for preventive measures including the vaccination and therapeutics. Omicron: Priming for Immunity or Disaster: The omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first reported from African continent and later spread to various geographical regions. It has been held a benign variant with an increased transmissibility, reduced disease severity, and ability to generate a potent immunity. As a matter of caution, the fast-spreading Omicron sand its subvariant, BA.2 with their unexplored impact on immune system may be priming the population groups for infection with deadlier variants. Conclusion: Dealing With the Challenges: For COVID-19, the immunity following infection or vaccination is variable and short-lived, as it declines over time. Presently, with evolving variants including Omicron and BA.2 and recurrent outbreaks, the challenge posed by the pandemic is not over. In fact, the end of the pandemic is not a discrete event like conclusion of a war but a gradual process in which with herd immunity and the virus becoming less morbid and lethal, the disease deescalates to endemic form.
{"title":"The Passing Pandemic? Perspective and Projections for COVID-19","authors":"N. V","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000164","url":null,"abstract":"Impact of Pandemic on Realms of Human Life: It is hard to imagine a worse pandemic than COVID-19 which has affected not only health but every realm of human life, being the most disruptive pandemic in modern times.In fact, the pandemic seems like a singular, once-in-a-lifetime event, and ongoing with no definite end in sight. As such, greater protective measures are needed to fight off the highly contagious variants and develop more effective therapeutic modalities to improve the disease outcomes. Research, Rationality and Mass Hysteria: Fundamentally, the viruses outnumber all the members of animal and plant kingdom including bacteria. The public-health measures are age-old and general rather than specific and aimed initially at stemming the tide of the novel virus and have been applied including avoiding close and non-ventilated spaces. COVID-19 is not the deadliest pandemic, HIV has killed more people than SARS-CoV-2, yet the pandemic is accompanied by a mass hysteria. The Mutagenesis and Emerging Variants: SARS-CoV-2 has a steady rate of mutations and accumulates mutations over time. The evolving variants affect the transmissibility, disease severity, immune response, and resultant immunity. The emerging variants have either replaced the previous ones or de-escalated depending on their properties. A number of variants are associated with immune escape. The variants pose a challenge for preventive measures including the vaccination and therapeutics. Omicron: Priming for Immunity or Disaster: The omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first reported from African continent and later spread to various geographical regions. It has been held a benign variant with an increased transmissibility, reduced disease severity, and ability to generate a potent immunity. As a matter of caution, the fast-spreading Omicron sand its subvariant, BA.2 with their unexplored impact on immune system may be priming the population groups for infection with deadlier variants. Conclusion: Dealing With the Challenges: For COVID-19, the immunity following infection or vaccination is variable and short-lived, as it declines over time. Presently, with evolving variants including Omicron and BA.2 and recurrent outbreaks, the challenge posed by the pandemic is not over. In fact, the end of the pandemic is not a discrete event like conclusion of a war but a gradual process in which with herd immunity and the virus becoming less morbid and lethal, the disease deescalates to endemic form.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115405388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle: The disease which reportedly began in Chinese city Wuhan in November-December 2019 manifesting as severe respiratory illness, soon spread to various parts of the world, and was named COVID-19, and declared a pandemic by WHO. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 begins with membrane fusion mediated by Spike (S) protein binding to the ACE2 receptors. Following viral entry and release of genome into the host cell cytoplasm there occurs replication and transcription to generate viral structural and non-structural proteins. Finally, VLPs are produced and the mature virions are released from the host cell. Immunogenicity of the Spike Protein: The S protein is considered the main antigenic component among structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and responsible for inducing the host immune response. The neutralising antibodies (nAbs) targeting the S protein are produced and may confer a protective immunity against the viral infection. Further, the role of the S protein in infectivity also makes it an important tool for diagnostic antigen-based testing and vaccine development. The S-specific antibodies, memory B and circulating TFH cells are consistently elicited following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and COVID-19 vaccine shots in clinical trials. The Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: The early genomic variations in SARS-CoV-2 have gone almost unnoticed having lacked an impact on disease transmission or its clinical course. Some of the recently discovered mutations, however, have impact on transmissibility, infectivity, or immune response. One such mutation is the D614G variant, which has increased in prevalence to currently become the dominant variant world-over. Another, relatively new variant, named VUI-202012/01 or B.1.1.7 has acquired 17 genomic alterations and carries the risk of enhanced infectivity. Further, its potential impact on vaccine efficacy is a worrisome issue. Conclusion: The Unmet Challenges: COVID-19 as a disease and SARS-CoV-2 as its causative organism, continue to remain an enigma. While we continue to explore the agent factors, disease transmission dynamics, pathogenesis and clinical spectrum of the disease, and therapeutic modalities, the grievous nature of the disease has led to emergency authorizations for COVID-19 vaccines in various countries. Further, the virus may continue to persist and afflict for years to come, as future course of the disease is linked to certain unknown factors like effects of seasonality on virus transmission and unpredictable nature of immune response to the disease.
{"title":"Relating the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Immunogenicity in COVID-19","authors":"N. V","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000131","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle: The disease which reportedly began in Chinese city Wuhan in November-December 2019 manifesting as severe respiratory illness, soon spread to various parts of the world, and was named COVID-19, and declared a pandemic by WHO. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 begins with membrane fusion mediated by Spike (S) protein binding to the ACE2 receptors. Following viral entry and release of genome into the host cell cytoplasm there occurs replication and transcription to generate viral structural and non-structural proteins. Finally, VLPs are produced and the mature virions are released from the host cell. Immunogenicity of the Spike Protein: The S protein is considered the main antigenic component among structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and responsible for inducing the host immune response. The neutralising antibodies (nAbs) targeting the S protein are produced and may confer a protective immunity against the viral infection. Further, the role of the S protein in infectivity also makes it an important tool for diagnostic antigen-based testing and vaccine development. The S-specific antibodies, memory B and circulating TFH cells are consistently elicited following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and COVID-19 vaccine shots in clinical trials. The Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: The early genomic variations in SARS-CoV-2 have gone almost unnoticed having lacked an impact on disease transmission or its clinical course. Some of the recently discovered mutations, however, have impact on transmissibility, infectivity, or immune response. One such mutation is the D614G variant, which has increased in prevalence to currently become the dominant variant world-over. Another, relatively new variant, named VUI-202012/01 or B.1.1.7 has acquired 17 genomic alterations and carries the risk of enhanced infectivity. Further, its potential impact on vaccine efficacy is a worrisome issue. Conclusion: The Unmet Challenges: COVID-19 as a disease and SARS-CoV-2 as its causative organism, continue to remain an enigma. While we continue to explore the agent factors, disease transmission dynamics, pathogenesis and clinical spectrum of the disease, and therapeutic modalities, the grievous nature of the disease has led to emergency authorizations for COVID-19 vaccines in various countries. Further, the virus may continue to persist and afflict for years to come, as future course of the disease is linked to certain unknown factors like effects of seasonality on virus transmission and unpredictable nature of immune response to the disease.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126263981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glial cells change their morphology, molecular signature, and functional events in response to neurodegenerative diseases and injury in the brain and retina. This process is termed gliosis. Gliosis is context-dependent, based on the severity of the diseases or damage, and can be protective or detrimental to neural functioning. Recent reports show that Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules that are released from damaged or dying cells associated with gliosis. This article is focused on the pathological and protective role of extracellular, cytosolic, and nuclear DAMPs on gliosis.
{"title":"DAMPs and Gliosis","authors":"Binapani Mahaling","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000167","url":null,"abstract":"Glial cells change their morphology, molecular signature, and functional events in response to neurodegenerative diseases and injury in the brain and retina. This process is termed gliosis. Gliosis is context-dependent, based on the severity of the diseases or damage, and can be protective or detrimental to neural functioning. Recent reports show that Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules that are released from damaged or dying cells associated with gliosis. This article is focused on the pathological and protective role of extracellular, cytosolic, and nuclear DAMPs on gliosis.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121812346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Superbugs are bacterial strains that are resistant to various antibiotics. The following types of bacteria have been described as threats of antibiotic resistance to patients in the medical environment or called "super bacteria" in the media: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), methicillin-resistant gold Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae (extended-spectrum β-lactamase), carbapenem-resistant vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multi-drug resistant Actinobacteria and E. coli H30Rx: Resistance to so-called antibiotics has led to the development of so-called antibiotics. "Super bacteria" that no longer respond to current treatments. The types of antibiotics that can be used to treat these infections are declining, and very few antibiotics are in use. Superbugs are resistant microorganisms, which mean they symbolize one of the most dangerous threats in medical history. The current list of "Superbugs" is not defined. New bacterial strains exhibiting drug resistance are rapidly being identified. Developing new antibiotics against the growing threat of multidrug resistance is still a "dangerous secret" goal. Low returns on investment in antibiotics and unpredictable and often unfeasible authorization pathways by regulators have led many companies to exit the antibiotics market. Hospital pathogens have left the hospital and are following the ranks of community pathogens. As more and more superbugs appear, there is a need to fund and support the development of new antibacterial drugs.
{"title":"Super Bugs: The Menace of Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"I-ling Ko","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000147","url":null,"abstract":"Superbugs are bacterial strains that are resistant to various antibiotics. The following types of bacteria have been described as threats of antibiotic resistance to patients in the medical environment or called \"super bacteria\" in the media: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), methicillin-resistant gold Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae (extended-spectrum β-lactamase), carbapenem-resistant vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multi-drug resistant Actinobacteria and E. coli H30Rx: Resistance to so-called antibiotics has led to the development of so-called antibiotics. \"Super bacteria\" that no longer respond to current treatments. The types of antibiotics that can be used to treat these infections are declining, and very few antibiotics are in use. Superbugs are resistant microorganisms, which mean they symbolize one of the most dangerous threats in medical history. The current list of \"Superbugs\" is not defined. New bacterial strains exhibiting drug resistance are rapidly being identified. Developing new antibiotics against the growing threat of multidrug resistance is still a \"dangerous secret\" goal. Low returns on investment in antibiotics and unpredictable and often unfeasible authorization pathways by regulators have led many companies to exit the antibiotics market. Hospital pathogens have left the hospital and are following the ranks of community pathogens. As more and more superbugs appear, there is a need to fund and support the development of new antibacterial drugs.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127199806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the implementation of the modernization of telecommunication, there were alterations in the part of the energy of the internal five massive organs (Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lungs and Kidney) that composes the human body. This is the most important part responsible to protect and prevent the formation of the majority of diseases nowadays. When the energy of the body is weak, it leads to our immune system to not work properly, causing an increase chance to have any psychological or clinical manifestations of any kind of diseases. In this article, I will show the different clinical manifestations that children can have when presenting energy deficiency situation and this is the focus of this article, to identify these patients to treat them accordingly. The medications of choice to be used in this new type of children nowadays are highly diluted medications such as homeopathy created by Hahnemann (1755-1843). It is also important to use the theory created by myself (2020) titled Constitutional Homeopathy of the five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine to replenish the energy of these organs.
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Children in This New Global Immunodeficiency","authors":"Huang Wl","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000174","url":null,"abstract":"After the implementation of the modernization of telecommunication, there were alterations in the part of the energy of the internal five massive organs (Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lungs and Kidney) that composes the human body. This is the most important part responsible to protect and prevent the formation of the majority of diseases nowadays. When the energy of the body is weak, it leads to our immune system to not work properly, causing an increase chance to have any psychological or clinical manifestations of any kind of diseases. In this article, I will show the different clinical manifestations that children can have when presenting energy deficiency situation and this is the focus of this article, to identify these patients to treat them accordingly. The medications of choice to be used in this new type of children nowadays are highly diluted medications such as homeopathy created by Hahnemann (1755-1843). It is also important to use the theory created by myself (2020) titled Constitutional Homeopathy of the five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine to replenish the energy of these organs.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131219694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) initiate signaling pathways with complementary, nonredundant immunosuppressive functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, dysregulated TGF-β signaling suppresses antitumor immunity and promotes cancer fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, PD-L1 expression inactivates cytotoxic T cell function and restricts immunosurveillance in the TME. Anti-PD-L1 therapies have been approved for the treatment of various cancers, while TGF-β signaling in the TME is associated with resistance to anti-PD-L1 therapies. Here, we have reviewed the rationale of the TGF-β and PD-L1 pathways in cancer and discussed current strategies using combination therapies that block these pathways separately or approaches with dualtargeting agents that may block the pathways simultaneously. Importantly, according to current clinical results, we propose the developing strategy of combination treatment with two or more agents.
{"title":"Combination Therapy of Bispecific Protein of Anti-PD-L1 Fused with TGF- β Receptor in Cancer","authors":"Jianfei Yang","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000170","url":null,"abstract":"Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) initiate signaling pathways with complementary, nonredundant immunosuppressive functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, dysregulated TGF-β signaling suppresses antitumor immunity and promotes cancer fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, PD-L1 expression inactivates cytotoxic T cell function and restricts immunosurveillance in the TME. Anti-PD-L1 therapies have been approved for the treatment of various cancers, while TGF-β signaling in the TME is associated with resistance to anti-PD-L1 therapies. Here, we have reviewed the rationale of the TGF-β and PD-L1 pathways in cancer and discussed current strategies using combination therapies that block these pathways separately or approaches with dualtargeting agents that may block the pathways simultaneously. Importantly, according to current clinical results, we propose the developing strategy of combination treatment with two or more agents.","PeriodicalId":409855,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy","volume":"5 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134543879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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