Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2023.112
Zoya Sergeevna Bocharova
The position of Russian refuges in the 1920s in Bulgaria is analyzed in the article drawing on a large factual material. The reasons for the country’s policy of «open doors», the numerical dynamics of emigrants, the peculiarities of their social composition and adaptation are revealed. It is shown that the legal status of Russians was regulated at the national level, taking into account the interests of emigration in Bulgaria and the situation in other countries, as well as in close connection with the decisions of the League of Nations. Gradually, a unified legal context of refugee existence was created. The Russian diplomatic mission headed by A. M. Petryaev, who since 1923 handed over his duties to the former adviser of the Russian Embassy in Bulgaria S. G. Bogoyavlensky, the Committee on Russian Refugees in Bulgaria, the representation of the High Commissioner for Refugees in Bulgaria, provided institutional assistance. The relationship between various institutions and personalities in solving the refugee issue is revealed. The legal status of Russians is examined from the standpoint of structural integration: inclusion in the host society through the national labor market, taxation, social sphere, realization of inheritance rights, access to the court, through the structures of the Russian Orthodox Church, the institution of citizenship. Russian refugees in Bulgaria formally obeyed the general laws on foreigners on an equal basis with other foreigners. There was no special law regulating the rights of Russians, but they were in a different position compared to other foreigners because of the number of legislative and administrative reservations. The special attitude towards the veterans of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878 was characteristic: they were granted the right to a lifetime monthly allowance. The role of Nansen passports, established for Russians, and the difficulties of their application by ordinary migrants are revealed. It is concluded that the economic crisis of the late 1920s — early 1930s stimulated the integration of Russians due to the activation of naturalization. The confessional and linguistic affinity of the peoples played a role.
{"title":"Legal status of Russian refugees in Bulgaria in the 1920s – early 1930s","authors":"Zoya Sergeevna Bocharova","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2023.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2023.112","url":null,"abstract":"The position of Russian refuges in the 1920s in Bulgaria is analyzed in the article drawing on a large factual material. The reasons for the country’s policy of «open doors», the numerical dynamics of emigrants, the peculiarities of their social composition and adaptation are revealed. It is shown that the legal status of Russians was regulated at the national level, taking into account the interests of emigration in Bulgaria and the situation in other countries, as well as in close connection with the decisions of the League of Nations. Gradually, a unified legal context of refugee existence was created. The Russian diplomatic mission headed by A. M. Petryaev, who since 1923 handed over his duties to the former adviser of the Russian Embassy in Bulgaria S. G. Bogoyavlensky, the Committee on Russian Refugees in Bulgaria, the representation of the High Commissioner for Refugees in Bulgaria, provided institutional assistance. The relationship between various institutions and personalities in solving the refugee issue is revealed. The legal status of Russians is examined from the standpoint of structural integration: inclusion in the host society through the national labor market, taxation, social sphere, realization of inheritance rights, access to the court, through the structures of the Russian Orthodox Church, the institution of citizenship. Russian refugees in Bulgaria formally obeyed the general laws on foreigners on an equal basis with other foreigners. There was no special law regulating the rights of Russians, but they were in a different position compared to other foreigners because of the number of legislative and administrative reservations. The special attitude towards the veterans of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878 was characteristic: they were granted the right to a lifetime monthly allowance. The role of Nansen passports, established for Russians, and the difficulties of their application by ordinary migrants are revealed. It is concluded that the economic crisis of the late 1920s — early 1930s stimulated the integration of Russians due to the activation of naturalization. The confessional and linguistic affinity of the peoples played a role.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135557205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2023.109
Mikhail Dmitrievic Bukharin
One of the key-points of the socio-political discourse in the Russian Empire in the XIX ‒ early XX centuries was Slavic question. Ukrainian question was its particular manifestation. The aggravation of discussions on the Slavic issues, as a rule, followed the dynamics of foreign policy. Interest in the Ukrainian issue increased due to the adoption of censorship measures by the Russian state, which varied from tightening to softening of the censorship regime. The Ukrainian question in Russian socio-political thought was debated mainly in the discussion, if the Ukrainian («Little Russian») people represent an independent ethnic group or is a local version of the «Great Russians». Depending on the answer to this question, the ideal structure of the Russian state was going to be worked out. The Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences took an active part in the discussion of the Slavic question in general (and that of Ukrainian in particular) and in the adoption of appropriate measures, acting as an expert body. Discussions were conducted not only at the institutional level, but also at the private one. In research literature, the scholarly world on this issue is divided into two camps, one of which (liberal-nationalist) was represented mainly by P. B. Struve, and the other — by his numerous opponents (for example, by F. E. Korsh). As documents from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences show, the history of discussion on the Ukrainian issue before the First World War was broader, more scholars, also representing the Academy of sciences were involved. In particular, the position of one the most prominent European Slavist of the late XIX ‒ early XX centuries I. V. Jagić deserves attention. His position on the Ukrainian problem, which worried Jagić for several decades, is especially pronounced in the last letter to F. E. Korsh dated April 9 (22), 1912.
{"title":"V. Jagić and ukrainian question: The letter to F. E. Korsch","authors":"Mikhail Dmitrievic Bukharin","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2023.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2023.109","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key-points of the socio-political discourse in the Russian Empire in the XIX ‒ early XX centuries was Slavic question. Ukrainian question was its particular manifestation. The aggravation of discussions on the Slavic issues, as a rule, followed the dynamics of foreign policy. Interest in the Ukrainian issue increased due to the adoption of censorship measures by the Russian state, which varied from tightening to softening of the censorship regime. The Ukrainian question in Russian socio-political thought was debated mainly in the discussion, if the Ukrainian («Little Russian») people represent an independent ethnic group or is a local version of the «Great Russians». Depending on the answer to this question, the ideal structure of the Russian state was going to be worked out. The Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences took an active part in the discussion of the Slavic question in general (and that of Ukrainian in particular) and in the adoption of appropriate measures, acting as an expert body. Discussions were conducted not only at the institutional level, but also at the private one. In research literature, the scholarly world on this issue is divided into two camps, one of which (liberal-nationalist) was represented mainly by P. B. Struve, and the other — by his numerous opponents (for example, by F. E. Korsh). As documents from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences show, the history of discussion on the Ukrainian issue before the First World War was broader, more scholars, also representing the Academy of sciences were involved. In particular, the position of one the most prominent European Slavist of the late XIX ‒ early XX centuries I. V. Jagić deserves attention. His position on the Ukrainian problem, which worried Jagić for several decades, is especially pronounced in the last letter to F. E. Korsh dated April 9 (22), 1912.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135557206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2023.103
Andrei Yuryevich Prokopiev
Until recently, historiography has lacked major comparative studies on the phenomen of Holy in Central Europe. Meanwhile, there were very vast regions in which there were no local saints until the end of the Middle Ages. One of these historical regions was Upper Saxony. What was the way of formation of the sacral cult here? What political or socio-cultural factors played a decisive role in the emergence of the cult of saints? And what were the functions of the saints in a changing society? The problems are studied on the example of St. Benno, Bishop of Meißen, who was canonized in 1523. He became the last saint of the medieval Latin Church and the first saint for the Wettin dynasty. The article shows the instrumentalization of his memory at various stages. From the 13th century he acted in the service of the bishops of Meißen, who aspired to become imperial princes. From the 15th century the princely dynasty of the Wettins (Albertine House) was busy about the canonization of Benno in order to strengthen their own authority in the Holy Roman Empire. The decisive contribution in this direction was made by Duke George the Bearded. Two events marked the efforts of the Saxon prince in the public space: the translation into German of the Life of St. Benno, made by Hieronymus Emser in 1517 and the transfer of Benno’s relics in the cathedral of Meißen in 1524. During the Reformation, the cult of St. Benno was called upon to oppose Protestantism. Paradoxically, however, he was able to play his role as a link between the dynasty and subjects only in Bavaria from the end of the 16th century.
直到最近，史学还缺乏对中欧神圣现象的主要比较研究。与此同时，有很多地区直到中世纪末期都没有当地的圣徒。这些历史地区之一是上萨克森州。这里的宗教崇拜是如何形成的?什么政治或社会文化因素在圣徒崇拜的出现中起了决定性的作用?在一个不断变化的社会中，圣徒的作用是什么?问题是研究的例子圣本诺，梅ßen主教，谁是册封1523年。他是中世纪拉丁教会的最后一位圣人，也是维廷王朝的第一位圣人。这篇文章展示了他的记忆在不同阶段的工具化。从13世纪开始，他为渴望成为帝国王子的梅ßen主教服务。从15世纪开始，为了加强自己在神圣罗马帝国的权威，韦廷斯(Albertine House)的王族王朝就忙于将本诺封为圣徒。大胡子乔治公爵在这方面做出了决定性的贡献。有两件事标志着撒克逊王子在公共空间的努力:1517年将Hieronymus Emser所著的《St. Benno Life of Benno》翻译成德语，以及1524年在梅ßen大教堂转移Benno的文物。在宗教改革期间，圣本诺的崇拜被呼吁反对新教。然而，矛盾的是，从16世纪末开始，他只能在巴伐利亚发挥他作为王朝和臣民之间的纽带的作用。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2022.110
Maksim O. Onufrienko
The frescoes of the St. George Church in Mlado Nagoričino (North Macedonia) have repeatedly attracted the scholars’ attention, but so far the circle of monuments close to these paintings has not been accurately identified. The article deals with attribution a number of preserved images to certain workshops whose works are known from other ensembles. There are three different styles in the painting, which can be attributed to three different painters (or a group of painters). Apparently, the same artists who painted the church of the Slimnitsa monastery worked in the naos. This conclusion is consistent with the observation of Macedonian researchers. The other two styles apparently belong to Greek painters who can be associated with the artist Michael of Linotopi. He worked in the first third of the 17th century and painted many churches in the Balkans. One of the closest analogs of the St. George Church painting in Mlado Nagoričino are the frescoes of the Dormition Church in Zervat (Albania) and the katholikon of the Makryaleksi monastery (Greece), where Michael worked. Both the similarity of the handwriting of the inscriptions and the proximity of the physiognomic features of the some saints’ faces pointed that way. However, the style of these frescoes does not exactly match the painting of St. George’s Church. Since the analogs given in the article are rather approximate, the frescoes of the St. George church in Mlado Nagoričino cannot be attributed to the activities of the Michael’s workshop with certainty. However, it can be argued that the painting in Mlado Nagoričino was done by painters who were part of the entourage of this artist.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2022.214
Šilj Ivana Žebec
economic system» were soon followed by the quest for improvement of living standard and then finally, by the rise of a consumer society. Namely, since mid-1950s two general directives became increasingly evident in federal year plans, especially in the five-year social development plan (1957–1961) – the living standard improvement and the increase in spending power of working population. At the same time development of heavy, basic industry was not more in the focus of economic policy and the economic planning, but a development of light industry and consequently an increase of production of consumer goods. The paper focuses on the consumer goods (and their afterlife) produced in kombinat Borovo and kombinat Jugoplastika, the Yugoslav largest producers of rubber (Borovo) and polymere (Jugoplastika) consumer goods. Borovo (previously Bata) situated in Vukovar, Croatia, was founded in 1931 and is still operating in smaller scale. In the interwar as well in the socialist era it was a synonym for footwear, especially work, leisure and free time footwear. Today, Borovo’s brand Startas is one of the favorites particularly among young people. Jugoplastika, on the other hand was one of the crests of Yugoslav postwar industrialization. It was founded in 1952 in Split, Croatia, at a time when industrial production in Yugoslavia was starting to conform to a sort of hybrid consumerism. The Jugoplastika’s products were the indispensable part of happy childhood, summer vacations, wardrobe and even the famous Yugo automobile. In the process of transition and reform in 1990s kombinat Jugoplastika was first fragmented, filed for bankruptcy and finally removed from Registry. The products became dispensable and almost forgotten if they have not, just for a few days, resurfaced at the exhibition «Groundwork Jugoplastika» in 2011 in Split and during the action «Jugoplastika + supporting the memory» held in the eve of Jugoplastika’s would be 60th anniversary in 2012 in Split.
{"title":"Made in Yugoslavia: Goods from the «Sunny Side» of communism","authors":"Šilj Ivana Žebec","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2022.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2022.214","url":null,"abstract":"economic system» were soon followed by the quest for improvement of living standard and then finally, by the rise of a consumer society. Namely, since mid-1950s two general directives became increasingly evident in federal year plans, especially in the five-year social development plan (1957–1961) – the living standard improvement and the increase in spending power of working population. At the same time development of heavy, basic industry was not more in the focus of economic policy and the economic planning, but a development of light industry and consequently an increase of production of consumer goods. The paper focuses on the consumer goods (and their afterlife) produced in kombinat Borovo and kombinat Jugoplastika, the Yugoslav largest producers of rubber (Borovo) and polymere (Jugoplastika) consumer goods. Borovo (previously Bata) situated in Vukovar, Croatia, was founded in 1931 and is still operating in smaller scale. In the interwar as well in the socialist era it was a synonym for footwear, especially work, leisure and free time footwear. Today, Borovo’s brand Startas is one of the favorites particularly among young people. Jugoplastika, on the other hand was one of the crests of Yugoslav postwar industrialization. It was founded in 1952 in Split, Croatia, at a time when industrial production in Yugoslavia was starting to conform to a sort of hybrid consumerism. The Jugoplastika’s products were the indispensable part of happy childhood, summer vacations, wardrobe and even the famous Yugo automobile. In the process of transition and reform in 1990s kombinat Jugoplastika was first fragmented, filed for bankruptcy and finally removed from Registry. The products became dispensable and almost forgotten if they have not, just for a few days, resurfaced at the exhibition «Groundwork Jugoplastika» in 2011 in Split and during the action «Jugoplastika + supporting the memory» held in the eve of Jugoplastika’s would be 60th anniversary in 2012 in Split.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2022.215
K. Shevchenko, O. Kazak
The article is a review the book «“Native Word”. Belarusian and Ukrainian languages at school (Essays on the history of mass education in the middle of the 19th – the middle of the 20th century)». The collection of essays is devoted to the organization of education in the Belarusian and Ukrainian lands, which during the mid-19th – mid-20th centuries were part of various state formations (Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, USSR, Poland). The authors of the essays (historians and philologists from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine) consider the national and cultural policy of the authorities towards Belarusians and Ukrainians from new theoretical and methodological positions. Scientists note that specific manifestations of educational policy depended on a complex set of interrelated factors (the representation of power and intellectual elites about the ethnic population; the need to combat unwanted cultural influences (for example, with Polish influence in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire); the activity of representatives of the Belarusian and Ukrainian national movements; the reaction of Belarusian and Ukrainian inhabitance to educational practices). Most of the articles are distinguished by a high scientific level and have a solid source base. Many materials and archival documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. At the same time, the reviewers identified points that could be improved in the future editions of the book. For example, they note a simplified understanding by scientists of the influence of the ideology of Western Russianness (Zapadnorusizm) and the ethno-confessional character of the inhabitants of the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire. They pay attention to the lack of analysis of the activities of representatives of the Russophile trend in the national and cultural life of Galicia, insufficient attention to the study of the attitude towards activities in the educational sphere of the population of the Russian-Belarusian and Russian-Ukrainian borderlands during the period of Soviet indigenization (Korenizatsiya). The articles in the book under review can give impetus to further research into various aspects of the national and cultural life of the peoples of Eastern Europe.
{"title":"An innovative study of the history of the formation of the Belarusian and Ukrainian languages","authors":"K. Shevchenko, O. Kazak","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2022.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2022.215","url":null,"abstract":"The article is a review the book «“Native Word”. Belarusian and Ukrainian languages at school (Essays on the history of mass education in the middle of the 19th – the middle of the 20th century)». The collection of essays is devoted to the organization of education in the Belarusian and Ukrainian lands, which during the mid-19th – mid-20th centuries were part of various state formations (Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, USSR, Poland). The authors of the essays (historians and philologists from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine) consider the national and cultural policy of the authorities towards Belarusians and Ukrainians from new theoretical and methodological positions. Scientists note that specific manifestations of educational policy depended on a complex set of interrelated factors (the representation of power and intellectual elites about the ethnic population; the need to combat unwanted cultural influences (for example, with Polish influence in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire); the activity of representatives of the Belarusian and Ukrainian national movements; the reaction of Belarusian and Ukrainian inhabitance to educational practices). Most of the articles are distinguished by a high scientific level and have a solid source base. Many materials and archival documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. At the same time, the reviewers identified points that could be improved in the future editions of the book. For example, they note a simplified understanding by scientists of the influence of the ideology of Western Russianness (Zapadnorusizm) and the ethno-confessional character of the inhabitants of the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire. They pay attention to the lack of analysis of the activities of representatives of the Russophile trend in the national and cultural life of Galicia, insufficient attention to the study of the attitude towards activities in the educational sphere of the population of the Russian-Belarusian and Russian-Ukrainian borderlands during the period of Soviet indigenization (Korenizatsiya). The articles in the book under review can give impetus to further research into various aspects of the national and cultural life of the peoples of Eastern Europe.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2022.101
Dmitriy Mikhailovich Bulanin, M. Dmitriev, Oleg Ivanovich Dzyarnovich, A. Korenevsky, K. Kostromin, T. Kushch, Russell E. Martin, Dmitriy Igorevich Polyvyanny, R. Shukurov
The Byzantine Empire has existed longer than all the empires that were on Earth — more than 1000 years. She created the «Byzantine Commonwealth» of countries (D. D. Obolensky’s term), stretching from the South Baltic to the Mediterranean and from the Adriatic Sea to the Caucasus Mountains. The Commonwealth countries had religious and cultural unity, a close political culture and a similar tragic fate. All of them fell victim to foreign conquest, from the Mongols to the Ottomans, and with great difficulty, centuries later, regained their sovereignty. With the death of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, its historical role did not stop. Byzantium remained a relevant historical actor for a long time, as an ideal and as a symbol, as a heritage and as a hope for the revival of its former greatness. It is not for nothing that the ideas of «lasting Rome», «New Constantinople», etc., were so popular. According to the Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga, the time of «Byzantium after Byzantium» has come, which continues to this day. In the article, historians, specialists in the history of Byzantium, consider the following questions: 1) What is «Byzantium after Byzantium»? Is it an symbolic image, is it a historical memory of a bygone empire, is it a political, spiritual, cultural ideal? Or is it a fictitious concept, Byzantium died in 1453? 2) How long did «Byzantium after Byzantium» exist? What is the chronological depth of Byzantine influence in the Balkans, in Eastern Europe? 3) There is a point of view about the «unfavorable heritage» of Byzantium — all countries belonging to the «Byzantine Commonwealth» have a difficult historical fate. Is this a fatal coincidence, or the negative influence of the «Byzantine heritage»? 4) Did Byzantium have a successor (cultural, political, spiritual)? To what extent can they consider Russia, the Balkan states?
拜占庭帝国存在的时间比地球上所有的帝国都要长——超过1000年。她创建了国家的“拜占庭联邦”(D. D. Obolensky的术语)，从南波罗的海延伸到地中海，从亚得里亚海延伸到高加索山脉。英联邦国家的宗教和文化是统一的，政治文化是密切的，命运也是相似的。从蒙古人到奥斯曼人，他们都是外国征服的受害者，几个世纪后，他们经历了巨大的困难，重新获得了主权。随着1453年拜占庭帝国的灭亡，它的历史角色并没有停止。拜占庭在很长一段时间里都是一个重要的历史角色，作为一种理想和象征，作为一种遗产，作为复兴其昔日伟大的希望。“持久的罗马”、“新君士坦丁堡”等思想之所以如此流行，并非没有原因。根据罗马尼亚历史学家Nicolae Iorga的说法，“拜占庭之后的拜占庭”的时代已经到来，并一直持续到今天。在这篇文章中，研究拜占庭历史的历史学家和专家们思考了以下问题:1)什么是“拜占庭之后的拜占庭”?它是一种象征性的形象，是对一个逝去帝国的历史记忆，还是一种政治、精神、文化理想?或者这是一个虚构的概念，拜占庭灭亡于1453年?2)“拜占廷之后的拜占廷”存在了多久?拜占庭对巴尔干半岛和东欧的影响按时间顺序有多深?3)有一种关于拜占庭“不利遗产”的观点-所有属于“拜占庭联邦”的国家都有艰难的历史命运。这是一个致命的巧合，还是“拜占庭遗产”的负面影响?4)拜占庭有继承者(文化、政治、精神)吗?他们能在多大程度上考虑俄罗斯和巴尔干国家?
{"title":"Byzantium after Byzantium? Forum","authors":"Dmitriy Mikhailovich Bulanin, M. Dmitriev, Oleg Ivanovich Dzyarnovich, A. Korenevsky, K. Kostromin, T. Kushch, Russell E. Martin, Dmitriy Igorevich Polyvyanny, R. Shukurov","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2022.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2022.101","url":null,"abstract":"The Byzantine Empire has existed longer than all the empires that were on Earth — more than 1000 years. She created the «Byzantine Commonwealth» of countries (D. D. Obolensky’s term), stretching from the South Baltic to the Mediterranean and from the Adriatic Sea to the Caucasus Mountains. The Commonwealth countries had religious and cultural unity, a close political culture and a similar tragic fate. All of them fell victim to foreign conquest, from the Mongols to the Ottomans, and with great difficulty, centuries later, regained their sovereignty. With the death of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, its historical role did not stop. Byzantium remained a relevant historical actor for a long time, as an ideal and as a symbol, as a heritage and as a hope for the revival of its former greatness. It is not for nothing that the ideas of «lasting Rome», «New Constantinople», etc., were so popular. According to the Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga, the time of «Byzantium after Byzantium» has come, which continues to this day. In the article, historians, specialists in the history of Byzantium, consider the following questions: 1) What is «Byzantium after Byzantium»? Is it an symbolic image, is it a historical memory of a bygone empire, is it a political, spiritual, cultural ideal? Or is it a fictitious concept, Byzantium died in 1453? 2) How long did «Byzantium after Byzantium» exist? What is the chronological depth of Byzantine influence in the Balkans, in Eastern Europe? 3) There is a point of view about the «unfavorable heritage» of Byzantium — all countries belonging to the «Byzantine Commonwealth» have a difficult historical fate. Is this a fatal coincidence, or the negative influence of the «Byzantine heritage»? 4) Did Byzantium have a successor (cultural, political, spiritual)? To what extent can they consider Russia, the Balkan states?","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2022.206
V. Vovina
The Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the fund of the Antoniev-Siya Monastery has preserved a collection of peasant acts of the 16th century. Its value lies in the fact that in some cases the participants in the transaction themselves acted as scribes. This makes it possible to assess the degree of literacy and writing skills of those persons for whom writing was not familiar, and even more so, the main occupation. We can see folk writing, try to answer the question of how literacy and writing skills were connected with the lifestyle and activities of the participant in the transaction, with level of well-being. We also have the opportunity to compare styles and methods of folk writing with those that demonstrate acts where local church «dyachki» acted as scribes. 20 acts were selected for the study, which date to the time before the beginning of the 1520s. In most cases, they showed little difference in writing style compared to peasants. In the same fund there are acts sent from the voivodship office, as well as from Moscow. It should be understood to what extent these acts, in terms of design and manner of writing, could be perceived as models of office work for volost’ worlds in the person of their competent representatives. On the materials of the fund of the Antoniev-Siya Monastery, it is possible to build a number of levels of act writing, characteristic of the Russian North in the 16th century.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2022.109
Arsen K. Shahinyan
The author of this article extracted all historical, geographical and ethnographical materials (including legendary) concerning the ancient Slavs of the Eastern Balkans and Asia Minor mentioned in the multivolume «History of the Prophets and Kings» (Ta’rīḫ ar-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk) by «the father of the Muslim historiography», an Arabic spoken Iranian Muḥammad b. Ǧarīr (Djarir) aṭ-Ṭabarī (839–923), which outlines the general history from the Creation to 302 AH (914/5). The extracted passages are from a classic edition carried out in three series and 15 volumes by the eminent Dutch Arabist Michael Jan de Goeje (1836–1909) in Leiden (Annales quos scripsit Abu Djafar Mohammed ibn Djarir at-Tabari / Cum aliis ed. M. de Goeje. Series I–III. Lugduni Batavorum, 1879–1901). The selected passages are translated from Classical Arabic into Russian for the first time. The detailed text notes and scholarly comments based on the historical and geographical narratives of the Antiquity, Pre-Islamic Middle East, Christian and Muslim Orient are attached to the translated materials as well. They are also based on the world’s leading scientific, reference (encyclopedic) and educational publications.
这篇文章的作者提取了“穆斯林史学之父”，一位讲阿拉伯语的伊朗人Muḥammad b. Ǧarīr (Djarir) AH . -Ṭabarī(839-923)所写的多卷本《先知和国王的历史》(Ta ' r ar-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk)中提到的关于东巴尔干和小亚细亚的古代斯拉伯人的所有历史、地理和人种学材料(包括传说)，该书概述了从创世到伊斯兰历302年(914/5)的一般历史。摘录的段落来自荷兰著名阿拉伯学家Michael Jan de Goeje(1836-1909)在莱顿出版的经典版本，分为三个系列和15卷(Annales quos scripsit Abu Djafar Mohammed ibn Djarir at-Tabari / Cum aliis ed. M. de Goeje)。系列》。Lugduni Batavorum(1879-1901)。精选的段落是第一次从古典阿拉伯语翻译成俄语。根据古代、前伊斯兰中东、基督教和穆斯林东方的历史和地理叙述，详细的文本注释和学术评论也附在翻译材料上。它们还以世界领先的科学、参考(百科全书式)和教育出版物为基础。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2022.106
A. Vovin, Nataliya Bronislavovna Sredinskaya
The article is about the influence of the Roman law on the Russian private act and statutes. The focus is on one legal collision regarding a widow life-long use of her late husband’s property (since she does not remarry). That case was equally reflected in the documents of the North-West of Russia asa well as in those ones of the North-Italian commune cities. In search of the sources of this legal norm, the articles of the Pskov Judicial Charter (PJC), the Code of Justinian (CJ), the Byzantine Ecloga (E) and the Extensive Edition of Russkaya Pravda (RP) are compared. It turns out that the texts of PJC and CJ are extremely close to each other both in semantic and textual terms, and at the same time they differ significantly from the texts of E and RP, which, in turn, are close. Thus, it turns out that the legal norm of the North-West of Russia, reflected both in the private acts and in the PJC, goes back to the CJ directly, bypassing the Byzantine legal tradition. To a certain extent, this reverses the traditional historiographic ideas that the influence of Roman law on Old Russian law was insignificant and, moreover, passed through the Byzantine «filter».
{"title":"Reception of Roman law in North-Western Russia in 14th–15th centuries: widow and late husband property","authors":"A. Vovin, Nataliya Bronislavovna Sredinskaya","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2022.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2022.106","url":null,"abstract":"The article is about the influence of the Roman law on the Russian private act and statutes. The focus is on one legal collision regarding a widow life-long use of her late husband’s property (since she does not remarry). That case was equally reflected in the documents of the North-West of Russia asa well as in those ones of the North-Italian commune cities. In search of the sources of this legal norm, the articles of the Pskov Judicial Charter (PJC), the Code of Justinian (CJ), the Byzantine Ecloga (E) and the Extensive Edition of Russkaya Pravda (RP) are compared. It turns out that the texts of PJC and CJ are extremely close to each other both in semantic and textual terms, and at the same time they differ significantly from the texts of E and RP, which, in turn, are close. Thus, it turns out that the legal norm of the North-West of Russia, reflected both in the private acts and in the PJC, goes back to the CJ directly, bypassing the Byzantine legal tradition. To a certain extent, this reverses the traditional historiographic ideas that the influence of Roman law on Old Russian law was insignificant and, moreover, passed through the Byzantine «filter».","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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