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Volley fire in Europe in the mid-16th century 16世纪中期欧洲的齐射火力
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.201
Aleksander Bołdyrew, Karol Łopatecki
The article explores the application of volley fire in European armies in the mid-16th century. On the basis of Polish sources, the authors established that shooting volleys was applied by Polish infantry in 1558. There was also training in collective loading and shooting conducted by a commander every few days. Fire was conducted in the Turkish manner, i. e. having fired a salvo the rank would kneel and load the weapon in this position. The painting referred to in the article «The Battle of Orsha» (created in the 1530s or 1540s) shows the West European manner of conducting combat by an infantry unit. It involved setting the shooters in three ranks and alternating firing at enemy positions with a simultaneous countermarch. This suggests that the method described for the first time by the Spanish in 1592 was spread half a century earlier. The sources show that in the mid-16th century, volley fire was known in vast Eurasian tracks from remote China, through the Ottoman Empire to the western ends of Europe. The difference lay in the way of conducting the volley fire, and the most effective form of fire applied in battles was invented by the Dutch in the 1590s. As a result of the enlargement of weapon size and the introduction of muskets, the method proposed by Tarnowski of loading firearms in kneeling position became increasingly obsolete.
本文探讨了16世纪中期欧洲军队中齐射射击的应用。根据波兰的资料,作者确定波兰步兵在1558年开始使用射击射击。每隔几天还有一名指挥官进行集体装填和射击训练。射击以土耳其人的方式进行,即在发射齐射后,士兵会跪在这个位置并装上武器。文章《奥尔沙战役》中提到的这幅画(创作于1530年代或1540年代)展示了西欧步兵部队进行战斗的方式。它包括将射手排成三列,并在同时反行军的情况下交替射击敌人阵地。这表明西班牙人在1592年首次描述的方法在半个世纪前就已经传播开来了。资料显示,在16世纪中期,从遥远的中国,经过奥斯曼帝国,直到欧洲的西端,在广阔的欧亚轨道上,人们已经知道了齐射。不同之处在于进行齐射射击的方式,而在战斗中最有效的射击形式是由荷兰人在1590年代发明的。由于武器尺寸的增大和火枪的引入,塔诺斯基提出的跪着装填火器的方法越来越过时。
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引用次数: 2
Episode from the history of Baltic trade: Import of paper to the Moscow state 波罗的海贸易史插曲:向莫斯科州进口纸张
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.104
Dmitriy I. Weber, E. Nosova
The article is dedicated to one of the episodes of trade in the Baltic region, namely the import of paper into the Moscow state. The emphasis is not on the fact of the availability of European paper based on filigree, but an attempt has been made to consider the ways of supplying this important writing material through written sources. It is known that one of the ports of delivery of paper in earlier modern times was Arkhangelsk, but this article considers the important trade route for the Moscow state as the cities of Livonia. Despite the fact that it is difficult to compare it with, for example, the Lower Rhine or the Netherlands in terms of the amount of paper sold, the Baltic region is the one to which Moscow State was referred. The Hanseatic cities of Riga and Reval were the main paper supply centers throughout the fifteenth century, but the registers of the Zund tax show an increase in Narva’s position. This source, in particular, notes a significant number of ships going to Narva with paper, for example, from Dieppe. A sharp increase in the supply of paper precisely during the period when the city belonged to the Moscow state, during the Livonian War. This suggests that Narva was one of the most important points of French paper deliveries during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
这篇文章致力于波罗的海地区贸易的一个插曲,即向莫斯科州进口纸张。重点不在于欧洲纸的可用性,而是试图考虑通过书面来源提供这种重要的写作材料的方法。众所周知,在近代早期,阿尔汉格尔斯克是运送纸张的港口之一,但本文认为莫斯科国家的重要贸易路线是利沃尼亚的城市。尽管很难将其与莱茵河下游或荷兰的纸张销售量进行比较,但莫斯科州所指的是波罗的海地区。在整个15世纪,汉萨同盟城市里加和雷瓦尔是主要的纸张供应中心,但Zund税的登记册显示纳尔瓦的地位有所增加。该资料特别指出,有相当数量的船只带着纸张,例如从迪耶普运往纳尔瓦。正是在利沃尼亚战争期间,这座城市属于莫斯科国家时,纸张供应急剧增加。这表明,在伊凡雷帝统治时期,纳尔瓦是法国最重要的送报点之一。
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引用次数: 0
The Center of Slavs and Vikings in Wolin, Poland. History, scenography, story and efect 位于波兰沃林的斯拉夫人和维京人中心。历史、布景、故事和效果
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.106
Wojciech Filipowiak, M. Bogacki, K. Kokora
In this paper, the authors analyze the Center of Slavs and Vikings (hereinafter Centrum), a reconstruction of early medieval Wolin functioning as an open air museum. The reconstruction was made on an islet on the Dziwna Strait, opposite the center of Wolin. In the early Middle Ages, the city was one of the largest craft and trade centers on the Baltic Sea. It appears in numerous written sources and has been the subject of archaeological research for nearly 200 years. Its history is connected with the legend of Jómsborg and Vineta. The idea of ​​building an archaeological and ethnographic open-air museum was established in 1958 in archaeological circles. For various reasons, this intention was not realized during the period of the Polish People’s Republic. In 1992, the Viking Festival (today the Festival of Slavs and Vikings) was initially organized in Wolin, which is now one of the largest reenactors’ events in Europe. As the festival developed, elements of its scenery were created. In 2002, the local Wolin–Jomsborg–Vineta Center of Slavs and Vikings Association was registered with the aim of building the Center. It was opened in 2008 and has been gradually expanding with new elements. The center is a historical park that presents a simplified vision of the early Middle Ages, with little reference to the history of the city and the region. The success of the Slavs and Vikings Festival and the Center became its greatest disadvantage ― it ceased to be a reconstruction of early medieval Wolin. The content presented there is related to the subculture of performers and as such is not original ― similar forms can be found in other facilities of this type in Poland and abroad. The presented image of the Slavs is simplified in a way that is assimilable to the contemporary recipient ― the emphasis is on nature-related spirituality, courage, honor, freedom, ecology. On the other hand, content that would be unacceptable in contemporary culture (e. g. the role of women) is omitted. The lack of cooperation with professionals makes the activities of the Center chaotic, confusing the notion of tradition with reconstruction, history with story, archeology with handicraft, and finally science with guesswork. Creating new content on the basis of selective historical knowledge and presenting it as «revived traditions» requires special attention in Western Pomerania, where due to the population exchange after 1945 there is a real problem of regional identity. The center, run by a private association, is dynamic and is a success as a product of promotion and tourism. Nevertheless, its success resulted in the «privatization of heritage», which most of the region’s inhabitants do not identify with. To counteract this, the authors postulate increasing cooperation between private entities (Association, Center) and public institutions (the Museum, Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences).
在本文中,作者分析了斯拉夫人和维京人中心(Centrum),这是中世纪早期沃林的重建,作为一个露天博物馆。重建是在Dziwna海峡的一个小岛上进行的,与沃林的中心相对。在中世纪早期,这座城市是波罗的海最大的工艺和贸易中心之一。它出现在许多书面资料中,近200年来一直是考古研究的主题。它的历史与Jómsborg和Vineta的传说有关。1958年,考古界提出了建立一个考古和民族志露天博物馆的想法。由于各种原因,这一意图在波兰人民共和国时期没有实现。1992年,维京人节(今天的斯拉夫人和维京人节)最初在沃林组织,这是现在欧洲最大的重演活动之一。随着节日的发展,它的风景元素被创造出来。2002年,当地的沃林-约翰斯堡-维涅塔斯拉夫人和维京人协会中心注册,目的是建立该中心。它于2008年开业,并逐渐扩大了新的元素。该中心是一个历史公园,展示了中世纪早期的简单愿景,很少涉及城市和地区的历史。斯拉夫人和维京人节日和中心的成功成为它最大的缺点——它不再是中世纪早期沃林的重建。在那里展示的内容与表演者的亚文化有关,因此不是原创的-类似的形式可以在波兰和国外的其他此类设施中找到。斯拉夫人的形象以一种当代接受者可以吸收的方式被简化了——强调与自然有关的精神、勇气、荣誉、自由和生态。另一方面,省略了在当代文化中不可接受的内容(例如妇女的角色)。缺乏与专业人员的合作使得中心的活动混乱,混淆了传统与重建,历史与故事,考古与手工艺,最后科学与猜测的概念。在选择性历史知识的基础上创造新的内容,并将其作为“复兴的传统”呈现,需要特别关注西波美拉尼亚,由于1945年后的人口交换,那里存在着真正的地区认同问题。该中心由一家私人协会运营,作为宣传和旅游业的产物,它充满活力,取得了成功。然而,它的成功导致了“遗产私有化”,这是该地区大多数居民不认同的。为了解决这一问题,作者建议增加私营实体(协会、中心)和公共机构(博物馆、波兰科学院考古和民族学研究所)之间的合作。
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引用次数: 0
Liubech castle: In search of symbols and meanings 柳贝克城堡:寻找象征和意义
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.107
Ihor Viktorovich Kondratiev
Liubech castle is one of the symbols of the Kievan Rus. According to the original plan of B. A. Rybakov, Liubech was supposed to become an example of a classic feudal castle. In the context of this idea, a thesis about the high level of development of feudal relations in the pre-Mongol period, significant economic and social development, complexity and perfection of architectural structures formed. The meanings built in the series of publications were displayed in the corresponding series of graphic reconstructions. Gradually this image relegates to the background and the image of the strong state authority becomes the main one. The preformed set of ideas about the Liubech Congress of 1097 became the ideological context of such interpretation. The main structure which was not in previous versions is introduced in the descriptions of the castle ― the palace. Formation of this meaning ended by direct comparison of Liubech and Moscow. But comparison of B. A. Rybakov’s materials with historical data, as well as with materials from the excavations of Liubech in 2010–2012, allows to claim that the created reconstruction of the castle of the 10th–11th centuries does not correspond to the declared historical period, but represents an interpretation of the structures of the 16th–18th centuries. Nevertheless, there are every chances for the Liubech castle to go beyond the graphic image and become a real tourist attraction. Working documents for the restoration work were prepared in 2012. It was planned to carry out the project basing on the reconstruction by B. A. Rybakov. The use of cultural heritage for the formation of Ukrainian national identity, as well as the rich history of the castle in the 16th–18th centuries can become the new meaning of the monument. For now the project is not implemented due to lack of funding.
柳贝克城堡是基辅罗斯的象征之一。按照B. a . Rybakov最初的计划,柳贝克应该成为一个典型的封建城堡。在这一思想的背景下,本文论述了前蒙古时期封建关系的高度发展、经济社会的显著发展、建筑结构的复杂性和完善性。在一系列出版物中建立的意义在相应的一系列图形重建中得到展示。这一形象逐渐退居次要地位,强大的国家权力形象成为主要形象。关于1097年柳贝克会议的一系列预先形成的观点成为了这种解释的意识形态背景。在对城堡的描述中引入了以前版本中没有的主要结构——宫殿。这种意义的形成以柳贝克和莫斯科的直接比较而告终。但是,将B. A. Rybakov的材料与历史数据以及2010-2012年柳贝克挖掘的材料进行比较,可以断言,10 - 11世纪城堡的重建并不符合所宣布的历史时期,而是代表了对16 - 18世纪结构的解释。然而,柳贝克城堡完全有机会超越图形形象,成为一个真正的旅游景点。2012年准备了修复工作的工作文件。计划在b.a. Rybakov重建的基础上实施该项目。利用文化遗产形成乌克兰民族认同,以及16 - 18世纪城堡的丰富历史可以成为纪念碑的新意义。目前,由于缺乏资金,该项目尚未实施。
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引用次数: 2
Written and visual expressions of authority of female monastic institutions in Medieval Livonia: 13th to 15th centuries 中世纪利沃尼亚女修道院机构权威的书面和视觉表达:13至15世纪
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.102
Gregory Leighton
This article presents a study of how women (specifically nuns and abbesses) were perceived in medieval Livonia. Given the significant increase in accessible academic work on the crusading movement in the eastern Baltic, scholarly considerations of the visual culture of this region, and reconsiderations of the roles played by women in the medieval world in general, this article turns from the central regions of the study of Medieval Europe to the periphery. It begins by providing a historical overview of the sources, commenting on the sparsity of specific representations of women in the narrative texts for the Livonian crusades produced in the 13th century. Following this overview, it analyses the representations of women in the vast amount of charter evidence available for the study of Livonia. The first part of the article looks at the ways these institutions were patronized as a result of their intercessory authority. Looking at donations from the 13th to the 15th century, this article also comments on the ways in which private citizens, church officials, and members of the Teutonic Order viewed these intercessory powers. The second part also considers the economic authority gained by these institutions, particularly in the form of land donations. Finally, this article addresses the ways in which women of authority styled themselves in the written documents and depicted their power in the form of visual media, particularly on seals but also in the form of architecture.
本文介绍了中世纪利沃尼亚如何看待妇女(特别是修女和修道院院长)的研究。鉴于关于波罗的海东部十字军运动的学术著作的显著增加,对该地区视觉文化的学术考虑,以及对中世纪世界中女性角色的重新考虑,本文将从中世纪欧洲研究的中心地区转向外围地区。本文首先对资料来源进行了历史概述,并对13世纪利沃尼亚十字军东征的叙事文本中女性具体形象的缺失进行了评论。在此概述之后,它分析了妇女在利沃尼亚研究所需的大量宪章证据中的表现。文章的第一部分考察了这些机构因其代理权威而受到庇护的方式。从13世纪到15世纪的捐赠来看,这篇文章还评论了普通公民、教会官员和条顿骑士团成员看待这些代祷权力的方式。第二部分还考虑了这些机构获得的经济权力,特别是以土地捐赠的形式。最后,本文讨论了权威女性在书面文件中塑造自己的方式,并以视觉媒体的形式描绘她们的权力,特别是在印章上,也以建筑的形式。
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引用次数: 0
The Courland campaigns 1705–1706 库尔兰战役1705-1706
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.213
Mariusz Balcerek
This article aims to present a critical book by Vladimir Sergeyevich Velikanov, and Sergey Leonidovich Mekhnev caught our attention to the Courland campaign of 1705–1706 and the battle of Gemauerthof (lat. Mūrmuiža). The authors of the reviewed work described a fragment of the Great Northern War, which was unknown until now.
本文旨在介绍弗拉基米尔·谢尔盖耶维奇·维利卡诺夫的一本重要著作,谢尔盖·列昂尼多维奇·梅赫涅夫让我们注意到1705-1706年的库尔兰战役和杰auerthof战役(后期)。Mūrmuiž)。这篇书评的作者描述了大北方战争的一个片段,这个片段直到现在才为人所知。
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引用次数: 0
Rogvolod’s polity and formation of an ethnopolitical organization on the territory of the Middle Dvina in the Хth century Хth世纪中德维纳地区的罗氏政体和民族政治组织的形成
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.208
Y. Kezha
The article discusses the first stages in the formation of an ethnopolitical community on the territory of the Belarusian Dvina, known from the annals as «Polochane». Using basic principles developed by the Vienna School of Historical Ethnography, the author identifies significant socio-political changes in the early medieval (9th–10th centuries) history of Eastern Europe due to the emergence of new elites. The formation of stable ethnopolitical communities is associated with the emergence of these elite groups . The absence of particular artifacts of northern European origin in Polotsk and the Polotsk okrug in the 9th – the first half of the 10th century suggests the independent formation of this center on the basis of local social structures. Significant socio-political changes in Eastern Europe arose during the Viking era (9th–10th centuries), and penetration of the North European military-trade groups into the territory of the Middle Dvina was associated with the beginnings of the active functioning of the West-Dvina branch of the Baltic-Black Sea route (the trade route «from the Varangians to the Greeks»). The development of this route became the main reason why Scandinavian leader Rogvolod came to the Polotsk region and formed a territorial and political organization, conditionally referred to as the «Rogvolod Polity». After the middle to the second half of the 10th century, a social transformation took place on the territory of the Middle Dvina, associated with the formation of elite military-trade groups and the formation of a brigade culture. The Rogvolod Polity, as the first stable territorial and political organization in the Dvina basin, created the institutional foundations for the subsequent consolidating ideology (the «core of tradition» according to R. Wenskus), embodied in the 11th century Polotsk princes Rogvolodovichi in the formation of the ethno-political community «Polochane».
本文讨论了在白俄罗斯德维纳领土上形成民族政治共同体的第一阶段,该共同体在编年史上被称为“Polochane”。作者利用维也纳历史人种学学派发展的基本原则,确定了由于新精英的出现而在中世纪早期(9 - 10世纪)东欧历史上发生的重大社会政治变化。稳定的民族政治共同体的形成与这些精英群体的出现有关。在9世纪至10世纪上半叶,波洛茨克和波洛茨克地区没有特别的北欧文物,这表明这个中心是在当地社会结构的基础上独立形成的。在维京时代(9 - 10世纪),东欧发生了重大的社会政治变化,北欧军事贸易集团渗透到中德维纳地区,与波罗的海-黑海航线(“从瓦兰吉亚人到希腊人”的贸易路线)的西德维纳分支的积极运作有关。这条路线的发展成为斯堪的纳维亚领导人罗格沃尔德来到波洛茨克地区的主要原因,并形成了一个领土和政治组织,有条件地称为“罗格沃尔德政体”。在10世纪中期到下半叶之后,中德维纳地区发生了一场社会变革,与精英军事贸易集团的形成和旅文化的形成有关。作为德维纳盆地第一个稳定的领土和政治组织,罗格沃洛德政体为随后巩固的意识形态(R. Wenskus认为是“传统的核心”)创造了制度基础,体现在11世纪波洛茨克王子罗格沃洛德维奇形成的民族政治共同体“Polochane”上。
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引用次数: 1
One more time about tactics and weaponry 再说一遍战术和武器
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2021.212
J. Sowa
Mark W. Shearwood’s study is devoted to the use of plug bayonets in the English army in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries. The author has shown that the plug bayonet was a more universal weapon than the socket bayonet. He rightly emphasizes in the conclusions of his work that when studying the history of military weaponry, especially in the pre-industrial period, specific dates for weaponry changes in particular armies and units cannot be provided. The conclusion is right that the plug bayonet was not supposed to replace pikes completely as was originally assumed by the then commanders; initially, the bayonets were used to equip troops of dragoons and grenadiers, i. e. the soldiers that did not have pikes on their equipment before. This study on the rearmament of individual armies is of interest to historians dealing with Central and Eastern Europe. It is connected with the important question of the continuity in the field of weapons between the West and Central and Eastern Europe at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. It seems that on the basis of the preserved source base it is not possible to jump at any conclusions concerning the use of the plug bayonet going further than those presented by the author.
马克·w·希尔伍德(Mark W. Shearwood)的研究致力于17世纪下半叶和18世纪初英国军队中塞子刺刀的使用。作者已经证明,插头刺刀是一种比插座刺刀更普遍的武器。他在其著作的结论中正确地强调,在研究军事武器的历史时,特别是在前工业时期,无法提供特定军队和部队武器变化的具体日期。结论是正确的,即堵头刺刀并没有像当时的指挥官最初设想的那样完全取代长枪;最初,刺刀被用于装备龙骑兵和掷弹兵,即以前没有装备长矛的士兵。这项关于单兵重整军备的研究对研究中欧和东欧的历史学家很有兴趣。它与17和18世纪之交西欧与中欧和东欧在武器领域的连续性这一重要问题有关。根据保存下来的原始资料,似乎不可能得出比作者提出的结论更深入的关于塞子卡口使用的任何结论。
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引用次数: 0
Особенности описания «своих» и «чужих» в космографическом введении «Повести временных лет» 《时间的故事》宇宙介绍中描述“自己”和“别人”的特点
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-10-13 DOI: 10.18413/2687-0967-2020-47-3-541-551
Петров Николай Игоревич
В статье рассматривается структура космографического очерка «Повести временных лет» с целью объяснить особенности летописного описания «своих» и «чужих». На основании анализа структуры текста показывается, что летописное изложение событий соответствует стандарту раннеисторического описания, выработанного в мировой литературе. Структурный анализ текста показывает, что рассматриваемый космографический очерк в начале ПВЛ былнеобходим летописцу для концептуально-смыслового соединения сюжетов ветхозаветной и славянской истории. Автор обращает внимание на то, что схема летописного повествования схожа с ветхозаветной книгой Иисуса Навина, повествующей о завоевании богоизбранным народом земли Ханаанской. Таким образом летописец соотносит раннюю историю славян с ветхозаветными сюжетами. Вводя в летопись описания жизни и быта славянских племен, демонстрирующие их принципиальные культурные отличия от полян, автор тем самым обосновывает политическое исакрально-обрядовое доминирование полян и определяет Киев как безальтернативный центр Древней Руси.
本文考虑了《时间年代的中篇小说》宇宙素描的结构,以解释编年史描述“自己的”和“别人的”的特点。对文本结构的分析表明,编年史对事件的描述符合世界文献中早期历史描述的标准。对文本的结构分析表明,在PVL开始时,所考虑的宇宙学素描是编年史者需要的,以便将旧约和斯拉夫历史的主题概念和意义结合起来。作者指出,编年史叙述的方案类似于约书亚的旧约书,讲述了上帝选择的人征服迦南地的故事。因此,编年史者将斯拉夫人的早期历史与旧约故事联系起来。作者在编年史中介绍了斯拉夫部落的生活和生活,展示了他们与波兰人的主要文化差异,从而证明了波兰人在政治和宗教仪式上的统治地位,并将基辅定义为古代俄罗斯的一个无可替代的中心。
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引用次数: 1
From syncretism to Christianization: Historiography approaches to the religiosity of the early medieval BulgarsFrom syncretism to Christianization: Historiography approaches to the religiosity of the early medieval Bulgars 从融合到基督教化:研究中世纪早期保加利亚人宗教信仰的史学方法从融合到基督教化:研究中世纪早期保加利亚人宗教信仰的史学方法
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu19.2018.211
Dmitriy I. Polyvyannyy
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana
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