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The Chinese Copula Shi and its Origin: A Cognitive-Based Approach 汉语连词及其起源:一种基于认知的研究方法
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-06-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2006.4(1).4
J. Chang
This paper discusses the proposals of Li and Thompson (1977), Yen (1986), and Feng (1993) in relation to the development of the Chinese copula and argues that Li and Thompson's suggestion of a topic mechanism, Yen's analogical change, and Feng's phonological pause are unsatisfactory in explaining the development of the copula. It is suggested that Katz's (1996) cognitive concept of existence in time and space between pronouns and copulas is what relates the demonstrative pronoun shi to a copula, while the verbal form shi occurring in the same syntactic context as the demonstrative pronoun shi is what triggers this demonstrative pronoun to turn into a copula.
本文讨论了Li和Thompson(1977)、Yen(1986)和Feng(1993)关于汉语连词发展的建议,并认为Li和Thompson提出的话题机制、Yen的类比变化和Feng的语音停顿不能很好地解释连词的发展。本文认为,Katz(1996)提出的代词与连词之间存在时空的认知概念是指示代词shi与连词之间的联系,而与指示代词shi在同一句法语境中出现的动词性shi是指示代词变为联词的触发因素。
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引用次数: 9
IS IT DIFFICULT TO ACQUIRE SUBJACENCY AND THE ECP 取得从属权和ecp难吗
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-06-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2006.4(1).3
Chun-Yin Doris Chen, Hsin-Yi Candy Huang
This paper aims to examine English- and Japanese-speaking adult learners' acquisition of Subjacency^1 and the Empty Category Principle^2 (ECP) (Chomsky 1981, 1986) in Chinese. The participants were forty intermediate foreign students of the Mandarin Training Center of National Taiwan Normal University: half were native English speakers and half Japanese. In addition, there were twenty native controls. Two tasks (i.e., a preference task and an ordering task) were designed on the basis of the following properties concerning Subjacency and the ECP: wh-island constraints, complex NP constraints, sentential subject constraints, that-trace effects and subject/object asymmetries, and superiority effects. The results show that, except for the superiority effect, neither group of L2 learners carried their L1 knowledge to acquire Subjacency and the ECP, suggesting that L1 influence is not significant. Furthermore, it was found that the Japanese speakers did not perform significantly better than the English speakers. This shows that Universal Grammar is still available, since our participants have reset their L1 parameters to proper L2 values. In addition, among these features our participants did less well on non-superiority, and the native controls rejected island violations more strongly than either group of L2 participants. Finally, Subjacency and the ECP were found equally easy for our participants to acquire.
本文旨在考察英语和日语成人学习者在汉语中习得“次邻近原则^1”和“空范畴原则^2”(Chomsky 1981,1986)的情况。研究对象为国立台湾师范大学普通话培训中心的40名中级留学生,其中一半为英语母语,一半为日语母语。此外,还有20个本地控制。根据从属关系和ECP的以下特性设计了偏好任务和排序任务:whi -island约束、复杂NP约束、句子主语约束、that-trace效应和主客体不对称效应以及优势效应。结果表明,除了优势效应外,两组第二语言学习者都没有携带母语知识获得从属关系和ECP,表明母语影响不显著。此外,研究发现,说日语的人并没有比说英语的人表现得更好。这表明通用语法仍然可用,因为我们的参与者已经将他们的L1参数重置为适当的L2值。此外,在这些特征中,我们的参与者在非优势上表现不佳,并且本地控制比任何一组L2参与者更强烈地拒绝岛屿违规。最后,从属权和ECP对我们的参与者同样容易获得。
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引用次数: 1
The Information Structure of Adverbial Clauses in Chinese Discourse 汉语语篇状语从句的信息结构
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-06-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2006.4(1).2
王萸芳, Yu-Fang Wang
This study investigated adverbial clauses in spoken as well as written Chinese discourse. The adverbial clauses in the spoken data were categorized into (ⅰ) initial clauses that occur in the initial position with respect to their linked material across continuing intonation, (ⅱ) final clauses that occur in the final position with respect to their linked material across continuing intonation, and (ⅲ) final clauses that occur in the final position with respect to their linked material across final intonation. Those in the written data were classified into (ⅰ) initial and (ⅱ) final clauses that occur in the initial or final position, respectively, with respect to their main clauses. An analysis of the spoken and written data shows that the temporal, conditional, and concessive clauses tend to occur before their linked material/main clause, but that the causal clauses are quite different from the other adverbial clauses. Specifically, the causal clauses commonly appear in the final position with respect to their associated material in the spoken data, while the initial and final causal clauses are nearly evenly distributed in the written data. The data suggest that temporal, conditional, and concessive clauses, like topics, are presupposed parts of their sentences; i.e., all of them may be thought of as establishing frameworks for the interpretation of propositions that follow, which seem to be prototypically textual in their functioning. By contrast, causal clauses in Chinese are noticeably distinct from other adverbial clauses not only in spoken data, but also in written data; they play interactional as well as textual roles in discourse linking.
本研究调查了汉语口语和书面语篇中的状语从句。口语数据中的状语从句可分为(ⅰ)在开头位置出现的与连音材料相关的从句,(ⅱ)在结尾位置出现的与连音材料相关的从句,以及(ⅲ)在结尾位置出现的与连音材料相关的从句。书面资料中的子句根据其主要子句分别分为出现在起始或结束位置的(ⅰ)起始子句和(ⅱ)最终子句。对口语和书面数据的分析表明,时间从句、条件从句和让步从句往往出现在它们的连接材料/主句之前,但因果从句与其他状语从句有很大的不同。具体来说,因果子句通常出现在口语资料中与其相关材料相关的最后位置,而初始和最终因果子句在书面资料中几乎均匀分布。数据表明,时间、条件和让步从句,就像主题一样,是句子的预设部分;也就是说,它们都可以被认为是为接下来的命题的解释建立了框架,这些命题在功能上似乎是原型文本的。相比之下,汉语的因果从句与其他状语从句不仅在口语上有明显的区别,在书面语上也有明显的区别;它们在语篇连接中既起着互动作用,又起着语篇作用。
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引用次数: 13
Modeling Variation in Taiwan Southern Min Syllable Contraction 台湾南民音节缩略语的造型变异
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2005.3(2).3
Yingshing Li, J. Myers
In this paper we attempt to model variation in Taiwan Southern Min syllable contraction using the Gradual Learning Algorithm (GLA; Boersma and Hayes 2001), an Optimality-Theoretic model with variable constraint ranking. To explore the effectiveness of GLA, we look at three data sets of increasing complexity: non-variable fully contracted forms as analyzed by Hsu (2003), variable outputs as noted by Hsu and confirmed by other native speakers, and phonetically variable outputs collected in a speech production experiment by Li (2005). The results reveal that GLA is capable of providing plausible constraint ranking hierarchies that capture both major generalizations and variability. Stochastic constraint evaluation thus seems to be a promising mechanism in the construction of grammars.
本文尝试使用渐进式学习演算法(GLA;Boersma and Hayes 2001),一个具有可变约束排序的最优性理论模型。为了探索GLA的有效性,我们研究了三个日益复杂的数据集:Hsu(2003)分析的非变量完全收缩形式,Hsu注意到并得到其他母语人士证实的变量输出,以及Li(2005)在语音生成实验中收集的语音变量输出。结果表明,GLA能够提供合理的约束排序层次结构,同时捕获主要的泛化和可变性。因此,随机约束评价似乎是一种很有前途的语法构建机制。
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引用次数: 2
Two Constraints on Tonal Derivation in Chinese 汉语调性衍生的两个制约因素
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2005.3(2).4
Hui-chuan Hsu
This paper aims to further examine two working constraints on tonal derivation proposed in some recent generative studies on Changting, namely One Step Principle (OSP) and Moving Window Constraint (MWC). Our extension of the scope of discussion to other Chinese dialects leads to the necessity of proposing the more general Domain Constraint (DC) which subsumes the MWC. The comparison and contrast between OSP and DC exhibits a see-saw battle at present. Both successfully account for Dongshi Hakka, Tianjin, and Yaoping. OSP wins in Changting (Hsu 1994, 1995) and Taiwanese secret languages, whereas DC wins in Changting (Chen 2003, Chen et al. 2004) and fast speeches in Xuzhou and Standard Mandarin. Different from the above-mentioned cases, Tianjin fast speech demonstrates a dual nature in regard to both constraints. Furthermore, DC receives non-Sinitic support from Hakha Lai; segmental derivation of fanqie languages reveals an OSP counterpart. How these two constraints behave in African tone languages awaits further study.
本文旨在进一步研究近年来关于长亭的生成研究中提出的两个工作约束,即一步原理(One Step Principle, OSP)和移动窗口约束(Moving Window Constraint, MWC)。我们将讨论范围扩展到其他汉语方言,因此有必要提出包含MWC的更一般的领域约束(DC)。目前,OSP与DC之间的比较和对比呈现出拉锯战的态势。都成功地说明了东石客家、天津、姚平。OSP在长廷(Hsu 1994,1995)和台湾秘密语言中获胜,而DC在长廷(Chen 2003, Chen et 2004)和徐州和标准普通话的快速演讲中获胜。与上述案例不同,天津快语在这两方面都表现出两重性。此外,DC得到了来自Hakha Lai的非中文支持;对应物语言的分段派生揭示了一个OSP对应。这两个制约因素在非洲语中的表现有待进一步研究。
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引用次数: 1
Identity Preservation in Hakha-Lai Tone Sandhi 哈卡莱调变调中的身份保护
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2005.3(2).1
Hui-Shan Lin
This paper examines the tone sandhi phenomenon in the Tibeto-Berman language of Hakha-Lai, which is special for the complex interactions among its elementary rules. The rule interactions in Hakha-Lai lead to both left-to-right and right-to-left rule directionalities in sequences of three or more tones. The rule application directionalities, however, appear to be ungoverned, as none of the principles proposed to date that may contribute to determining directionalities can account for them. In this paper, I argue that the tone sandhi operation directionalities in Hakha-Lai are by no means ungoverned. Normally tone sandhi operates from right to left for identity reasons. This is forced by the IDENT-BOT constraint. The right-to-left direction is sacrificed only when such direction would result in output forms that contain marked sequences or tonal changes at the prominent position, which are forbidden by U[AGREE-t and IDENT-IO-T-L respectively. Thus, the directionalities of tone sandhi operation in Hakha-Lai are naturally predicted by the interaction of the IDENT-BOT constraint, the U[AGREE-t constraint, and the IDENT-IO-T-L constraint, where IDENT-BOT must be dominated by the latter two constraints.
本文研究了哈卡莱藏伯曼语的变调现象,这种变调现象是其基本规则之间复杂的相互作用所特有的。哈卡莱的规则交互作用导致了从左到右和从右到左的三个或更多音调序列的规则方向。然而,规则应用的方向性似乎是不受治理的,因为迄今为止提出的可能有助于确定方向性的原则都无法解释它们。本文认为,哈卡语的变调操作方向并非不受控制。通常情况下,出于身份原因,连读从右向左进行。这是由identity - bot约束强制的。只有当从右到左的方向会导致输出形式在显著位置包含标记序列或音调变化时才会牺牲,这是U[AGREE-t]和identity - io -t -l分别禁止的。因此,哈卡语变调操作的方向性自然是由IDENT-BOT约束、U[AGREE-t]约束和IDENT-IO-T-L约束的相互作用来预测的,其中IDENT-BOT必须由后两个约束主导。
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引用次数: 6
STRESS AND SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH: APPROACHES TO PHONOLOGICAL VARIATIONS ∗ 英语中的重音和音节结构:音位变化的研究*
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2005.3(2).2
San Duanmu, Hyo-young Kim, Nathan Stiennon
We use phonological variation to refer to alternative forms that are available in a language, such as different syllable structures or word stress patterns in English. We discuss several approaches to such variations and argue for a new approach, in which all alternative forms observe a set of inviolable constraints. In particular, we propose that all English words observe four constraints: (a) a foot must be disyllabic, (b) stressed syllables must be heavy, (c) heavy syllables must have stress, and (d) the maximal syllable is CVX. We discuss the implications of our proposal for Optimality Theory and for the analysis of linguistic variation in general.
我们使用音位变化来指语言中可用的不同形式,例如英语中不同的音节结构或单词重音模式。我们讨论了这种变化的几种方法,并提出了一种新的方法,在这种方法中,所有替代形式都遵守一套不可侵犯的约束。特别是,我们建议所有英语单词都遵守四个约束:(a)音节必须是双音节的,(b)重音音节必须重,(c)重音节必须有重音,(d)最大音节是CVX。我们讨论了我们的建议对最优性理论和一般语言变异分析的影响。
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引用次数: 11
Master Tropes in English Magazine Advertisements: A Semiotic Topic-Vehicle Approach 英语杂志广告中的修辞大师:符号学的话题载体研究
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2005.3(1).2
Jian-Shiung Shie
This paper investigates three master tropes (viz, simile, metaphor, and metonymy) in English magazine ads, taking a semiotic topic-vehicle approach to identify and analyze the three tropes. The purpose of the investigation is twofold: to see (ⅰ) if the topic-vehicle approach can account for the three tropes in English magazine ads and (ⅱ) if the three tropes occur in independent phrases the same as they occur in complete clauses. It is concluded that the semiotic topic-vehicle approach, including the concept of complex tropes derived from it, is generally applicable to the three tropes in English magazine ads and that every type and subtype of a trope assuming the form of a complete clause can also take the form of an independent phrase.
本文研究了英语杂志广告中的三种主要修辞手法(明喻、暗喻和转喻),采用符号学的话题载体方法对这三种修辞手法进行了识别和分析。本研究的目的有两个:一是看(ⅰ)主题载体法是否可以解释英语杂志广告中的三种修辞手法;二是看这三种修辞手法是否出现在独立的短语中,就像它们出现在完整的从句中一样。由此得出结论:符号学主题载体法及其衍生的复杂修辞概念一般适用于英语杂志广告中的三种修辞,并且具有完整子句形式的修辞的每一种类型和子类型也可以采用独立短语的形式。
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引用次数: 3
SUBJECT SPECIFICITY, PREDICATE DISTRIBUTIVITY, AND SCOPE INTERPRETATION 主题专一性,谓词分布性和范围解释
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2005.3(1).5
B. Yang
This paper proposes a syntactic account for the licensing conditions and interpretations of indefinite subjects in Mandarin Chinese. Three dimensions are explored: subject specificity, predicate distributivity, and scope interpretation. We suggest that the indefinite subject be best treated as a variable, which has to be bound by certain operator, to account for its various readings. The property of its corresponding operator in turn determines the specificity of the indefinite subject: The specific/presuppositional reading is licensed by the existential predicate you 'have/exist' serving as an existential quantifier YOU, while the nonspecific/cardinal reading is licensed by either the implicit existential closure (Diesing 1992) at Mod' (Tsai 2001) or you serving as the overt realization of the existential closure. Furthermore, the predicate distributivity plays a nontrivial role in licensing indefinite subjects. I propose a hierarchical account to clarify the two confusing notions, i.e. specificity and distributivity, on the interpretation of indefinite subjects. The distributive reading of indefinite subjects is licensed at a higher position than the collective reading. Finally, the wide-scope indefinite phenomenon is attributed to the scope-independent reading (Liu 1997) which in turn is licensed by specificity and distributivity. In a word, each of the three dimensions mentioned above contributes to the interpretation of the indefinite subject in Mandarin Chinese.
本文对汉语不确定主语的许可条件和解释提出了一种句法解释。探讨了三个维度:主题特异性、谓词分布性和范围解释。我们建议最好将不定主题视为一个变量,它必须由某个运算符约束,以解释其不同的读数。其对应运算符的属性反过来决定了不确定主语的特殊性:特定/预设解读是由作为存在量词you的存在谓词you 'have/exist'授权的,而非特定/基数解读是由隐含的存在闭包(Diesing 1992) at Mod' (Tsai 2001)或你作为存在闭包的公开实现授权的。此外,谓词分布性在不定主词许可中起着重要的作用。我提出了一个层次的解释,以澄清两个令人困惑的概念,即特异性和分配性,对不确定主体的解释。不确定主题的分布阅读比集体阅读被赋予了更高的地位。最后,大范围的不确定现象归因于范围独立的阅读(Liu 1997),而这种阅读又被特殊性和分布性所许可。总之,上述三个维度都有助于对汉语普通话不定主语的解释。
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引用次数: 4
Breath-Group Theory vs. Declination Theory: Evidence from Chinese Aphasics 呼吸群理论与衰退理论:来自中国失语症的证据
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.6519/TJL.2005.3(1).4
薩文蕙
This study explores in what way the breath-group theory and the declination theory manifest themselves in Chinese aphasic speech and detects the extent to which aphasics exert control over sentential F0 contours concerning different sentence lengths and tones. Four Broca's aphasics, four Wernicke's aphasics and four age-matched normal controls are tested. The results indicate that aphasic subjects have impairments in processing these sentential F0 patterns. Yet, neither the declination nor the breath-group pattern can serve as the criterion in differentiating these two aphasic populations. The breath-group pattern is the better option than the declination pattern in delineating sentential F0 contour in Mandarin Chinese speech, from which we note that the predictive power of the declination theory deserves reconsideration.
本研究探讨了呼吸群理论和弱音理论在汉语失语症言语中的表现方式,并检测了失语症患者在不同句子长度和声调下对句子F0轮廓的控制程度。四名布洛卡失语症患者,四名韦尼克失语症患者和四名年龄匹配的正常对照进行了测试。结果表明,失语受试者在处理这些句子F0模式方面存在障碍。然而,无论是衰退还是呼吸组模式都不能作为区分这两个失语症人群的标准。呼吸群模式比偏角模式更适合描述汉语普通话语音的句子F0轮廓,由此我们注意到偏角理论的预测能力值得重新考虑。
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引用次数: 0
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Taiwan Journal of Linguistics
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