The article gives a critique of parametric and nonparametric tests and processes of inferential statistics in forecasting customer flows in 7 selected small business enterprises in Uganda. Forecasting is one of the decision making tools in a business enterprise. This may include forecasting customer flows, volumes of sales and many others. This is a vital component of small businesses success. In the long run, what drives business success is the quality of decisions and their implementation. Decisions based on a foundation of knowledge and sound reasoning can lead the company into long-term prosperity; conversely, decisions made on the basis of flawed logic, emotionalism, or incomplete information can quickly put a business out of commission. In many instances, business decisions have been guided by parametric tests and processes and /or non-parametric tests and processes of inferential statistics, which have subsequently affected the futures of business differently. As we refer to population mean knowledge for hypothesis testing using parametric tests, we only refer to mediums for samples, for nonparametric tests. A parameter is a characteristic that describes a population. These may include μ (the Mean), δ2 (the variance) of a distribution. We commonly refer to the normal distribution, when it is symmetric, with the measures of central tendency (Mean = medium = mode). Usually these parameters are very useful, when testing hypotheses to enable researchers and decision makers infer about the population using samples. It would always be better to have knowledge of or/and about the population parameters, but more often than not, we find ourselves with very minimal, or no knowledge about the population parameters. To make the generalization about the population from the sample, statistical tests are used. In other words, we want to know if we have relationships, associations, or differences within our data and whether statistical significance exists. Inferential statistics help us make these determinations and allow us to generalize the results to a larger population. We employ parametric and nonparametric statistics to show basic inferential statistics by examining the associations among variables and tests of differences between groups. It is recommended by many scholars that business analysis uses parametric and nonparametric inferential statistics in making decisions about effects of independent variables on dependent variables. On the contrary, it is argued that the use of inferential statistics adds nothing to the complex and admittedly subjective, no statistical methods that are often employed in applied business decision making analysis. There are several attacks made on inferential statistics, perhaps with increasing frequency, by those who are not business analysts. These attackers are not in for the use of inferential statistics in research and business decision making, and commonly recommend the use of
{"title":"The Effects of Parametric, Non-Parametric Tests and Processes in Inferential Statistics for Business Decision Making —A Case of 7 Selected Small Business Enterprises in Uganda","authors":"Eldard Ssebbaale Mukasa, Wagima Christospher, Bakaki Ivan, Moses Kizito","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93081","url":null,"abstract":"The article gives a critique of parametric and nonparametric tests and \u0000processes of inferential statistics in \u0000forecasting customer flows in 7 selected \u0000small business enterprises in Uganda. Forecasting is one of the decision making tools in a business enterprise. \u0000This may include forecasting customer flows, volumes of sales and many others. This is a vital component of small businesses success. In the long run, what drives business success is the quality of \u0000decisions and their implementation. Decisions based on a foundation of \u0000knowledge and sound reasoning can lead the company into long-term prosperity; \u0000conversely, decisions made on the basis of flawed logic, emotionalism, or incomplete information can quickly put a \u0000business out of commission. In many instances, business decisions have been \u0000guided by parametric tests and processes and /or non-parametric tests and \u0000processes of inferential statistics, which have subsequently affected the \u0000futures of business differently. As we \u0000refer to population mean knowledge for \u0000hypothesis testing using parametric tests, we only refer to mediums for samples, for nonparametric tests. A \u0000parameter is a characteristic that describes a population. These may include μ \u0000(the Mean), δ2 (the variance) of a distribution. We commonly refer \u0000to the normal distribution, when it is symmetric, with the measures of central \u0000tendency (Mean = medium = mode). Usually these parameters are very useful, when \u0000testing hypotheses to enable researchers and decision \u0000makers infer about the population \u0000using samples. It would always be better to have knowledge of or/and about the \u0000population parameters, but more often than not, we find ourselves with very \u0000minimal, or no knowledge about the population parameters. To make the generalization about the population \u0000from the sample, statistical tests are used. In other words, we want to know if \u0000we have relationships, associations, or differences within our data and whether \u0000statistical significance exists. Inferential statistics help us make these determinations and allow us to generalize the \u0000results to a larger population. We employ parametric and nonparametric \u0000statistics to show basic inferential statistics by examining the associations \u0000among variables and tests of differences between groups. It is recommended by \u0000many scholars that business analysis uses parametric and nonparametric inferential statistics in making decisions \u0000about effects of independent variables on \u0000dependent variables. On the contrary, it is argued that the use of inferential \u0000statistics adds nothing to the complex and admittedly subjective, no statistical methods that are often employed in applied business decision making analysis. There are several \u0000attacks made on inferential statistics, perhaps with increasing frequency, by \u0000those who are not business analysts. These attackers are not in for the use of \u0000inferential statistics in research and business decision making, and commonly \u0000recommend the use of","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133761588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new definition of system is used, which is the foundation of a new theory called Specific Theory of Systems and based on which a hypothesis is deduced about which is the systems-based model that reliably describes how organizations are integrated and how do they work. This model is described in detail and is proposed as a hypothesis to serve as a basis for a subsequent empirical investigation that allows it to be verified for its acceptance or rejection. The purpose of the research was to use a new system theory called STS, developed by the author in previous works, to deduce in a logical way, a structure model that allows describing organizations based on systems, in this case, socio-technical systems. The method used was to deduce from the concepts of the STS, how the structure that integrates and interrelates the systems that make up an organization should be formed. The conclusion obtained was that the fundamental system of the structure is the one in which a result or final product of the organization is assembled and that this system is fed by a set of systems that provide inputs and another set that provides general services. In addition, each of the feeder systems also generates a similar structure and each of their feeder systems also does so in such a way that the structure can be developed by levels until reaching an adequate, required level or until reaching the limit of the organization that it is studied.
{"title":"Systemic Model of Organizations","authors":"Gustavo de Jesús Pérez Durán","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93066","url":null,"abstract":"A new \u0000definition of system is used, which is the foundation of a new \u0000theory called Specific Theory of Systems and based on which a hypothesis is \u0000deduced about which is the systems-based model that reliably describes how \u0000organizations are integrated and how do they work. This model is described in \u0000detail and is proposed as a hypothesis to serve as a basis for a subsequent \u0000empirical investigation that allows it to be verified for its acceptance or \u0000rejection. The purpose of the research was to use a new system theory called STS, \u0000developed by the author in previous works, to deduce in a logical way, a structure model that allows describing \u0000organizations based on systems, in this case, socio-technical systems. The method used was to deduce from the concepts of the \u0000STS, how the structure that integrates and interrelates the systems that make \u0000up an organization should be formed. The conclusion obtained was that the \u0000fundamental system of the structure is the one in which a result or final \u0000product of the organization is assembled and that this system is fed by a set \u0000of systems that provide inputs and another set that provides general services. In \u0000addition, each of the feeder systems also generates a \u0000similar structure and each of their feeder systems also does so in such a way that the \u0000structure can be developed by levels until reaching an adequate, required level \u0000or until reaching the limit of the organization that it is studied.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134031985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several initiatives as part of the public sector financial management reforms to improve the payroll system in Tanzania were introduced. Despite such initiatives, different cases of fraudulent were reported which raised the need for examining the influence of internal audit practices on the payroll accounting performance. The article involved 240 respondents from 321 public institutions. Stratified sampling technique and questionnaires were used as sampling technique and data collection instrument respectively while structural equation model (SEM) and Mean were used in data analysis. Focusing on the institutional theory and contingency theory, the results revealed that control environment had significantly positive influence on payroll record processing while risk-based internal audit had significantly positive influence on payroll reconciliation. Internal auditors’ professional competence had significantly positive influence on payroll reconciliation, payroll record processing and payroll accounting system coverage. Furthermore, internal audit work performance had significantly positive influence on payroll reconciliation and payroll accounting system coverage. Among others, the article recommends that managers should consider internal audit function as a strategic function and not operational to strengthen the payroll accounting system.
{"title":"Internal Audit Practices and Financial Management Reforms: The Case of Payroll Accounting System in the Tanzania Public Sector","authors":"Nuru Kalufya, Riziki M. Nyello","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93057","url":null,"abstract":"Several \u0000initiatives as part of the public sector financial management reforms to \u0000improve the payroll system in Tanzania were introduced. Despite such \u0000initiatives, different cases of fraudulent were reported which raised the need for examining the influence of internal \u0000audit practices on the payroll accounting \u0000performance. The article involved 240 respondents from 321 public institutions. \u0000Stratified sampling technique and questionnaires were used as sampling \u0000technique and data collection instrument respectively while structural equation \u0000model (SEM) and Mean were used in data analysis. Focusing on the institutional \u0000theory and contingency theory, the results revealed that control environment had significantly positive influence on payroll record processing while risk-based internal audit had significantly positive \u0000influence on payroll reconciliation. Internal auditors’ professional competence \u0000had significantly positive \u0000influence on payroll reconciliation, payroll record processing and payroll accounting system coverage. \u0000Furthermore, internal audit work performance had significantly positive influence on payroll reconciliation and payroll accounting \u0000system coverage. Among others, the article recommends that managers should \u0000consider internal audit function as a \u0000strategic function and not operational to strengthen the payroll accounting \u0000system.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123635007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. Imanche, Tian Ze, Moses Chia Ayom, S. G. Dalibi
Perceptions play a critical role in international affairs. Politicians must be able to consider and forecast both challenges and opportunities. Public opinion has the power to change the course of politics. As the world becomes more interconnected, it’s critical to comprehend how China is perceived and how this affects China’s global effect. Although it only makes up a small part of overall Chinese OFDI, this investment class has recently drawn interest because of its sectoral and geographic diversification. Nigeria has been one of China’s top 40 trading partners for more than five decades. For some time, it has been the leading African investment destination for Chinese investment in the continent. The pursuit of multilateral agreements has a significant effect on how countries engage in the political and economic realm. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study adopted simple random sampling techniques to allow for equal and unbiased respondents’ participation in the primary data collection. The response scale was base on a 1 - 5 points Likert scale. Secondary data was sourced from archival materials, published books or scholarly works, the internet, international organization official documents, journals, press releases, newspapers. The overall research accepts the study’s alternative hypothesis, which shows that perhaps the ten outlined perceptions of Nigerians towards Chinese FDIs and its acceptability are heavily influenced by the success of FDI by Chinese investors and businesses in Nigeria’s market climate. The importance and positive outcomes of such FDI are heavily reliant on Nigerian perceptions of Chinese FDI and their acceptability and the investment target region.
{"title":"An Assessment of Nigerians Perception towards Chinese Foreign Direct Investments and Its Acceptability in Nigeria","authors":"S. A. Imanche, Tian Ze, Moses Chia Ayom, S. G. Dalibi","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93062","url":null,"abstract":"Perceptions play a critical role in international affairs. Politicians \u0000must be able to consider and forecast both challenges and opportunities. Public \u0000opinion has the power to change the course of politics. As the world becomes \u0000more interconnected, it’s critical to comprehend how China is perceived and how \u0000this affects China’s global effect. Although it only makes up a small part of \u0000overall Chinese OFDI, this investment class has recently drawn interest because \u0000of its sectoral and geographic diversification. Nigeria has been one of China’s \u0000top 40 trading partners for more than five decades. For some time, it has been \u0000the leading African investment destination for Chinese investment in the \u0000continent. The pursuit of multilateral agreements has a significant effect on \u0000how countries engage in the political and economic realm. This study used both \u0000quantitative and qualitative methods. The study adopted simple random sampling \u0000techniques to allow for equal and unbiased respondents’ participation in the \u0000primary data collection. The response scale was base on a 1 - 5 points Likert scale. Secondary data was sourced \u0000from archival materials, published books or scholarly works, the internet, \u0000international organization official documents, journals, press releases, \u0000newspapers. The overall research accepts the study’s alternative hypothesis, \u0000which shows that perhaps the ten outlined perceptions of Nigerians towards \u0000Chinese FDIs and its acceptability are heavily \u0000influenced by the success of FDI by Chinese investors and businesses in \u0000Nigeria’s market climate. The importance and positive outcomes of such FDI are \u0000heavily reliant on Nigerian perceptions of Chinese FDI and their acceptability \u0000and the investment target region.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128147586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Governments of the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa have entered into double taxation treaty (DTA), as a cross border strategy to prevent fiscal evasion with respect to value-added tax. DTAs, worldwide do not only address prevention of fiscal evasion of tax, but they benefit businesses and individuals against double taxation. It has however been observed that certain services between the Republic of South Africa and Lesotho are taxed twice when being imported into Lesotho. The study analysed the DTA to determine whether this was in line with the agreement. Such an analyis was based on literature review, document analysis in the form of Acts and the DTA itself. From the analysis, it was found out that recharging tax for the identified services was contrary to the DTA and Value Added Tax governing the DTA. The general conclusion is that the treatment of VAT on services is for tax revenue maximisation not in the interest of the tax payers.
{"title":"Are Tax Treaties for the Benefits of Taxpayers or Maximisation of State Revenue? A Review of VAT Treaty between Lesotho and South Africa","authors":"Malefetsane E. Nketekete","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93078","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000Governments of the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa have \u0000entered into double taxation treaty (DTA), as a cross border strategy to \u0000prevent fiscal evasion with respect to value-added tax. DTAs, worldwide do not \u0000only address prevention of fiscal evasion of tax, but they benefit businesses \u0000and individuals against double taxation. It has however been observed that \u0000certain services between the Republic of South Africa and Lesotho are taxed \u0000twice when being imported into Lesotho. The study analysed the DTA to determine \u0000whether this was in line with the agreement. Such an analyis was based on \u0000literature review, document analysis in the form of Acts and the DTA itself. \u0000From the analysis, it was \u0000found out that recharging tax for the identified services was contrary to the \u0000DTA and Value Added Tax governing the DTA. The general conclusion is that the \u0000treatment of VAT on services is for tax revenue maximisation not in the \u0000interest of the tax payers.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115325172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micro business in Africa including Tanzania does not perform well financially due to various business environmental challenges. In this line, entrepreneurial orientations are said to improve micro business financial performance regardless of unfavourable business environment. Despite such importance of entrepreneurial orientations, there was scanty knowledge on the influence of proactive and risk taking behaviour on business sales and costs. Focusing from the Contingency perspective, this article aimed at filling in such knowledge gap. Most studies examined the influence of entrepreneurial orientations on firm performance from the resource-based perspective. However, the influence of entrepreneurial orientations on firm performance depends on the match between entrepreneurial orientations and firm performance goals. The article involved 388 micro businesses from Dar-es-salaam, Mbeya, Morogoro, and Manyara. The questionnaire was used to collect data while Mean and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used as data analysis techniques. The results revealed that proactive behavior had significantly positive influence on business sales and significantly negative influence on business costs. Furthermore, the risk-taking behaviour was found to have significantly positive influence on business costs. Among others, the article recommends that the micro business owners/operators should strengthen their entrepreneurial capacity together with their employees. It will be achieved by establishing sectoral associations in accordance with their business categories, i.e., trade, services and manufacturing in order to organize and access professional entrepreneurial trainings.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Orientations and Business Financial Performance: The Case of Micro Businesses in Tanzania","authors":"Riziki M. Nyello, Nuru Kalufya","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93068","url":null,"abstract":"Micro \u0000business in Africa including Tanzania does not perform well financially due to various \u0000business environmental challenges. In this line, entrepreneurial orientations \u0000are said to improve micro business financial performance regardless of \u0000unfavourable business environment. Despite such importance of entrepreneurial \u0000orientations, there was scanty knowledge on the influence of proactive and risk \u0000taking behaviour on business sales and costs. Focusing from the Contingency \u0000perspective, this article aimed at filling in such knowledge gap. Most studies \u0000examined the influence of entrepreneurial orientations on firm performance from \u0000the resource-based perspective. However, the influence of entrepreneurial \u0000orientations on firm performance depends on the match between entrepreneurial \u0000orientations and firm performance goals. The article involved 388 micro \u0000businesses from Dar-es-salaam, Mbeya, Morogoro, and Manyara. The questionnaire \u0000was used to collect data while Mean and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were \u0000used as data analysis techniques. The results revealed that proactive behavior \u0000had significantly positive influence on business sales and significantly negative influence on \u0000business costs. Furthermore, the risk-taking behaviour was found to have significantly positive influence on \u0000business costs. Among others, the article recommends that the micro business \u0000owners/operators should strengthen their entrepreneurial capacity together with \u0000their employees. It will be achieved by establishing sectoral associations in \u0000accordance with their business categories, i.e., trade, services and manufacturing in order to organize and access \u0000professional entrepreneurial trainings.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129525798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Republic of Ghana is one of the most economically developed countries in West Africa. In the past 10 years, Ghana’s economy has maintained a sound momentum and strong economic growth. The Republic of Ghana regards foreign direct investment (FDI) as a key factor in promoting its economic growth. This article separates economic growth, employment and poverty reduction, and focuses on the single impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on Ghana’s economic growth, employment and poverty. The research in this article shows that foreign direct investment can promote the economic development of Ghana, and foreign direct investment can increase employment opportunities in Ghana and reduce poverty at the same time. Finally, this article gives corresponding recommendations based on the research conclusions: In maintaining sustainable economic growth, favorable policies should be adopted to encourage and support Ghana, so as to attract more foreign direct investment to stimulate economic growth.
{"title":"Impact of FDI on Economic Growth, Employment, and Poverty Reduction in Ghana","authors":"Shadrach Ato-Mensah, W. Long","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93069","url":null,"abstract":"The Republic of Ghana is one of the most economically developed countries \u0000in West Africa. In the past 10 years, Ghana’s economy has maintained a sound \u0000momentum and strong economic growth. The Republic of Ghana regards foreign \u0000direct investment (FDI) as a key factor in promoting its economic growth. This \u0000article separates economic growth, employment and poverty reduction, and focuses on the single impact of foreign direct \u0000investment (FDI) on Ghana’s economic growth, employment and poverty. The research in this article shows that foreign direct \u0000investment can promote the economic development of Ghana, and foreign direct \u0000investment can increase employment opportunities in Ghana and reduce poverty at \u0000the same time. Finally, this article gives corresponding recommendations based \u0000on the research conclusions: In maintaining sustainable economic growth, \u0000favorable policies should be adopted to encourage and support Ghana, so as to attract more foreign direct investment \u0000to stimulate economic growth.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121606757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study empirically examines the impact of agricultural sector on the economic GDP growth of Ghana, using time series data from 1984 to 2018. The cointegration test results showed the non-existence of long-run relationships existing between the overall GDP and agricultural output. In its set-up, the error correction method estimates the long-run relationship between economic growth and agricultural output as well as fluctuation in the short-run. Based on the basic regression model, agricultural output exhibits a significantly positive impact on the overall GDP growth of the country. Similarly, the industrial and service sector also contributed positively to overall GDP growth. The results indicate the need to promote value added agricultural export expansion policies to achieve high economic GDP growth.
{"title":"Analysis on the Contribution of Agricultural Sector on the Economic Development of Ghana","authors":"Abban Priscilla Nyamekye, Z. Tian, Fangfang Cheng","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93070","url":null,"abstract":"The study \u0000empirically examines the impact of agricultural sector on the economic GDP growth of Ghana, using time series data from 1984 to \u00002018. The cointegration test results showed the non-existence of long-run \u0000relationships existing between the overall GDP and agricultural output. In its \u0000set-up, the \u0000error correction method estimates the long-run relationship between economic \u0000growth and agricultural output as well as fluctuation in the short-run. Based on the basic regression model, \u0000agricultural output exhibits a significantly positive impact on the overall GDP growth of the \u0000country. Similarly, the industrial and service sector also contributed \u0000positively to overall GDP growth. The results indicate the need to promote value added agricultural export expansion \u0000policies to achieve high economic GDP growth.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126496720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From different perspectives with supplier relationships as the entry point, this paper explores the impact of external enterprises on the cost stickiness of listed companies based on the data of listed manufacturing companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2016 to 2019. The results show that when the main suppliers are the associated companies of the listed company, the suppliers’ correlation degree and the influence of the associated suppliers will significantly reduce the cost stickiness, while the suppliers’ volatility degree will significantly increase the cost stickiness. Further researches show that in the samples with high environmental uncertainty, associated suppliers can exert more cooperative effects. State-owned enterprises can better deal with the cooperative relationship with associated suppliers, thus reducing cost stickiness. This study enriches the related research on the correlation relationship of supply chain to cost stickiness. Under the current background of economic transformation and upgrading, choosing the right supplier relationship can effectively deal with the negative impact of environmental uncertainty, reflecting the “alliance effect”.
{"title":"Supplier Association Relationship and Cost Stickiness —Analysis of Cooperation Effect Based on Environmental Uncertainty","authors":"Yuchen Yan","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93065","url":null,"abstract":"From different perspectives with supplier relationships as the entry \u0000point, this paper explores the impact of external enterprises on the cost \u0000stickiness of listed companies based on the data of listed manufacturing \u0000companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2016 to 2019. The results show that \u0000when the main suppliers are the associated companies of the listed company, the \u0000suppliers’ correlation degree and the influence of the associated suppliers \u0000will significantly reduce the cost stickiness, while the suppliers’ volatility \u0000degree will significantly increase the cost stickiness. Further researches show \u0000that in the samples with high environmental uncertainty, associated suppliers \u0000can exert more cooperative effects. State-owned enterprises can better deal \u0000with the cooperative relationship with associated suppliers, thus reducing cost \u0000stickiness. This study enriches the related research on the correlation \u0000relationship of supply chain to cost \u0000stickiness. Under the current background of economic transformation and \u0000upgrading, choosing the right supplier relationship can effectively deal with \u0000the negative impact of environmental uncertainty, reflecting the “alliance \u0000effect”.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128059898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health has always been one of people’s demands for a high quality of life. For thousands of years, both Chinese and Western medicine have accumulated a lot of medical knowledge and ideas. However, due to the weakness of China in the past century, Chinese medicine has become irrelevant. However, with the outbreak and persistence of COVID-19 and China’s actions in the fight against the epidemic, people have further realized the importance of health, and TCM has again entered people’s field of vision. Taking Company Y as an example, this paper analyzes the listing feasibility of Company Y from its macro environment, basic overview, advantages and disadvantages in the industry, financial indicators, enterprise valuation and other aspects. Then, based on the above analysis and combined with the development trend and recent development goals of the enterprise, it concludes that under the current macro and micro environment, Company Y can and should be encouraged to list on the New Third Board, with a stock price of about 7 yuan and a price-earnings ratio of about 25 times.
{"title":"Feasibility Study on Listing of Pharmaceutical Enterprises Based on Financial Analysis: Take Company Y as an Example","authors":"Yan Ma","doi":"10.4236/OJBM.2021.93072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJBM.2021.93072","url":null,"abstract":"Health has always been one of people’s demands for a high quality of \u0000life. For thousands of years, both Chinese and Western medicine have \u0000accumulated a lot of medical knowledge and ideas. However, due to the weakness \u0000of China in the past century, Chinese medicine has become irrelevant. However, with the outbreak and persistence of COVID-19 and China’s \u0000actions in the fight against the epidemic, people have further realized the \u0000importance of health, and TCM has again entered people’s field of vision. \u0000Taking Company Y as an example, this paper analyzes the listing feasibility of \u0000Company Y from its macro environment, basic overview, advantages and \u0000disadvantages in the industry, financial indicators, enterprise valuation and \u0000other aspects. Then, based on the above analysis and combined with the \u0000development trend and recent development goals of the enterprise, it concludes \u0000that under the current macro and micro environment, Company Y can and should be \u0000encouraged to list on the New Third Board, with a stock price of about 7 yuan \u0000and a price-earnings ratio of about 25 times.","PeriodicalId":411102,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121441475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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