Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.101
Anti Selart
The 13th century was undoubtedly a period of upheaval in Baltic history. From the traditional «Estonian» point of view, between 1208 and 1227 ancient Estonians heroically defended their political and personal freedom and native religion, but unfortunately they had to surrender to German invaders and the Catholic Church. This interpretation was adopted by the Estonian audience by the end of the 19th century. However, there were not many individual historical heroes to find in medieval history who could fit the national narrative. The 13th-century sources mention very few Estonians by their names. There is one exception: Lembitu, the leader of Sakala province. In 1217 he was killed in battle; his head was cut off and taken away by crusaders. Numerous artistic presentations popularised the person of Lembitu in the 19th and 20th century and shaped the public image of Lembitu as a king-like leader of the resistance in the name of freedom and independence. At the same time, in the early 2000s parallelly an ironic or critical attitude towards traditional presentations of the medieval warlord developed. A new turn in the presentations of Lembitu in Estonian media happened in the 2010s. The topic then became connected to the question of the fate of the skull of the medieval warlord. In Estonia in the 1960s, a report began to circulate that somewhere in Poland the head of Lembitu still existed. The Estonian Ministry of Culture initiated in 2014 contact between the Estonian and Polish ministries of culture, which resulted in some investigations in Polish museums with the aim of locating the artefact. The initiative was renewed in 2017, and in 2018–2019 the Estonian Ministry of Culture funded the research of the sources of Estonian history in Poland. Although the aim of the research in Poland was defined broadly and had real scholarly results, for the media and public audience it was definitely the project «searching for the skull of Lembitu». The public need for a historical hero, local patriotism combined with tourism marketing, and at least during the last decades the playful handling of history or historical stereotypes shape in combination the presentations of Lembitu in Estonian media and culture today.
{"title":"Lembitu: A medieval warlord in Estonian culture","authors":"Anti Selart","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.101","url":null,"abstract":"The 13th century was undoubtedly a period of upheaval in Baltic history. From the traditional «Estonian» point of view, between 1208 and 1227 ancient Estonians heroically defended their political and personal freedom and native religion, but unfortunately they had to surrender to German invaders and the Catholic Church. This interpretation was adopted by the Estonian audience by the end of the 19th century. However, there were not many individual historical heroes to find in medieval history who could fit the national narrative. The 13th-century sources mention very few Estonians by their names. There is one exception: Lembitu, the leader of Sakala province. In 1217 he was killed in battle; his head was cut off and taken away by crusaders. Numerous artistic presentations popularised the person of Lembitu in the 19th and 20th century and shaped the public image of Lembitu as a king-like leader of the resistance in the name of freedom and independence. At the same time, in the early 2000s parallelly an ironic or critical attitude towards traditional presentations of the medieval warlord developed. A new turn in the presentations of Lembitu in Estonian media happened in the 2010s. The topic then became connected to the question of the fate of the skull of the medieval warlord. In Estonia in the 1960s, a report began to circulate that somewhere in Poland the head of Lembitu still existed. The Estonian Ministry of Culture initiated in 2014 contact between the Estonian and Polish ministries of culture, which resulted in some investigations in Polish museums with the aim of locating the artefact. The initiative was renewed in 2017, and in 2018–2019 the Estonian Ministry of Culture funded the research of the sources of Estonian history in Poland. Although the aim of the research in Poland was defined broadly and had real scholarly results, for the media and public audience it was definitely the project «searching for the skull of Lembitu». The public need for a historical hero, local patriotism combined with tourism marketing, and at least during the last decades the playful handling of history or historical stereotypes shape in combination the presentations of Lembitu in Estonian media and culture today.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.205
P. Avakov, K. Kochegarov
The paper presents and analyses the undated drawing of Zaporozhian Sich and Russian fortress Kamenny Zaton (Stone Bay), completely unstudied before. The drawing was made at the beginning of 18th century and has preserved in collection of Malorossiysky prikaz (Little Russia Office) in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Using methods of source criticism and historical geography authors attribute the drawing and conclude that it can be connected with the special mission to Sich, headed by Stol’nik (Steward) Fedor Protasyev and the General Esaul of Zaporozhian Host (Cossack Hetmanate) Ivan Skoropadsky in 1703. The main goal of the mission, that is studied on the base of new archive sources, was to oblige Zaporozhian Cossack to take an oath to the Peter I in return for tsar’s salary. Authors also analyzes in details the drawing itself, describing at the same time the process of building of the Kamenny Zaton and correcting the timeline of it, including the foundation date of the fortress. It appeared that Kamenny Zaton had earthen fortifications only, as the Russian government didn’t manage to build stone ones. The picture of the Kamenny Zaton on the drawing was made in the orthogonal projection as quadrilateral bastion fortress, whereas in reality it had five bastions. The Zaporozhian Sich is pictured as symbolical agglomeration of buildings with gable roofs and four towers. Considering technical and stylistic characteristics of the document it can be identified as the Russian geographical drawing, the unique artefact that reflects and visualizes the history of Russian colonization of the lower Dnieper River territories in the beginning of 18th century.
{"title":"The unique drawing of the Zaporozhian Sich and the Kamenny Zaton fortress of the beginning of 18th century","authors":"P. Avakov, K. Kochegarov","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.205","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents and analyses the undated drawing of Zaporozhian Sich and Russian fortress Kamenny Zaton (Stone Bay), completely unstudied before. The drawing was made at the beginning of 18th century and has preserved in collection of Malorossiysky prikaz (Little Russia Office) in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Using methods of source criticism and historical geography authors attribute the drawing and conclude that it can be connected with the special mission to Sich, headed by Stol’nik (Steward) Fedor Protasyev and the General Esaul of Zaporozhian Host (Cossack Hetmanate) Ivan Skoropadsky in 1703. The main goal of the mission, that is studied on the base of new archive sources, was to oblige Zaporozhian Cossack to take an oath to the Peter I in return for tsar’s salary. Authors also analyzes in details the drawing itself, describing at the same time the process of building of the Kamenny Zaton and correcting the timeline of it, including the foundation date of the fortress. It appeared that Kamenny Zaton had earthen fortifications only, as the Russian government didn’t manage to build stone ones. The picture of the Kamenny Zaton on the drawing was made in the orthogonal projection as quadrilateral bastion fortress, whereas in reality it had five bastions. The Zaporozhian Sich is pictured as symbolical agglomeration of buildings with gable roofs and four towers. Considering technical and stylistic characteristics of the document it can be identified as the Russian geographical drawing, the unique artefact that reflects and visualizes the history of Russian colonization of the lower Dnieper River territories in the beginning of 18th century.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.209
Tatyana Leonidovna Vilkul
One piece of the 1044 annual entry of the Primary Chronicle contains account about a unique event in the history of Old Rus, which historians and philologists have interpreted time and again. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise the remains («bones») of his uncles Yaropolk and Oleg the sons of Svyatoslav were dug up and baptized, and former pagan Kievan princes were honorably reburied in the Church of the Mother of God of Tithes. Though that unusual practice contradicted church canons, the prince Yaroslav’s contemporaries were most likely not fully aware of it, as not all church rules shortly after the baptism of Rus were strictly adhered to. Scholars have found Scandinavian and Icelandic parallels to that story, which allow its interpretation in the context of a dynastic cult, various manifestations of which can be observed on the barbaric periphery of Europe. Comparison of the main manuscripts of the Primary Chronicle of the Laurentian and Hypatian branches, the seniour First Novgorod Chronicle and Novgorod-Sophian group shows that the impressive 1044 year’s entry attracted the attention of medieval editors and copyists, that caused discrepancies in all versions. The article analyzes the nature of those discrepancies in the field of textual criticism. The main witnesses have their own features, while the Novgorod-Sophian group combines heterogeneous variant readings. The noteworthy addition «in Volodymer» after the name of the church in the Hypatian and Novgorod-Sophian branches «moves» events from Kiev to Vladimir-on-Klyazma or Vladimir-Volhynsky and was an obviously anachronism, for the cathedrals in both cities were built in the second half of the 12th century. It rather inserted by a post-Mongol scribe, unfamiliar with Kievan realities. The afftinity of the Hypatian and Novgorod-Sophian group in that variant reading prompts a close examination other shared similarities. Several spot-check readings founded in some entries may indicate the impact of the South Rus version on the common protograph of the Novgorod-Sophian chronicles. All the same, a number of clear borrowings from the Hypatian branch are observed only in somewhat later stratum of the compilations.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.113
C. Halperin
The five-volume but incomplete Ocherki istorii istoricheskoy nauki v SSSR published between 1955 and 1985 is a fascinating artifact of Soviet historiography. It is a palpable reminder of the ability of Soviet historiography to mobilize by command the expertise and financial resources required to produce multi-author multi-volume series. Ocherki istorii istoricheskoy nauki v SSSR encompassed the histories of all peoples living on the territory of the USSR after World War II. This article examines the project from a mostly technical point of view.
1955年至1985年间出版的五卷本但不完整的《Ocherki istorii istoricheskoy nauki v SSSR》是一部引人入胜的苏联史学作品。这是一个明显的提醒，苏联史学有能力通过命令调动所需的专业知识和财政资源，以生产多作者多卷的系列。Ocherki istorii istoricheskoy nauki v SSSR包含了第二次世界大战后生活在苏联领土上的所有民族的历史。本文主要从技术角度来研究这个项目。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.204
I. Prokhorenkov
During the last five years of the Livonian War the number of new printed anti-Moscow leaflets has been noticeably increased in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This phenomenon could be explained by the purposeful policy of Stephen Bathory. The most important vectors of this policy were preserved during the reign of Sigismund III. The article analyzes basic principles of interaction between the royal court and polish-lithuanian printers in the last quarter of the 16th century. Previously polish royal court used only a system of publishing privilege to regulate the work of typographers. Starting from the reign of Stephen Bathory, we could notice the new stage of collaboration between the central authority and typographers. In particular, in 1577 appeared the first mobile state press in Polish history. The role of this typography in the war propaganda of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is examined in article. Another important factor of the history of the Polish political press, which is discussed in papers, is the circumstances of the establishment of the position of «archtypographer» by king Sigismund III Vasa. Numerous personal innovations of Polish monarchs determined the appearance of the system of relations between the state and private printing houses for the next century.
{"title":"Military and political print propaganda of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 16th–17th centuries: Printers in the royal service","authors":"I. Prokhorenkov","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.204","url":null,"abstract":"During the last five years of the Livonian War the number of new printed anti-Moscow leaflets has been noticeably increased in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This phenomenon could be explained by the purposeful policy of Stephen Bathory. The most important vectors of this policy were preserved during the reign of Sigismund III. The article analyzes basic principles of interaction between the royal court and polish-lithuanian printers in the last quarter of the 16th century. Previously polish royal court used only a system of publishing privilege to regulate the work of typographers. Starting from the reign of Stephen Bathory, we could notice the new stage of collaboration between the central authority and typographers. In particular, in 1577 appeared the first mobile state press in Polish history. The role of this typography in the war propaganda of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is examined in article. Another important factor of the history of the Polish political press, which is discussed in papers, is the circumstances of the establishment of the position of «archtypographer» by king Sigismund III Vasa. Numerous personal innovations of Polish monarchs determined the appearance of the system of relations between the state and private printing houses for the next century.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.203
Przemysław Gawron
The article explores the organizational transformations of the Crown army during the war with Sweden in the years 1626–1629. On the basis of fiscal sources, correspondence, and war accounts, the author established that the number of Sigismund III’s troops increased. In 1629 they were more numerous in Prussia than the combined armies in Prussia and in Ukraine three years earlier. Positional warfare with the Swedes, who had a considerable number of well-trained infantry and perfect artillery, required a change in the structure of the army, over half of which during hostilities consisted of dragoons and infantry formations, especially those of the foreign contingent. Over the course of the war, free companies (freikompanie), which made up a core of the infantry at the beginning of the war, were mostly replaced by large regiments of over three thousand pay rates. Also, successful attempts were made to create infantry units trained and armed in the German manner, commanded by foreigners, but recruited among Sigismund III’s subjects, and the ranks of Polish-Hungarian infantry were reinforced. In the ranks of cavalry, reiters were of more importance than in Ukraine. They grew into a third force in the Polish cavalry, after Polish hussars and Cossacks. Considerably smaller changes occurred for artillery, which despite significant expenses was still inferior to that of the Swedish artillery. Sigismund III’s troops also struggled with the deficiency of experienced engineers and cartographers. Although after the Altmark armistice the king had to reduce the army, from which the infantry disappeared almost entirely, dragoons were preserved in Ukraine thanks to Crown Field Hetman Koniecpolski. From that time on, they would constitute an indispensable part of the wojsko kwarciane (quarter army). The significance of the Prussian war for the development of the Crown military is best illustrated by the fact that in 1633, in the course of preparations for the war with Muscovy for Smolensk, Władysław IV and his advisers organized the army largely in the manner of the years 1626–1629.
{"title":"Organizational transformations of the Crown Army during the war of the Vistula mouth, 1626–1629","authors":"Przemysław Gawron","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.203","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the organizational transformations of the Crown army during the war with Sweden in the years 1626–1629. On the basis of fiscal sources, correspondence, and war accounts, the author established that the number of Sigismund III’s troops increased. In 1629 they were more numerous in Prussia than the combined armies in Prussia and in Ukraine three years earlier. Positional warfare with the Swedes, who had a considerable number of well-trained infantry and perfect artillery, required a change in the structure of the army, over half of which during hostilities consisted of dragoons and infantry formations, especially those of the foreign contingent. Over the course of the war, free companies (freikompanie), which made up a core of the infantry at the beginning of the war, were mostly replaced by large regiments of over three thousand pay rates. Also, successful attempts were made to create infantry units trained and armed in the German manner, commanded by foreigners, but recruited among Sigismund III’s subjects, and the ranks of Polish-Hungarian infantry were reinforced. In the ranks of cavalry, reiters were of more importance than in Ukraine. They grew into a third force in the Polish cavalry, after Polish hussars and Cossacks. Considerably smaller changes occurred for artillery, which despite significant expenses was still inferior to that of the Swedish artillery. Sigismund III’s troops also struggled with the deficiency of experienced engineers and cartographers. Although after the Altmark armistice the king had to reduce the army, from which the infantry disappeared almost entirely, dragoons were preserved in Ukraine thanks to Crown Field Hetman Koniecpolski. From that time on, they would constitute an indispensable part of the wojsko kwarciane (quarter army). The significance of the Prussian war for the development of the Crown military is best illustrated by the fact that in 1633, in the course of preparations for the war with Muscovy for Smolensk, Władysław IV and his advisers organized the army largely in the manner of the years 1626–1629.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.110
N. Malinovská
The author provides an overview of articles on the topic of Slavic identity and the development of common Slavic self-consciousness published in the international scientific journal «Konštantínove listy / Constantine’s Letters», published by the Institute for Research of the Cultural Heritage of Constantine and Methodius of the Faculty of Philosophy named after Constantine the Philosopher in Nitra (Slovakia). The main goal of the journal, founded in 2008, is to present the actual results of research on the problems and topics related to the cultural and political history of Great Moravia, as well as the functioning of the Cyril and Methodius tradition in the Slavic world in later times, right up to the present day. Analyzing the results of research published on the pages of the journal, the author comes to the conclusion that most of the authors are looking for and find the initial impulse of common Slavic self-consciousness in Great Moravia. It is the ideological and cultural heritage of the Great Moravian Cyril and Methodius tradition, primarily the Slavic alphabet, literature and Church Slavonic language, that became the basis for the formation of the Slavic world as an ethnic, cultural and historical integrity.
作者概述了发表在国际科学期刊“Konštantínove listy / Constantine’s Letters”上的关于斯拉夫身份和共同斯拉夫自我意识发展的文章，该期刊由君士坦丁文化遗产研究所和尼特拉(斯洛伐克)以君士坦丁哲学家命名的哲学学院的Methodius出版。该杂志成立于2008年，其主要目标是展示与大摩拉维亚文化和政治史有关的问题和主题的实际研究结果，以及西里尔和梅托迪乌斯传统在斯拉夫世界后期直到今天的功能。通过对发表在该期刊上的研究结果的分析，作者得出结论，大多数作者都在大摩拉维亚寻找并找到了共同斯拉夫自我意识的最初冲动。正是大摩拉维亚西里尔和梅多迪乌斯传统的意识形态和文化遗产，主要是斯拉夫字母、文学和教会斯拉夫语言，成为形成作为一个民族、文化和历史完整的斯拉夫世界的基础。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.115
S. Maltseva, Ekaterina Iurievna Staniukovich-Denisova
The article deals with the course and results of the International scientific conference «Art and Culture of the Middle Ages: Heritage and Perspectives of Comprehension» (https://actual-art.spbu.ru/o-konferentsii/arkhiv/2020/iskusstvo-i-kul-tura-srednevekov-ya.html), as part of the international symposium «Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art», held by St. Petersburg State University together with Lomonosov Moscow State University and the leading museums of Russia in the mode of the Biennale. The event was organized with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 20-012-22040) and took place in St. Petersburg on October 26–31, 2020.
{"title":"The culture of the Slavic and Balkan countries in reports of participants of the International scientific conference «Art and culture of the Middle Ages. Heritage and perspectives for comprehension»","authors":"S. Maltseva, Ekaterina Iurievna Staniukovich-Denisova","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.115","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the course and results of the International scientific conference «Art and Culture of the Middle Ages: Heritage and Perspectives of Comprehension» (https://actual-art.spbu.ru/o-konferentsii/arkhiv/2020/iskusstvo-i-kul-tura-srednevekov-ya.html), as part of the international symposium «Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art», held by St. Petersburg State University together with Lomonosov Moscow State University and the leading museums of Russia in the mode of the Biennale. The event was organized with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 20-012-22040) and took place in St. Petersburg on October 26–31, 2020.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.105
Ilona Jekele
The paper focuses on the investigation of the sigillographic sources — pendant wax seals, that belonged to the representatives of Livonian Bishops and Archbishops of Riga. For the investigation, more than 700 pendant wax seals from the Latvian State Historical Archive’s Fund No. 8 — “Archives of Internal Magistrate of Riga” were analyzed. The paper focuses on the wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Archbishopric of Riga, and representatives of the Livonian Bishoprics. Analysis of the seals of Livonian clergy reveal that several stages can be distinguished in their development. The earliest wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Livonian clergy display a well-known image – a bishop seated on a throne holding his regalia. For earliest seals it was common to use uncolored wax, these seals mostly were round in shape but the transition to the pointed oval shape took place during the 13th-century. By the middle and end of the 13th-century seals transitioned into use of red wax. During this time also first double-sided seals (where the reverse can be considered as the counterseal) appeared. In this period bishops and archbishops are depicted standing in the church surroundings, indicating the seal owner’s status and rank. In the 14th-century the use of the family coat of arms also appears. Counterseals in 15th-16th-cenuries are used separately as the great seal and counterseal and the depiction used in them represent the importance of the cult of Virgin Mary in Livonia. Nevertheless, Livonian clergymen also used their family coat of arms for self-representation. Medieval religious communities were specialists in symbolization. During the middle ages they adopted and readjusted their own equivalent of self-representation devices used not only in sigillographic sources but also in artistic and architectural works.
{"title":"Representation of the Livonian clergy in 13th–16th century sigillographic sources","authors":"Ilona Jekele","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.105","url":null,"abstract":"The paper focuses on the investigation of the sigillographic sources — pendant wax seals, that belonged to the representatives of Livonian Bishops and Archbishops of Riga. For the investigation, more than 700 pendant wax seals from the Latvian State Historical Archive’s Fund No. 8 — “Archives of Internal Magistrate of Riga” were analyzed. The paper focuses on the wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Archbishopric of Riga, and representatives of the Livonian Bishoprics. Analysis of the seals of Livonian clergy reveal that several stages can be distinguished in their development. The earliest wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Livonian clergy display a well-known image – a bishop seated on a throne holding his regalia. For earliest seals it was common to use uncolored wax, these seals mostly were round in shape but the transition to the pointed oval shape took place during the 13th-century. By the middle and end of the 13th-century seals transitioned into use of red wax. During this time also first double-sided seals (where the reverse can be considered as the counterseal) appeared. In this period bishops and archbishops are depicted standing in the church surroundings, indicating the seal owner’s status and rank. In the 14th-century the use of the family coat of arms also appears. Counterseals in 15th-16th-cenuries are used separately as the great seal and counterseal and the depiction used in them represent the importance of the cult of Virgin Mary in Livonia. Nevertheless, Livonian clergymen also used their family coat of arms for self-representation. Medieval religious communities were specialists in symbolization. During the middle ages they adopted and readjusted their own equivalent of self-representation devices used not only in sigillographic sources but also in artistic and architectural works.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.111
Denis Evgenievich Alimov
The article is a review of the book by the Croatian historian Neven Budak «Croatian history from 550 to 1100» (Budak, Neven. Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100. Zagreb, Leykam international, 2018. 352 р.). Budak’s book is an innovative conceptual synthesis of the early medieval history of Croatia taking full account of the latest achievements in history and archeology. From new theoretical and methodological positions, the book examines the processes of transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages in Dalmatia, Istria, and southern Pannonia, the formation of the Croatian ethnic community, the formation of Croatian polity and the socio-political development of the Croatian kingdom in the 9th–11th centuries. An important feature of the book is that the early medieval Croatian history is examined in it in a wider European context, with great attention to events and processes that took place in Byzantium, the Carolingian Empire, Rome, Venice, the Kingdom of Hungary, etc., which allowed the researcher to adequately interpret the most important events and the processes of the Croatian early Middle Ages. By creating a convenient theoretical framework for the further contextualizing of historical information, the book can serve as a new starting point for research and understanding of the Croatian early Middle Ages.
{"title":"An innovative synthesis of early medieval Croatian history (On N. Budak’s book «The Croatian history from 550 to 1100»)","authors":"Denis Evgenievich Alimov","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.111","url":null,"abstract":"The article is a review of the book by the Croatian historian Neven Budak «Croatian history from 550 to 1100» (Budak, Neven. Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100. Zagreb, Leykam international, 2018. 352 р.). Budak’s book is an innovative conceptual synthesis of the early medieval history of Croatia taking full account of the latest achievements in history and archeology. From new theoretical and methodological positions, the book examines the processes of transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages in Dalmatia, Istria, and southern Pannonia, the formation of the Croatian ethnic community, the formation of Croatian polity and the socio-political development of the Croatian kingdom in the 9th–11th centuries. An important feature of the book is that the early medieval Croatian history is examined in it in a wider European context, with great attention to events and processes that took place in Byzantium, the Carolingian Empire, Rome, Venice, the Kingdom of Hungary, etc., which allowed the researcher to adequately interpret the most important events and the processes of the Croatian early Middle Ages. By creating a convenient theoretical framework for the further contextualizing of historical information, the book can serve as a new starting point for research and understanding of the Croatian early Middle Ages.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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