This paper examines how the temporal relation between a clause containing the experiential guo and an adjacent clause is determined. Mandarin is a language not morphologically marked for tenses (e.g., Lin 2006), and therefore, tenses cannot help in determining temporal relations in Mandarin. However, Mandarin has a rich aspectual system. This paper argues that the experiential guo indirectly influences temporal relations via rhetorical relations by either specifying a default rhetorical relation, or by constraining the circumstances under which a certain rhetorical relation can connect a clause with guo to an adjacent clause. This paper also argues that the default rhetorical relation and the constraints are determined by the aspectual properties of the experiential marker. Other information, such as discourse connectors, lexical information, etc., can override the default rhetorical relation indicated by guo and specifies a rhetorical relation. Therefore, this paper concludes that in Mandarin aspect markers can indirectly affect temporal relations by means of rhetorical relations, a result consistent with Wu's (2005b) paper on the perfective marker le in Mandarin, and Wu's (2007b, 2004) work on the progressive marker zai and the durative marker zhe.
{"title":"ASPECTUAL INFLUENCE ON TEMPORAL RELATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE EXPERIENTIAL GUO IN MANDARIN","authors":"Jiun-Shiung Wu","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2009.7(2).1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2009.7(2).1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how the temporal relation between a clause containing the experiential guo and an adjacent clause is determined. Mandarin is a language not morphologically marked for tenses (e.g., Lin 2006), and therefore, tenses cannot help in determining temporal relations in Mandarin. However, Mandarin has a rich aspectual system. This paper argues that the experiential guo indirectly influences temporal relations via rhetorical relations by either specifying a default rhetorical relation, or by constraining the circumstances under which a certain rhetorical relation can connect a clause with guo to an adjacent clause. This paper also argues that the default rhetorical relation and the constraints are determined by the aspectual properties of the experiential marker. Other information, such as discourse connectors, lexical information, etc., can override the default rhetorical relation indicated by guo and specifies a rhetorical relation. Therefore, this paper concludes that in Mandarin aspect markers can indirectly affect temporal relations by means of rhetorical relations, a result consistent with Wu's (2005b) paper on the perfective marker le in Mandarin, and Wu's (2007b, 2004) work on the progressive marker zai and the durative marker zhe.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taiwan Southern Min ka and hoo have been broadly investigated in the literature (e.g., Cheng et al. 1999, Lien 2002, Tsao 2005). However, very little of the previous research has focused on the interaction between these two functional words. This paper thus explores structures with a ka…hoo configuration. Through the examination of corpus data, this paper finds that ka…hoo constructions are mainly separated into two constructions: ditransitive and resultative constructions. Based on the constructional approach, the ditransitive construction is found to include four construction patterns which can help differentiate verb types. In addition, the event structure account of the resultative ka…hoo construction is explored. It is posited that the event telicity may change when the causative word hoo overtly occurs. The distinction between a ditransitive and a resultative ka…hoo construction significantly reduces the confusion in data where the ka…hoo configuration is found.
台湾南民ka和hoo在文献中有广泛的研究(例如，Cheng et al. 1999, Lien 2002, Tsao 2005)。然而，以往的研究很少关注这两个功能词之间的相互作用。因此，本文探讨了具有ka…hoo结构的结构。通过对语料库数据的分析，本文发现ka…hoo结构主要分为两种结构:及物结构和结果结构。基于构式分析，我们发现及物构式包括四种有助于区分动词类型的构式。此外，本文还探讨了结果式结构的事件结构解释。当使役词hoo明显出现时，事件似性可能发生变化。异传性和结果性ka…hoo结构之间的区别显著地减少了ka…hoo结构在数据中的混乱。
{"title":"KA…HOO CONSTRUCTIONS IN TAIWAN SOUTHERN MIN *","authors":"Hui-chi Lee","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2009.7(2).2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2009.7(2).2","url":null,"abstract":"Taiwan Southern Min ka and hoo have been broadly investigated in the literature (e.g., Cheng et al. 1999, Lien 2002, Tsao 2005). However, very little of the previous research has focused on the interaction between these two functional words. This paper thus explores structures with a ka…hoo configuration. Through the examination of corpus data, this paper finds that ka…hoo constructions are mainly separated into two constructions: ditransitive and resultative constructions. Based on the constructional approach, the ditransitive construction is found to include four construction patterns which can help differentiate verb types. In addition, the event structure account of the resultative ka…hoo construction is explored. It is posited that the event telicity may change when the causative word hoo overtly occurs. The distinction between a ditransitive and a resultative ka…hoo construction significantly reduces the confusion in data where the ka…hoo configuration is found.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"7 1","pages":"25-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the abundance of electronic corpora now available to researchers, corpora of natural speech are still relatively rare and relatively costly. This paper suggests reasons why spoken corpora are needed, despite the formidable problems of construction. The multiple purposes of such corpora and the involvement of very different kinds of language communities in such projects mean that there is no one single blueprint for the design, markup, and distribution of spoken corpora. A number of different spoken corpora are reviewed to illustrate a range of possibilities for the construction of spoken corpora.
{"title":"Spoken Corpora: Rationale and Application","authors":"J. Newman","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).2","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the abundance of electronic corpora now available to researchers, corpora of natural speech are still relatively rare and relatively costly. This paper suggests reasons why spoken corpora are needed, despite the formidable problems of construction. The multiple purposes of such corpora and the involvement of very different kinds of language communities in such projects mean that there is no one single blueprint for the design, markup, and distribution of spoken corpora. A number of different spoken corpora are reviewed to illustrate a range of possibilities for the construction of spoken corpora.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"27-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information technologies have now matured to the point of enabling researchers to create a repository of language resources, especially for those languages facing the crisis of endangerment. The development of an online platform of corpora, made possible by recent advances in data storage, character-encoding and web technology, has profound consequences for the accessibility, quantity, quality and interoperability of linguistic field data. This is of particular significance for Formosan languages in Taiwan, many of which are on the verge of extinction. As a response to the recognition of this burgeoning problem, the key objectives of the establishment of the NTU Corpus of Formosan Languages aim to document and thus preserve valuable linguistic data, as well as relevant ethnological and cultural information. This paper will introduce some of the theoretical bases behind this initiative, as well as the procedures, transcription conventions, database normalization, in-house system and three special features in the creation of this corpus.
{"title":"DEVELOPING AN ONLINE CORPUS OF FORMOSAN LANGUAGES","authors":"Li-May Sung, L. Su, Fuhui Hsieh, Zhemin Lin","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).4","url":null,"abstract":"Information technologies have now matured to the point of enabling researchers to create a repository of language resources, especially for those languages facing the crisis of endangerment. The development of an online platform of corpora, made possible by recent advances in data storage, character-encoding and web technology, has profound consequences for the accessibility, quantity, quality and interoperability of linguistic field data. This is of particular significance for Formosan languages in Taiwan, many of which are on the verge of extinction. As a response to the recognition of this burgeoning problem, the key objectives of the establishment of the NTU Corpus of Formosan Languages aim to document and thus preserve valuable linguistic data, as well as relevant ethnological and cultural information. This paper will introduce some of the theoretical bases behind this initiative, as well as the procedures, transcription conventions, database normalization, in-house system and three special features in the creation of this corpus.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"79-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Taiwan, most people speak Mandarin, Southern Min, or Hakka. Not only are the three Chinese dialects undergoing linguistic changes, but the population of Southern Min and Hakka is also diminishing. The NCCU Corpus of Spoken Chinese is thus a project of language documentation whereby open online access to Mandarin, Hakka, and Southern Min data is provided for non-profit-making research. As a language documentation project, the NCCU spoken corpus focuses on collecting and archiving spoken forms of various types. It consists of three sub-corpora, namely the Corpus of Spoken Mandarin, the Corpus of Spoken Hakka, and the Corpus of Spoken Southern Min. The three corpora share a common scheme for the collection of spoken data, mostly in the form of spontaneous face-to-face conversations. The infrastructure of the corpus is designed in a simple yet user-friendly way, so that data can be processed efficiently in the database, and users can browse the spoken data directly from the web. We hope that our work can encourage more people to engage in building up spoken corpora from different perspectives and for different purposes.
{"title":"The NCCU Corpus of Spoken Chinese: Mandarin, Hakka, and Southern Min","authors":"Kawai Chui, Huei-ling Lai","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).5","url":null,"abstract":"In Taiwan, most people speak Mandarin, Southern Min, or Hakka. Not only are the three Chinese dialects undergoing linguistic changes, but the population of Southern Min and Hakka is also diminishing. The NCCU Corpus of Spoken Chinese is thus a project of language documentation whereby open online access to Mandarin, Hakka, and Southern Min data is provided for non-profit-making research. As a language documentation project, the NCCU spoken corpus focuses on collecting and archiving spoken forms of various types. It consists of three sub-corpora, namely the Corpus of Spoken Mandarin, the Corpus of Spoken Hakka, and the Corpus of Spoken Southern Min. The three corpora share a common scheme for the collection of spoken data, mostly in the form of spontaneous face-to-face conversations. The infrastructure of the corpus is designed in a simple yet user-friendly way, so that data can be processed efficiently in the database, and users can browse the spoken data directly from the web. We hope that our work can encourage more people to engage in building up spoken corpora from different perspectives and for different purposes.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"119-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linguists are addressing the predicted the loss of many of the world's languages through an emerging discipline called Language Documentation, which focuses not on theory but on data, and how the data is acquired, represented, presented, and preserved. For most endangered languages, which are not written, much of this data is audio, and unlike many corpora it is likely to be local, particular, opportunistic, and uneven. New questions are raised, such as: what audio data counts as a record of a language that is likely to disappear? how can coverage and quality be measured? for what purposes and by whom will the data be used? For those of us documenting languages, there are four key audio-related issues: audio quality, its accompanying symbolic data, the usage of data for practical purposes such as language revitalisation, and the need for enhanced sensitivities and protocol in audio access and distribution. Language Documentation has benefited from the knowledge and experience of other disciplines, but perhaps it is now sufficiently experienced to offer some useful advice to others. This paper surveys these issues, and also describes the funding, teaching, archiving and publishing activities of the Endangered Languages Project at SOAS.
{"title":"MINDING OUR WORDS: AUDIO RESPONSIBILITIES IN ENDANGERED LANGUAGES DOCUMENTATION AND ARCHIVING","authors":"David Nathan","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).3","url":null,"abstract":"Linguists are addressing the predicted the loss of many of the world's languages through an emerging discipline called Language Documentation, which focuses not on theory but on data, and how the data is acquired, represented, presented, and preserved. For most endangered languages, which are not written, much of this data is audio, and unlike many corpora it is likely to be local, particular, opportunistic, and uneven. New questions are raised, such as: what audio data counts as a record of a language that is likely to disappear? how can coverage and quality be measured? for what purposes and by whom will the data be used? For those of us documenting languages, there are four key audio-related issues: audio quality, its accompanying symbolic data, the usage of data for practical purposes such as language revitalisation, and the need for enhanced sensitivities and protocol in audio access and distribution. Language Documentation has benefited from the knowledge and experience of other disciplines, but perhaps it is now sufficiently experienced to offer some useful advice to others. This paper surveys these issues, and also describes the funding, teaching, archiving and publishing activities of the Endangered Languages Project at SOAS.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"59-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces spoken corpora of Taiwan Mandarin created at Academia Sinica and gives an overview of some recent studies carried out utilizing the spoken data. Spoken language resources of Taiwan Mandarin have been collected and processed at Academia Sinica since 2001. As a result, spoken data, which are useful not only for language archives purpose, but also for linguistic studies, has been made available. In addition to creation of the corpus, two lines of research are discussed in which theoretical and empirical studies are connected by using the aforementioned language resources: 1) language variation and change and 2) spoken discourse analysis. Phonetic reduction is one of the main reasons for changes within a language and it is important to take into account different levels of variations in spontaneous speech. For this purpose, we studied syllable contraction/merger, vowel reduction, and phonetic reduction in directional complements. Discourse items also play an essential part, because they add specific implications to sentences and their use is mainly marked by prosodic means. We segmented a spoken discourse into smaller prosodic units to allow for a more precise study of discourse items, prosodic features, and disfluency. These issues are correlated with each other, especially through prosodic markings.
{"title":"Spoken Corpora and Analysis of Natural Speech","authors":"S. Tseng","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2008.6(2).1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces spoken corpora of Taiwan Mandarin created at Academia Sinica and gives an overview of some recent studies carried out utilizing the spoken data. Spoken language resources of Taiwan Mandarin have been collected and processed at Academia Sinica since 2001. As a result, spoken data, which are useful not only for language archives purpose, but also for linguistic studies, has been made available. In addition to creation of the corpus, two lines of research are discussed in which theoretical and empirical studies are connected by using the aforementioned language resources: 1) language variation and change and 2) spoken discourse analysis. Phonetic reduction is one of the main reasons for changes within a language and it is important to take into account different levels of variations in spontaneous speech. For this purpose, we studied syllable contraction/merger, vowel reduction, and phonetic reduction in directional complements. Discourse items also play an essential part, because they add specific implications to sentences and their use is mainly marked by prosodic means. We segmented a spoken discourse into smaller prosodic units to allow for a more precise study of discourse items, prosodic features, and disfluency. These issues are correlated with each other, especially through prosodic markings.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the spontaneous data of a Chinese-speaking child collected from 1 year old up to 4+ years old, this study focuses on the development of his scope by examining the scope interaction between negation and quantified NPs that occur in preverbal positions. It is found that the child is sensitive to scope at 3:2, an age much earlier than the age reported in other studies (e g, age of 6 in Lee 1991). Further evidence shows that the child has mastered scope of negation and scope in general at the age of 4 First, starting from age 4;3, the child has managed to mark universal quantifiers and wh-phrases as well as duration phrases occurring in the preverbal position with scope markers such as dou 'all' and you 'have' Second, by the age of 4;5, the child has placed duration phrases in target positions in relation to negation.
{"title":"Acquiring Scope: A Longitudinal Study","authors":"Miao-Ling Hsieh","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2008.6(1).2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2008.6(1).2","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the spontaneous data of a Chinese-speaking child collected from 1 year old up to 4+ years old, this study focuses on the development of his scope by examining the scope interaction between negation and quantified NPs that occur in preverbal positions. It is found that the child is sensitive to scope at 3:2, an age much earlier than the age reported in other studies (e g, age of 6 in Lee 1991). Further evidence shows that the child has mastered scope of negation and scope in general at the age of 4 First, starting from age 4;3, the child has managed to mark universal quantifiers and wh-phrases as well as duration phrases occurring in the preverbal position with scope markers such as dou 'all' and you 'have' Second, by the age of 4;5, the child has placed duration phrases in target positions in relation to negation.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"55-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper advocates a unified analysis of various subtypes of A-not-A questions, including VP-neg questions. It is proposed that all A-not-A subtypes are derived from a simplex VP source via morphological reduplication, with certain subtypes undergoing a further process of anaphoric ellipsis Under this proposal, VP-neg questions are formed by deleting the second VP of a reduplicated VP-not-VP structure. It is argued that the analysis of VP-neg as an A-not-A variant is more desirable than the analysis of VP-neg as being on a par with a particle question (Cheng et al 1996), because a number of parallelisms are shown to exist between VP-neg and other subtypes of A-not-A questions, but not between VP-neg and typical particle questions.
{"title":"DERIVING VP-NEG QUESTIONS IN MODERN CHINESE: A UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF A-NOT-A SYNTAX","authors":"R. Huang","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2008.6(1).1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2008.6(1).1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper advocates a unified analysis of various subtypes of A-not-A questions, including VP-neg questions. It is proposed that all A-not-A subtypes are derived from a simplex VP source via morphological reduplication, with certain subtypes undergoing a further process of anaphoric ellipsis Under this proposal, VP-neg questions are formed by deleting the second VP of a reduplicated VP-not-VP structure. It is argued that the analysis of VP-neg as an A-not-A variant is more desirable than the analysis of VP-neg as being on a par with a particle question (Cheng et al 1996), because a number of parallelisms are shown to exist between VP-neg and other subtypes of A-not-A questions, but not between VP-neg and typical particle questions.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The F0 values of vowels following voiceless consonants are higher than those of vowels following voiced consonants; high vowels have a higher F0 than low vowels. It has also been found that when high vowels follow voiced consonants, the F0 values decrease. In contrast, low vowels following voiceless consonants show increasing F0 values. In other words, the voicing of initial consonants has been found to counterbalance the intrinsic F0 values of high and low vowels (House and Fairbanks 1953, Lehiste and Peterson 1961, Lehiste 1970, Laver 1994, Teeranon 2006). To test whether these three findings are applicable to a disyllabic language, the F0 values of high and low vowels following voiceless and voiced consonants were studied in a Malay dialect of the Austronesian language family spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand. The data was collected from three male informants, aged 30-35. The Praat program was used for acoustic analysis. The findings revealed the influence of the voicing of initial consonants on the F0 of vowels to be greater than that of the influence of vowel height. Evidence from this acoustic study shows the plausibility for the Malay dialect spoken in Pathumthani to become a tonal language by the influence of initial consonants rather by the influence of the high-low vowel dimension.
元音在清音辅音后的F0值高于浊音辅音后的F0值;高元音比低元音有更高的F0。研究还发现，当高元音跟随浊音时，F0值降低。相比之下，低元音在不发音辅音后面显示出增加的F0值。换句话说，人们发现，声首辅音的发音可以抵消高低元音固有的F0值(House and Fairbanks 1953, Lehiste and Peterson 1961, Lehiste 1970, Laver 1994, Teeranon 2006)。为了检验这三个发现是否适用于双音节语言，我们研究了泰国巴吞他尼省南岛语系的马来方言，研究了高低元音在清音和浊音后的F0值。数据来自三名年龄在30-35岁之间的男性。使用Praat程序进行声学分析。结果表明，声母发音对元音F0的影响大于元音高度的影响。这项声学研究的证据表明，巴吞他尼的马来方言是由声母的影响而不是高低元音维度的影响而成为一种声调语言的。
{"title":"The Plausibility of Tonal Evolution in the Malay Dialect Spoken in Thailand: Evidence from an Acoustic Study","authors":"Phanintra Teeranon","doi":"10.6519/TJL.2007.5(2).2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6519/TJL.2007.5(2).2","url":null,"abstract":"The F0 values of vowels following voiceless consonants are higher than those of vowels following voiced consonants; high vowels have a higher F0 than low vowels. It has also been found that when high vowels follow voiced consonants, the F0 values decrease. In contrast, low vowels following voiceless consonants show increasing F0 values. In other words, the voicing of initial consonants has been found to counterbalance the intrinsic F0 values of high and low vowels (House and Fairbanks 1953, Lehiste and Peterson 1961, Lehiste 1970, Laver 1994, Teeranon 2006). To test whether these three findings are applicable to a disyllabic language, the F0 values of high and low vowels following voiceless and voiced consonants were studied in a Malay dialect of the Austronesian language family spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand. The data was collected from three male informants, aged 30-35. The Praat program was used for acoustic analysis. The findings revealed the influence of the voicing of initial consonants on the F0 of vowels to be greater than that of the influence of vowel height. Evidence from this acoustic study shows the plausibility for the Malay dialect spoken in Pathumthani to become a tonal language by the influence of initial consonants rather by the influence of the high-low vowel dimension.","PeriodicalId":41000,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Linguistics","volume":"5 1","pages":"45-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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